KFF Week 3 Pt 2
Sean Rachubka
NTC/362

KFF Week 3 Pt 2
When it comes to communications between devices, there is a requirement in which the devices will agree on the format of the data being used. Communications protocols must adhere to the following; the rate of transmission either in baud or bps. The transmission is to be synchronous or asynchronous. Also, the data is to be transmitted in half-duplex or full-duplex mode. Baud transmission is the number of signaling elements that occur each second. At slower speeds, only 1 bit of information is encoded in each electrical change. When saying 1500 baud, it means that 1500 bits are transmitted each second, this is also shown as 1500bps. Communication protocols can also describe the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of analog and digital communications. Communications protocols are implemented in hardware and software. There are thousands of communications protocols that are used everywhere in analog and digital communications. Computer networks cannot exist without them.
With KFF, being that the Home Office or Headquarters is located in La Jolla, there is a T3 dedicated line that connects HQ with Del Mar and Encinitas locations. These lines are usually rented at a monthly or yearly rate to connect geographically separate offices for private voice and or data networking. It is also very costly averaging over $3000 USD per month, so most don’t lease these lines. They are also reserved circuits that operate over either copper or fiber optics cables.
One of the protocols that should be implemented is the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP is the set of rules for communication on which most major networks, such as the Internet, are based. TCP/IP has become standard for transmitting data over the Internet and all operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux. All these operating systems are stocked with the TCP/IP. TCP is the protocol for sequenced and reliable data transfer. Data is broken into pieces and numbers so that the receipt can be verified and the data can be put back in the proper order. TCP is a Layer 4 functionality. Layer 4 functionality is responsible for virtual circuit setup, acknowledgments, flow control, and retransmission of lost damaged data. TCP also provides end to end, connection oriented, reliable, virtual circuit service so I feel this is beneficial to implement.
Traffic analysis is very useful and the general perception about traffic analysis is about knowing the who-what-when information in the network. A few benefits from traffic analysis can actually help out a lot. Network security is one of the benefits. If there is an unusual amount of usage designated to a specific port, which could be a sign of a possible network attack of some sort. By staying on top of these traffic reports, you can get the information that will help to detect anomalies in the network behavior. By doing this, it can save a company or organization a lot of money and time that can be spent in trying to recover from these possible attacks. Another instance of traffic analysis being useful is chargebacks. Chargebacks can improve budgeting and forecasting, makes your departments aware of their usage and expenses they incur to the organization.
Latency in a network is the amount of time it takes for a packet to be transmitted end-to-end across a network and is composed of five variables:
Network Latency= (Distance Delay)+ (Serialization Delay)+(Queue Delay)+(Forwarding Delay)+(Protocol Delay)
Serialization Delay is the amount of time it takes for a network interface to perform bitwise transmission of a frame unto the outbound media. Forwarding Delay is the time it takes a network device to process a packet/frame by performing a destination address lookup and forwarding the packet/frame to the outbound interface. Protocol Delay is the time that access of transmission algorithms may contribute to the delay of a network frame and is typically introduced at the endpoints of the data transmission system. Distance Delay is simply the minimum amount of time that it takes the electrical signals that represent bits to travel down the physical wire, and Queue Delay is the amount of time a packet must spend in a network buffer waiting its turn to be transmitted.
Jitter refers to the variance in the arrival rate of packets from the same data flow, and abnormal jitter values can negatively impact real-time applications like VoIP and video. Jitter is created by 3 different mechanisms in a network: variance in Serialization Delays because of variance in packet sizes, variances in per-packet Queue Delay due to packet spacing from multiple sources at a common outbound interface, or packets taking different routes from source to destination. A route to take in avoiding or dealing with jitter is using low-latency queuing for VoIP and video traffic on network interfaces with larger serialization and or queue delays.

REFERENCES

Communicatons Protocol. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/communications_protocol.html