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L'Ordre Public

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L'ordre public est l'état social caractérisé par la paix, la sécurité publique et la sûreté.
Il existe deux types d'ordre public: * l'ordre public de direction, qui protège l'intérêt général ; * l'ordre public de protection, qui protège les plus faibles1.
Par ailleurs, une norme d'ordre public est une règle impérative que les parties ne peuvent écarter.
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Trouble à l'ordre public
Le trouble à l'ordre public est l'atteinte significative à la paix publique.
Si la notion est évidente lorsque le trouble provoque un danger ou une restriction des libertés des autres citoyens, elle est beaucoup plus floue lorsqu'il s'agit d'une nuisance à la quiétude.
Il peut s'agir : * du fait d'une personne seule, qui commet des actes ou tient des paroles déplacées (ivresse publique et manifeste, exhibitionnisme), (tapage diurne, tapage nocturne) ; * d'actes collectifs, comme des manifestations, des émeutes, des attroupements.
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Norme d'ordre public
Une norme d'ordre public est une règle impérative que les parties ne peuvent écarter et qui répond à des exigences fondamentales ou à des intérêts primordiaux. Par exemple, malgré le principe de la liberté contractuelle, les contrats sont soumis à certaines règles que les contractants, même s'ils sont d'accord entre eux, ne peuvent écarter. Une règle d'ordre public peut être invoquée par un juge dans le règlement d'un litige, même si aucune des deux parties ne l'a invoquée.

Article 10, alinéa 2 de Convention (européenne) de sauvegarde des droits de l'Homme et des libertés fondamentales :
"L'exercice de ces libertés comportant des devoirs et des responsabilités peut être soumis à certaines formalités, conditions, restrictions ou sanctions prévues par la loi, qui constituent des mesures nécessaires, dans une société démocratique, à la sécurité nationale, à l'intégrité territoriale ou à la sûreté publique, à la défense de l'ordre et à la prévention du crime, à la protection de la santé ou de la morale, à la protection de la réputation ou des droits d'autrui, pour empêcher la divulgation d'informations confidentielles ou pour garantir l'autorité et l'impartialité du pouvoir judiciaire."

Fiche de droit administratif : l’ordre public
PAR NICOLAS ROUSSEAU le MARDI 10 AVRIL 2012 • (4)

Par son article 10 qui énonce que "Nul ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, mêmes religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l’ordre public établi par la loi" , la Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen consacre la liberté d’opinion. Elle insère toutefois une exception, ou plutôt un tempérament à cette liberté : la sauvegarde de l’ordre public. Cet ordre public permet ainsi de limiter les droits et libertés fondamentales qu’on pourrait penser absolus.
La notion d’ordre public a été définie par la loi du 5 avril 1884, dont les termes ont été repris dans le Code Général des Collectivités Territoriales à l’article L. 2212-2 : "La police municipale a pour objet d’assurer le bon ordre, la sûreté, la sécurité et la salubrité publique". Maurice Hauriou a précisé cette définition positiviste en 1927 dans son Précis de droit administratif : "L’ordre public, au sens de la police, est l’ordre matériel et extérieur. […] La police […] n’essaie point d’atteindre les causes profondes du mal social, elle se contente de rétablir l’ordre matériel. […] En d’autres termes, elle ne poursuit pas l’ordre moral dans les idées". Cette définition assez ancienne paraît aujourd’hui légèrement dépassée. En effet, l’ordre public a connu des évolutions qui laissent penser que l’ordre moral ne lui est plus si étranger. Au triptyque classique de tranquillité, sécurité et salubrités publiques sont venus s’ajouter des notions moins matérielles tels la moralité publique qui est "la quatrième composante de la notion d’ordre public" selon le professeur Chapus et le respect de la dignité de la personne humaine (I).
Ces évolutions qui concernent le périmètre de la notion d’ordre public n’ont cependant pas modifié la fonction première de l’ordre public : elle constitue une limite à l’exercice par les individus de leurs droits fondamentaux et libertés publiques. En effet, au moyen de la police administrative, les autorités compétentes peuvent restreindre certains droits en vue de la préservation de l’ordre public. Cette préservation de l’ordre public reste aujourd’hui une des missions principales de l’administration (II).
I. L’évolution de la notion d’ordre public : d’un ordre public extérieur vers un ordre public moral
A. Le développement des composantes classiques de l’ordre public : tranquillité, salubrité et sécurité publiques
1. La tranquillité et la sécurité publiques comme composantes historiques de l’ordre public * La sécurité publique est surement la composante la plus naturelle de l’ordre public : elle recouvre la prévention des risques d’accidents, de dommages aux personnes et aux biens. Ainsi l’administration doit par exemple préserver cette sécurité publique sur les routes en édictant des règles (Code de la route) et en procédant à des contrôles. Cette protection de la sécurité publique se retrouve même en aval, dans le cadre de la mise en jeu de la responsabilité de l’État pour risque : CE 28 mars 1919Regnault-Desroziers. * La tranquillité publique consiste à préserver le "calme des citoyens". Ainsi l’administration doit prendre les mesures permettant par exemple de lutter contre les tapages nocturnes ou bien contre les troubles que peuvent créer le déroulement de manifestations. Plus récemment, on peut citer la lutte contre les nuisances sonores aéroportuaires.
2. Le renouveau de la notion de salubrité publique * La salubrité publique qui fait partie du triptyque traditionnel de l’ordre public a connu un véritable renouveau ces dernières années. De la prévention des risques classiques d’hygiène relatifs à la salubrité de l’eau ou aux denrées alimentaires, l’apparition de fortes préoccupations de santé publique a poussé la notion à devenir centrale dans l’activité de l’État. La lutte contre le tabagisme constitue une bonne illustration de ce renouveau : CE 19 mars 2007 Mme Le Ga et autres. * Pour assurer cette lutte pour la salubrité publique, il faut noter qu’ont été créées plusieurs agences telles l’Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (AFSSAPS) ou encore l’Institut de veille sanitaire (IVS).
B. La "moralisation" des composantes de l’ordre public
1. La consécration de la moralité publique * Non présente dans le texte de 1884 repris au CGCT, la moralité publique a pourtant connu très tôt une certaine importance dans le cadre de la définition de l’ordre public. Ainsi dès la première moitié du 20e siècle, le maire peut prendre des mesures de police administrative en cas d’atteintes portées à la décence : CE 17 décembre 1909 Chambre syndicale de la corporation des marchands de vins et de liquoristes de Paris ; CE 11 décembre 1946 Dames Hubert et Crepelle. * Cette moralité publique a été reconnue officiellement comme composante de l’ordre public par le fameux arrêt de Section du Conseil d’État en date du 18 décembre 1959 Société "Les films Lutétia".
2. L’ajout du respect de la dignité humaine * Le mouvement de "moralisation" de l’ordre public s’est poursuivi par l’ajout du respect de la dignité humaine comme composante de l’ordre public par le célèbre arrêt d’Assemblée du Conseil d’État en date du 27 octobre 1995 Commune de Morsang-sur-Orge. * Cet ajout a été très critiqué tant sur la forme que sur le fond.
- Sur la forme, le Conseil d’État a en effet créé de toute pièce une nouvelle composante de l’ordre public, même si celle-ci repose en partie sur une jurisprudence constitutionnelle relative à la "sauvegarde de la dignité de la personne humaine contre toute forme d’asservissement et de dégradation".
- Sur le fond, l’objectivisation de la notion du respect de la dignité humaine a posé question au vu des faits de l’espèce. * Malgré ces critiques, le respect de la dignité humaine a connu d’autres concrétisations jurisprudentielles par la suite : CE 9 octobre 1996 Association "Ici et Maintenant" ; CE 30 août 2006Association Free Dom. Néanmoins les autorités ne peuvent pas utiliser ce motif pour justifier toutes les interdictions qu’elles souhaitent en matière de mœurs : CE 8 décembre 1997 Commune d’Arcueil; CE 14 juin 2002 Association Promouvoir.
II. La préservation de l’ordre public par la police administrative au détriment des droits fondamentaux et des libertés publiques
A. La police administrative, outil central de l’administration dans la préservation de l’ordre public
1. Un moyen unique et des acteurs divers * La police administrative est le moyen utilisé par l’administration pour faire respecter l’ordre public. Elle se distingue de la police judiciaire. La police judiciaire est une activité répressive qui vise à rechercher et à constater les infractions pénales. En revanche, la police administrative regroupe les opérations de prévention et de maintien de l’ordre public. * Les acteurs investis de pouvoirs de police administrative sont divers.
- Certaines autorités disposent d’un pouvoir de police administrative générale : c’est le cas au niveau national du Premier Ministre et au niveau local du préfet et du maire.
- D’autres autorités disposent de pouvoirs de police administrative spéciale qui ne s’appliquent que pour une seule catégorie d’administrés ou un seul type d’activité : c’est le cas notamment de certaines AAI tel le Conseil Supérieur de l’Audiovisuel.
2. Une répartition complexe des compétences en matière de police administrative * Cette diversité d’acteurs et cet enchevêtrement pose ainsi des problèmes de répartition des compétences entre niveau local et national, entre police administrative générale et spéciale. Des règles de concours existent donc mais celles-ci sont très complexes. De nombreux arrêts sont venus préciser ces règles et on peut citer ainsi l’arrêt fondateur du 18 avril 1902 Commune de Néris-les-Bains de même que l’arrêt Société "Les Films Lutétia" de 1959 précédemment cité. * Cette difficile articulation est toujours d’actualité comme l’a très bien illustré il y a quelques mois les 3 arrêts relatifs à l’implantation des antennes relais rendus par le Conseil d’État : CE 26 octobre 2011 Commune de Saint-Denis ; Commune de Pennes-Mirabeau ; Société Française de Radiotéléphone.
B. Une atteinte légale aux droits fondamentaux et aux libertés publiques
1. Une atteinte à nombre de droits et libertés * Si la répartition des compétences en matière de police administrative est complexe et est une source importante de jurisprudence, il convient de remarquer que les mesures de police administrative sont le plus souvent contestées car elles sont attentatoires aux droits fondamentaux et aux libertés publiques. En effet, c’est le principe même de la police administrative que de protéger l’ordre public en restreignant l’exercice des droits et des libertés des individus. * Ainsi on peut citer nombre de droits fondamentaux et de libertés publiques qui se voient limités par des mesures de police administrative visant à protéger l’ordre public : la liberté d’aller et venir dans le cadre par exemple de la police des étrangers ou de la police de la circulation ; la liberté de réunion comme dans l’arrêt célèbre du 19 mai 1933 Benjamin ; la liberté de la presse comme cela est le cas dans l’arrêt d’Assemblée du 2 novembre 1973 Société Librairie François Maspero…
2. La contrepartie de cette atteinte : un contrôle étendu du juge administratif sur les mesures visant à préserver l’ordre public * En raison de ces atteintes aux droits fondamentaux et aux libertés publiques, le juge administratif exerce un contrôle étendu sur les mesures relatives à l’ordre public. Ainsi il va tant contrôler la nécessité des mesures que leur caractère proportionnel aux troubles prévenus : CE 1933 Benjamin. Le juge va ainsi regarder si d’autres mesures moins restrictives n’auraient pas pu être prises par exemple. * Le juge est être très attentif dans le cas des interdictions "générales et absolues" qui ne sont pas forcément illégales mais qui sont très fortement encadrées par la jurisprudence : CE 12 novembre 1997 Association Communauté tibétaine en France. * Ainsi en raison de leur particularité, les mesures relatives à l’ordre public sont particulièrement contrôlées.

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...in the precincts of human services department (Thompson, 2000). They entail issues that relate to the acceptance of human weaknesses as well as the challenges that emanate from the same. They are numerous and some of them are listed in the statements shown below. The first fallacy that is believed in the human services department is that most of their clients are rowdy. They, therefore, need to be subjected to constant controls to ensure that they are restrained. This provides the basis for the use of queues in the department. The second fallacy that is noted in the department is the fact that the clients lack substantive facts. This underlines the issue of ignorance as elicited by the staff members in this department towards the general public. This department assumes that most of the clients that it is expected to serve are ignorant and are...

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