...that have come together to create a new culture. The United States is often referred to as a melting pot. Minority group Minority groups are defined as groups whose members have considerably less power or control over their own lives than the members of majority groups. Emigration The act of leaving one country to settle into another country is emigration. Immigration Immigration is moving to a new country and becoming a permanent resident of that country. Culture Culture is the tradition of a group and is passed down from generation to generation. Part II Answer each question in 250 to 350 words. 1. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? In the society which we live people find it necessary to group individuals as they see fit. Though these groupings can be offensive and lead the way for stereotyping the grouping of people is done on a daily basis. Each time an application for employment or just about anything is filled out there is a need to know which group an individual belongs to. There are many ways groups of people are identified such as gender, race, ethnicity, and religious beliefs. In our society gender is very much a distinguished group. Men and women are placed into roles that society have deemed fit. Typically males are seen as dominant or the majority, while females are the minority. Race is another way that groups of people...
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...Labeling theory is one of the most important approaches to understanding deviant and criminal behavior. It stems from the work of W.I. Thomas who, in 1928, wrote, "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." Labeling theory begins with the assumption that no act is intrinsically criminal. Definitions of criminality are established by those in power through the formulation of laws and the interpretation of those laws by police, courts, and correctional institutions. Deviance is therefore not a set of characteristics of individuals or groups, but rather it is a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants and the context in which criminality is being interpreted. In order to understand the nature of deviance itself, we must first understand why some people are tagged with a deviant label and others are not. Those who represent forces of law and order and those who enforce the boundaries of proper behavior, such as the police, court officials, experts, and school authorities, provide the main source of labeling. By applying labels to people, and in the process creating categories of deviance, these people are reinforcing the power structure of society. Many of the rules that define deviance and the contexts in which deviant behavior is labeled as deviant are framed by the wealthy for the poor, by men for women, by older people for younger people, and by ethnic minorities for minority groups. In other words, the more powerful and dominant...
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...define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." In the 1950’s and 1960’s, labeling theory or social reaction theory came to be out of a rejection of consensus theory or structural functionalism. Sociologists were beginning to study the aspects of different kinds of behavior. Labeling theory was just a theory until 1966 when Thomas J Scheff published his book called, Being Mentally Ill. His book stated that there are certain behaviors and actions that society views as deviant and those who engage in these types of behaviors are considered mentally ill or having a mental illness. Another labeling theorist was Frank Tannenbaum. His theory was of labeling was socially stigmatizing and that suggesting, tagging, defining, identifying, segregating, describing, and emphasizing any individual out for special treatment becomes a way of stimulating, and evoking the very traits that are complained of. A person becomes the thing they are described as being. This theory implies that no act is intrinsically criminal, rather, criminality is established through the formation of laws, and the interpretation of those laws by the courts police and correctional institutions. Deviance is therefore not a set of characteristics of individuals or groups, but rather it is a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants and the context in which criminality is being interpreted. Labeling theory or social reaction theory is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of individuals...
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...factors. These theories allow us to see crimes in different perspective. Specifically, the theory’s in this paper we will explore rational choice theory on labeling and the linkage between arrest and gang membership, social control and differential association in relation to gangs. Each article gives us a study or situation that shows the theory’s effectiveness in explaining certain situations or actions. Gang Membership and Race as Risk Factors for Juvenile Arrest Michael Tapia article piece, “Gang membership and race as risk factor for juvenile arrest” addresses the linkage between arrests and gang membership while also exploring their race and ethnicity in correlation with their gangs. Throughout his research, Tapia shows that “gang members and racial minorities experienced undue arrest”(Tapia, 2011) which can be understood that gang members and minorities, in some cases, are easy targets for arrests because they easily fit the description or label of a law breaker or delinquent. These descriptions that law enforcement and the media portray on these gang members and minorities can eventually lead to future false Running head: Literary review 2 arrests no matter if they are justified or not. Typically, law enforcement sees gang members as guilty by association; however, in most cases, minorities are found guilty by racial preference in accordance of gang affiliation and or membership. Also, juveniles are being targeted for arrest because of the labels...
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...measure because there are different patterns for different ethnic groups. Internal factors are factors within schools and the educational system, such as interactions between pupils and teachers, and the inequalities between schools. External factors are factors outside the education system such as influences of home and family background and wider society. A internal factor is shown in item A, labeling within schools by saying 'Wright found that teachers persecuted and treated minority ethnic pupils differently from white pupils. Afro Caribbean boys were often expected to behave badly and they received a disproportionate amount of negative attention. Gillborn argues that this labeling can lead to the self fulfilling prophecy – this is where a prediction made about a person or group becomes true simply because it has been made. Another internal factor is marketisation – this is encouraging competition between schools and choice for parents. Marketisation has led to selection and segregation. Marketisation has given schools greater scope to select pupils and this puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage. This is because selection of pupils gives schools more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. Another internal factor is ethnocentric curriculum. Ethnocentric curriculum describes a attitude or policy that gives priority to the culture and viewpoint of one particular ethnic group while disregarding others. Troyna and Williams...
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...view alien groups or culture from prospective of one’s own. | | | | | |Dictionary.com | |Melting pot |Diverse racial or ethnic groups or both, forming a new cultural entity. | | | | | |(Schaefer 2012 pg 14) | |Minority group |A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own | | |lives than the members of a dominant subordinate group. | | | | | |(Schaefer 2012 pg14)...
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...superior. | |Melting pot |Diverse racial or ethnic groups or both, forming new creation, a new culture entity. | |Minority group |A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own | | |lives than do the members of dominant or majority group. | |Emigration | Leaving a country to settle in another. | |Immigration |Coming into a new country as a permanent resident. | |Culture |The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of racial, religious or social | | |groups. | Part II Answer each question in 250 to 350 words: 1. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? - There are four ways a group of people can be identified: race, ethnicity, religion and gender. Within these four groups there are five characteristics that they all share that make them fall into a minority group. Those five characteristics are unequal treatment, distinguishing physical or...
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...crime and deviance are the product of labeling processes. Some sociologists believe that crime is a result of labeling. Labeling occurs when an identity is attached to someone due to their appearance or from stereotypes that society places on individuals or groups of people. This can lead the labeled acting upon their label, known as self-fulfilling prophecy. One example of this view is Piliavin and Briar found that the police would be less compliant with youths who had a certain manner and dressed a particular way, which were stereotyped by society as a whole, as being the physical attributes of a delinquent. The police were more likely to arrest those who were stopped late at night in an area of high crime rate, according to their study. The officers decisions were often influenced by the suspect’s gender, class and ethnicity, with ethnic minorities being more likely to be arrested. Another example of this view is Cicourel’s theory. Typifications, stereotypes of what a typical delinquent is like, led police to have a class bias. Due to the label placed upon the working class, patrol in working class areas would be higher, resulting in a higher rate of arrests than in other areas. Not only could this have resulted in false arrest but also caused a retaliation within subcultures or communities, which in this case shows that crime and deviance could be a product of the labeling processes. However, some sociologists see the labeling process as being an invalid theory...
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...From this I have learned a lot over the last nine weeks about my culture, other cultures, and the possible future if all of us come together to become a more pluralistic society. I began to understand the classification of subordinate groups (or minority groups) and how it ties into labeling. In spite of the generalization of minority groups there are other sub-groups within a minority group. For example, although there are Columbians, Puerto Ricans, Argentinians, Mexicans, and more, the designated majority group classifies these different groups as Hispanic or Latinos. In a way this type of classification denies their different cultures. Granted, there a lot of Hispanics that speak Spanish, but there are several different dialects within, just like with American English. Having a few friends who has Spanish as their primary language, I found that there are more than one way to ask one's name. There is the traditional way that is taught in classrooms across the country – Como se llama – and there are informal ways of asking one's name based on one's cultural background – an associate of mine asks "Cual es tu nombre" whereas asks "Tu Nombre?". In addition to learning this, I also learned about identifying the reason(s) for labeling people. Subconsciously we have a tendency to classify and label people based on their appearance as well as from stereotypes. Whether it is based on one's environment or due to influence from the media, it's almost like a reflex to do so. Once I realized...
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...Ethnic groups story reviewed, between chapters 6-14 of Racial and ethnic groups, whether it was about the Native Americans genocide, the African Americans civil rights or the Jews migration and the anti-Semitism they faced, the background story remains the same. The positive side is that with time things do change and as more researchers, writers, teachers, and Politian’s persist to bring national and global attention to these inequalities U.S. society has been forced to change in various areas, the work force being one of the biggest areas. Stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination and other racial labeling are used to identify each minority ethnic group and given names like Culture and Ethincity. Ethnic groups are categorized by a name, a Race, as if there physical appearances were not enough to set them apart from one another, thus labeling their identity. Labeling an ethnic groups identity with Stereotypes encourages an unreliable, exaggerated generalization about all members of the group that do not take individual differences into account (Schaefer, 2011). For instance, Surveys show a complex view in the United States of Arab and Muslim Americans. One in four people believe that Islam teaches violence and hatred. (Schaefer, 2011). Or David Riesman’s phrase Gook syndrome, describing Americans' tendency to stereotype Asians and to regard them as all alike and undesirable (Schaefer, 2011). But regardless of how accurate or inaccurate the stereotypes may be, when applied...
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...hogging our headlines. This report aims to analysis this saying by applying perspectives of symbolic interactionism with the support of statistics and arguments. Theory Symbolic interactionism is a micro-scale sociological perspective which focus on the social interaction to feed the subjective meaning in pragmatism, the social process as well as the human behavior (Blumer, 1969) While Labeling theory quoting as “deviance is not inherent to an act, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms”( Becker & Mead). The social groups create deviances by making the rules and by applying those rules to particular people, so that it label them as deviance or outsider. Therefore, deviance is the successful application of the label. The following part would illustrate how the labeling theory works in the cases of alleged abuse of CSSA. First, there are the creations of label as followed by who got the benefits from labeling, lastly is the reaction of labeling. Initiation and Creations of the labeling Due to the Asian financial crisis occurred in 1997, there was an increase in the unemployment rate and application of scheme conomic recession. The increasing expenditure which makes government faces a financial burden. In 1998, Mr. Andrew Leung, suggested to the press that there were many flaud cases. The review suggested cases load increased rapidly especially for the unemployed, the single...
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...People living in unequal society especially from the minority social groups can become subject of prejudice. Prejudice is the negative preconceived opinion about an individual that is not based on reason or actual experience. Prejudice includes having negative attitude towards individual or some group of people especially people from minority ethnic group without actual reasons. People are sometimes unwilling to put their prejudice aside or change the attitudes they have and this increase the stereotyped belief towards the individual or the group. For example, some people might have a prejudice view that race, skin colour or culture makes certain people inferior or superior, some people might also think that people of working age and relying or depending on the government benefits are just because they don't any disability that can affect their ability to work, they already have their mind set that people living on benefits are not looking for jobs because they don’t want to work. Even though there are plenty of jobs been advertised on a daily basis. People who are really prejudiced find it difficult to change their mind even if they are clearly given reasons why people are remained unemployed for example their application for different jobs being declined because of lack of experience. Prejudice attitudes are negative and based on unrealistic ideals which increase the rate of inequalities in the society, this can be linked to stereotyping which defines a group as the same...
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...deal with crimes. Statistics show a fair difference and connection between race and the percentage of people convicted of crimes. Other components influence these percentages but always seem to come back to race. The racial unfairness has taken a toll on the American people and contrasts the idea that America was originally built on Incredible as it is America is one of the most tolerant nations in the world. America is a country that was built on freedom, pride, happiness, and equality. Though this is common knowledge and an allusion of the American people, the country has some faults. Equality is a major moral in America that was fought for in history and even in today's society. Throughout our history minority groups have fought hard for there rights and we have accepted the fact that its wrong to discriminate. It is agreed that racial discrimination is wrong as well (Banks, 2009, p 79). Racism has been a problem in America seen the country was founded. Slavery was a form of racism in the early centuries of America. Our judicial system has been a pride and joy for some Americans for others criminals off the streets and keeps us protected. But is our judicial system accurate and fair to those who are put behind bars? Does the crime always fit the punishment? Or is e punishment based on the color of ones skin? It is appropriate to say that the judicial system should be reevaluated and/or changed because of racially unfair...
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...I Define the following terms found in Week One and Week Two readings: |Term |Definition | |Diversity |Is the state or quality of being different or varied. | |Ethnocentrism |The tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others. | |Melting pot |Is when diverse racial or ethnic groups or both form a new creation and or a new cultural | | |entity. | |Minority group |A subordinate group whose members have significantly have less control or power over their| | |own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group. | |Emigration |Is when one leaves a country to settle and live in another country. | |Immigration |Is when one is coming into a new country to reside as a permanent resident. | |Culture |The behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. | Part II Answer each question in 250 to 350 words: 1. What are some of the ways...
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...relationships, and self respect. Those who have this power hold it sacred and dear. Their fear of a power shift from the dominant to the subordinate or the majority to the minority continues to guide them in enforcing ideas and laws within society that a particular gender or race has little or no value. Resilience is the ability of those oppressed to continue surviving after being compressed by such a powerful force. It is the oppressive forces of the majority group that have smothered minority groups (women and people of color) for hundreds of years and it is the resilience of those oppressed who continue to inspire change throughout history. Historical Oppressive Forces The Noel Hypothesis is a social learning theory that explains the development of a minority group. It suggest that if two or more groups come together characterized by a differential in power, ethnocentrism, and competition the result will be ethnic/racial stratification (Guadalupe lecture notes, 2008). This theory can also be used to explain the development of gender stratification as well. The majority group in relationship to this paper would be white males especially those who are wealthy and the minority groups, women and people of color. The act of oppressing a particular group begins with pointing out what is different and labeling those differences with negative attributes. Women and people of color were viewed as childlike and needing protection from the world and themselves. They were powerless...
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