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Labor Law

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DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ İŞLETME FAKÜLTESİ | İŞ HUKUKU | [Type the document subtitle] | | DUYGU SERTÇELİK 2007432064 | |

3/30/2012

1. T.C Anayasası’nda bir diğer ismiyle Temel Haklar ve Ödevler / Kişinin Hakları ve Ödevleri olarak yer verilen kişinin dokunulmazlığı, maddi ve manevi varlığı ve zorla çalıştırma yasağına ilişkin hükümlere göre ; Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde yaşayan her bir bireyin yaşama, ya da maddi ve manevi varlığını koruma ve geliştirme hakkı vardır. Bu yüzden herhangi bir kişiye rızası dışında deney, işkence, eziyet gibi muamelelerde bulunulması söz konusu değildir. Bununla birlikte, kanunun izin verdiği durumlarda silah kullanılması esnasında meydana gelen kimi öldürme fiilleri, kanunen daha önce bahsedilen hükümler dışında kalmıştır. Bu fiiller, mahkemelerde verilen ölüm cezalarının yerine getirilmesi, kendini savunma, yakalama ve tutuklama kararlarının yerine getirilmesi, bir tutuklu veya hükümlünün kaçmasının önlenmesi, bir ayaklanma veya isyanın bastırılması, sıkıyönetim veya olaganüstü hallerde yetkili merciin verdigi emirlerin uygulanması sırasında silah kullanılması gibi durumlar olarak belirtilmiştir.

Bir kimseye veya bir topluluğa zorla, ücret vermeden iş yaptırılamaz. Kanun zorla çalıştırma sayılamayacak işleri de belirlemiştir. Örneğin; hükümlülük veya tutukluluk süreleri içindeki çalıştırmalar, olağanüstü durumlarda vatandaşlardan istenecek hizmetler, ülke gereksinimlerinin zorunlu kıldığı alanlarda öngörülen vatandaşlık ödevi niteliğindeki beden ve fikir çalışmalar... Bu tarz olağanüstü durumlarda kişilerin irade dışı çalıştırılmaları yerinde bir hükümdür.

2. T.C Anayasası’nda Sosyal ve Ekonomik Haklar ve Ödevler olarak bilinen kanunda yer verilen çalışma ve sözleşme hürriyeti, çalışma hakkı ve ödevi, çalışma şartları ve dinlenme hakkı ve ücretle adalet sağlanmasına ilişkin hükümlere göre ; her bireyin istediği bir alanda çalışma ve bu çalışmayla ilgili sözleşme yapma hakkı vardır. Bireyler ayrıca özel girişimlerde de bulunabilirler. Ancak devlet bu özel girişimleri denetlemek durumundadır çünkü bu girişimler kurucuları tarafından, milli ekonominin gereklerine ve sosyal amaçlara uygun, güvenli ve kararlı bir şekilde yönetilmek zorundadırlar. Bireylerin sahip olduğu bu hakkın devlet tarafından denetlenmesi oldukça haklı bir karardır, çünkü bu girişimler milli ekonomi gereklerine ve sosyal amaçlara uygun olmayabilir ve ekonomi bu girişimlerden dolayı zarar görebilir.

Her birey çalışma hakkına sahiptir. Devlet, çalışan bireylerinin yaşam seviyesini yükseltmek, çalışma ortamının belli bir düzende gelişmesi için çalışan veya çalış(a)mayan bireylerini korumak bir başka deyişle çalışanları desteklemek ve işsizler için de işsizliği önlemeye yönelik çalışmalarda bulunmak durumundadır. Çalışanlar da yaşlarına, cinsiyetlerine ve güçlerine uygun işlerde çalışmalıdırlar. Küçükler, kadınlar, beden ve ruhsal açıdan yetersiz olanlar için çalışma şartları özel olmalıdır. Her çalışanın dinlenme hakkı vardır. Bu haklardan en başlıcaları, ücretli hafta ile bayram tatilleri ve ücretli yıllık izin haklarıdır. Kanun önünde, herkesin eşit haklardan yararlanması ve kimseye ayrım yapılmaması gerektiği belirlenmiş olsa da, bazı kimseler fiziksel açıdan veya zihinsel açıdan normal değerlerin altında kalabilir, bu tür durumlarda devletin bu kişilere özel haklar sunması gerekmektedir.

3. T.C Anayasası’nda belirtilen “Kanun Önünde Eşitlik” adlı maddesine göre hiçbir birey arasında dil, ırk, renk, cinsiyet, siyasi düşünce, felsefi inanç, din, mezhep vb. nedenlerden dolayı ayrım yapılmamalıdır, bir diğer deyişle herkes kanunlar önünde eşit olmak durumundadır. Bütün bunlardan dolayı, kadınlar ve erkekler eşit haklara sahip olmalıdırlar. Devletin görevi de bu eşitliğin sağlanması yönündedir. Ayrıca, devlet; çocuklar, yaşlılar, özürlüler, şehit eşleri ve çocukları ve gaziler için tedbirler almalıdır ve bu tedbirler eşitlik ilkesine aykırı olarak yorumlanamaz. Hiçbir kişi, aile ya da sınıf ayrıcalığa sahip değildir. Devlet kimseyi birbirinden ayırmamakla yükümlüdür ve devlet organları ve yönetim birimleri her türlü işlemde eşitlik ilkesine uymalıdır. Bununla beraber, İş Kanunu da “Eşit Davranma İlkesi”ni göz önünde bulundurur ve bir iş ilişkisinde de hiçbir birey arasında dil, ırk, renk, cinsiyet, felsefi inanç, siyasi düşünce, mezhep, din ve benzeri nedenlerden dolayı ayrım yapılamaz. Haklı bir sebep bulunmadıkça işverenler, tam süreli ve kısmi süreli çalışan işçi arasında ve belirli süreli ve kısmi süreli çalışan işçi arasında ayrım yapamaz yani bu işçilere farklı muamelede bulunamaz. İşin niteliğiyle ilgili haklı sebepler bulunmadıkça işverenler işçilerini cinsiyet nedeniyle daha düşük veya daha yüksek bir ücrete tabi tutamazlar. Aynı veya eşit değerde bir iş için her ne kadar işçinin cinsiyeti nedeniyle özel koruyucu hükümler olsa da , her işçi aynı ücreti almalıdır. Aynı zamanda, bir iş ilişkisi kanun hükümlerine aykırı bir şekilde sona ermişse işçi, dört aya kadar ücreti tutarındaki tazminatını ve ayrıca başka yoksun bırakıldığı sendikal haklarını da talep edebilir. Fakat bunun yanında işçi, işverenin bu hükümlere aykırı davrandığını ispat etmekle yükümlüdür.

4. İş yerinin veya bir bölümünün devri; İş Kanunu’nun 6. maddesine göre, iş yerinin bir sözleşmeyle mümkündür ve bu durumda tüm haklar ve borçlar devralana geçmektedir. Devir halindeyken devirden önce doğmuş olan ve devir tarihinde ödenmesi gereken borçlardan, devreden ve devralan işveren birlikte sorumludurlar. Fakat, devreden işverenin sorumluluğu devir tarihinden 2 yıl sonra biter. Devralan işveren işçisinin haklarının, işçinin devreden işveren yanında işe başladığı tarihten itibaren geçerli olduğunu bilmelidir. Bununla birlikte, tüzel kişilikler başka tüzel kişiliklerle birleşebilir, buna bağlı olarak şirketin türü değişebilir ya da eski tüzel kişilik sona erebilir. Bu durumlarda sorumluluk hükümleri ortadan kalkmaktadır. Devir yüzünden iş sözleşmesi hükümsüz kalmaz ve işçinin hakları korunur. Bu hükümler iflas nedeniyle malvarlığının tasfiyesi durumunda geçersiz kalmaktadır.

5. Eğer bir işveren özel sektöre bağlı işyerinde 50 ya da daha fazla işçi çalıştırıyorsa bu sayının yüzde 3’ü özürlü olmalıdır. Kamuya bağlı işyerlerinde yüzde 4 özürlü ve yüzde 2 eski hükümlü işçi çalışmalıdır. İşverenin aynı ilde birden fazla işyeri varsa, bu kapsamda (özürlü ve eski hükümlü işçi) çalıştırması gereken işçi sayısı toplam işçi sayısına göre hesaplanır. İşyerinin işçisi iken sakatlananlara, eski hükümlü ya da terör mağduru olanlara öncelik tanınır. İşverenler, çalıştırması gerektiği işçileri Türkiye İş Kurumu tarafından öğrenirler. Bu kapsamda çalıştırılacak işçilerin nitelikleri, hangi işlerde çalıştırılabilecekleri, bunların işyerlerinde genel hükümler dışında bağlı olacakları özel çalışma ile mesleğe yöneltilmeleri, mesleki yönden işverence nasıl işe alınacakları, Adalet Bakanlığı ile Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığınca birlikte çıkarılacak yönetmelikle düzenlenir. Fakat, yeraltı ve sualtı işlerinde özürlü işçi çalıştırılamamakla birlikte, belirtilen hükümler bağlamında işyerlerindeki işçi sayısı tespitinde yeraltı ve sualtı işlerinde çalışanlar hesaba katılmaz. Çünkü bu tarz yerlerde özürlü işçi çalıştırmak tehlikelidir. Bakanlar Kurulunca belirlenecek oranların üstünde özürlü ve eski hükümlü ve terör mağduru çalıştıran işverenlerin kontenjan fazlası işçiler için özürlü ve eski hükümlü çalıştırmakla yükümlü olmadıkları halde özürlü çalıştıran veya çalışma gücünü yüzde seksenden fazla kaybetmiş özürlüyü çalıştıran işverenlerin bu şekilde çalıştırdıkları her bir özürlü için 506 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar Kanununa göre ödemeleri gereken işveren sigorta prim hisselerinin yüzde ellisini kendisi, yüzde ellisini Hazine öder. Böyle bir desteğin, devlet tarafından sağlanması da çalışabilme gücünü kaybetmiş kişiler tarafından önemlidir ve sosyal devlet olma girişiminde başarılı bir adımdır.

6. Bir başka ülkenin ve Türkiye’nin taraf olduğu sözleşmelerde sözleşmede aksi belirtilmedikçe, yabancı işçinin belirli bir işyeri veya işletmede ve belirli bir meslekte çalışma izni en çok 1 yıl geçerli olmaktadır. 1 yıldan sonra taraflar, aynı işyeri ve aynı meslek söz konusu olmak üzere bu süreyi 3 yıla kadar uzatabilmektedirler. Bununla birlikte, 3 yılın sonunda aynı meslek ve dilediği işveren söz konusu olmak üzere çalışma izninin süresi 6 yıla kadar uzatılabilir. Türkiye’ye çalışmak üzere gelen yabancı işçinin bakmakla yükümlü olduğu bir eşi ya da çocukları varsa, onlara da yabancının kendisiyle birlikte en az 5 yıl yasal ve kesintisiz ikamet etmiş olmaları kaydıyla çalışma izni verilebilir. İş kanunun, yabancı işçi ile birlikte ailesini de göz önünde bulundurması son derece yerindedir. Ayrıca Türkiye’de doğan veya Türkiye’ye sonradan gelip burada meslek okulu ya da üniversiteden mezun olan yabancılara, mülteci /göçebe kabul edilen yabancılara, AB üyesi ülkelerin vatandaşlarına, yabancı devletlerin Türkiye’deki büyükelçiliklerinde/konsolosluklarında çalışan diplomat ve idari personelin hizmetinde çalışanlara, Türkiye’de bulunan büyükelçiliklerde/konsolosluklarda çalışan diplomat ve idari personelin eş ve çocuklarına da çalışma izni verilebilmektedir. Eş ve çocukların da bu hakka sahip olması kanunun kapsamını ortaya koymaktadır.

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