...Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy adults and children and by age 25, 90% of the general population will have antibodies against the organism.1 Staphylococcal aureus is also known to be the causative agent to several infections that range from folliculitis, to abscess and endocarditis. In 1972, a syndrome of fever, myalgias, sore throat, edema, scarlatiniform rash, and desquamation associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection was first described. In 1978, Todd and colleagues reported seven cases in children who presented with similar symptoms as described in 1972 of fever, headache, conjunctival hyperemia, rash. These cases also presented with acute renal failure, hepatic abnormalities, DIC, and shock: “One patient died, one had gangrene of the toes, and all have had fine desquamation of affected skin and peeling of palms and soles.”3 Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from mucosal (nasopharyngeal, vaginal, tracheal) but not from blood and the term toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was coined.2,3 The peak incidence of Staphylococcus aureus related illness was seen in 1980 when 890 cases were reported, 91% of which were related to the use of super...
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...Pasteurellaceae, Legionellaceae Sung‐Pin Tseng (曾嵩斌), Ph. D. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, KMU ext: 2353 E‐mail: tsengsp@kmu.edu.tw Outline (課程要點與學習目標) Characteristic of Pasteurellaceae, Legionellaceae Infections produced by pathogenic species Tests used to identify these species Reference: Chapter 34, 37 Medical Microbiology, 6th Edition Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, KMU Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, KMU Pasteurellaceae (巴斯德桿菌科) Classification – includes four medically important genera Haemophilus Influenzae Misnamed – originally thought to cause the “flu” Haemophilus Pasteurella Aggregatibacter Actinobacillus (rare clinical isolate) Now know that flu is caused by viruses In some cases of flu, H. influenzae is secondary infection Small, G(‐), aerobic or facultative anaerobic rods, requiring enriched media for isolation Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, KMU small, cocobacilli form in sputum from patient with pneumonia thin, pleomorphic form (多形性) from patient with meningitis (80%) Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, KMU Haemophilus Species Haemophilus = “blood loving” Haemophilus spp require hemoglobin for growth: X‐factor ( hemin) Satellite phenomenon H. Influenzae (small colonies surrounding S. aureus colonies) ...
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...excessive rainfall or flooding. Etiology Virtually all wild and domestic mammals can harbour the bacteria that cause leptospirosis in their kidneys and genital tracts and act as source of infection to humans and other animals. • Rodents were the first recognized carriers of leptospirosis and are considered the primary source of infection to human beings. • Cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goat, pigs and dogs are also considered common reservoirs of the bacteria that causes leptospirosis. Pathophysiology • Leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans through cuts and abrasions of the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals. As animals are constantly in our environment, there is a particular danger of getting leptospirosis when flooding occurs, such as following a typhoon or very heavy seasonal rains, because of exposure to contaminated water when wading in floodwaters. • Leptospirosis can occasionally also be transmitted through the drinking of water or ingestion of food contaminated with urine of infected animals, often rats. • Human-to-human transmission occurs only very rarely. Risk Factors Outbreaks of leptospirosis have been reported following natural disasters such as flooding. The risk of infection depends on exposure. Some humans have a high risk of exposure because of their occupation, the environment they live in or their lifestyle. The main occupational groups at risk include: ...
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...far more mortality rates than war itself. Numerous cases of disease outbreaks in the past have been a major concern to health authorities, although such concerns have been partially addressed in the recent past. Examples of disease outbreaks in the past include: the infamous Bubonic Plague of the 14th century in Europe that led to the death of approximately a quarter of the continent’s population (approximately 25 million people); the influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919 that led to the death of 21 million people; and the death of 95% of Pre-Columbian Native American people by measles, plague, small pox, influenza, and typhoid (Magner, 2009). Although there has been some response to such epidemics in the recent past, naturally occurring infections still remain the Achilles’ heel of today’s health systems. 2. Terrorism Versus Bioterrorism Despite the dark past in healthcare systems, current issues of the use of biological agents as means of mass destruction is alarming. Most of the countries across the globe are now faced with the daunting task of terrorism control, since this is one area where biological agents find a lot of use. According to Forst, terrorism may be defined as a “premeditated and unlawful use of violence [on] non-combatant populations having symbolic significance….” (Forst, 2009). Forst mentions that the premeditated and unlawful use of violence usually has an aim of inducing or influencing changes in existing political landscapes; this is normally done through...
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... Zoonotic pathogens : - B.Abortus / B.Melitensis Symptoms: -long term fever - Undulant fever - Complication in bone manifestation: bone pain ; arthritis - Re-current infection is common - Virus like infection Identification: - Oxidase + Urease+ -Serology test IgG/ IgM -gram negative rods,Very small cannot be seen under microscope -Slow grow better isolate with CO2 and increase humidity. -Sampled from blood (5 to 7 days b4 giving a negative report) -cultured on chocolate agar(enrichment media). - Wright test (like widal “ anamnastic reaction” ) Transmitted via contaminated food Milk products not from human to human : can be killed at high temperature: - tantalization : 50º - Pasteurization: 70 º - Sterilization : 100 º Treatment: - Tetracyclin - Doxycyclin - Rifampin - For 6 weeks and more - Vaccine is available for animals. Vibrio V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus Features: - Gram negative - Fermenter bacilli - Facultative anaerobes - Live in halophilic places Identification: - Enrichment medium - alkaline peptone broth Vibrios survive and replicate at high pH - Other organisms are killed or do not multiply - Selective/differential culture medium - TCBS agar - V. cholerae grow as yellow colonies - Biochemical and serological tests Pathogenesis and treatment: Rehydration & supportive therapy Oral Intravenous (IV): - Doxycycline or tetracycline (Test resistance may be developing) of secondary...
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...went to a Philadelphia convention of the American Legion suffered from an outbreak of this disease, a type of pneumonia (lung infection). Although this type of bacteria was around before1976, more illness from Legionnaires' disease is being detected now. This is because we are now looking for this disease whenever a patient has pneumonia. Where do Legionella bacteria come from? The Legionella bacteria are found naturally in the environment, usually in water. The bacteria grow best in warm water, like the kind found in hot tubs, cooling towers, hot water tanks, large plumbing systems, or parts of the air-conditioning systems of large buildings. They do not seem to grow in car or window air-conditioners. How do people get Legionnaires' disease? People get Legionnaires' disease when they breathe in a mist or vapor (small droplets of water in the air) that has been contaminated with the bacteria. One example might be from breathing in the steam from a whirlpool spa that has not been properly cleaned and disinfected. The bacteria are NOT spread from one person to another person. Outbreaks are when two or more people become ill in the same place at about the same time, such as patients in hospitals. Hospital buildings have complex water systems, and many people in hospitals already have illnesses that increase their risk for Legionella infection. Other outbreaks have been linked to aerosol sources in the community, or with cruise ships and hotels, with the most likely...
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...blisters on her hand and upper arm which started about a week ago. The pain according to the patient is described as throbbing and tingling sensation. Patient otherwise has no other complaints. Past Medical History: Patient denies prior hospitalizations, surgeries, accidents. Patient does not remember immunizations but she claims that she never had chickenpox Family History: Both parents are alive. Her father is hypertensive and has coronary arterial disease. Her mother is apparently healthy. She is the only child. Social History: She lives in an apartment with her parents. She works as an employee in the casino. She does not smoke and does not drink alcoholic beverages. Review of Systems: General: Well nourished female, not in acute respiratory distress HEENT: Denies headache. No blurring of vision, hearing not impaired, no sore throat Neck: No tenderness and lymphadenopathy Cardiovascular: No chest pains and palpitations Gastrointestinal: No change in bowel habits, slight loss of appetite Genitourinary: No change in urinary habit Musculoskeletal: Pain on right hand extending to right upper arm, feeling of “pins and needles” on right arm and hand, no limitation of movement both upper extremities, normal gait and posture Neurologic/Psychiatric: Alert and oriented as to time, place and person Physical Examination: Patient is a well nourished Asian...
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...Name: Yi (Jennifer) Ding Date: January 28, 2016 Question 1: A 72-year-old male patient is admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While caring for the patient, the nurse noticed that the patient is experiencing dyspnea. What should the nurse do first? a. Elevate the head of the bed to 30 to 45 degrees b. Assess the lungs for adventitious sounds c. Immediately contact the physician and administer oxygen d. Encourage the patient to cough and deep breath Rationale: Before contacting the physician and go further with assessments, the nurse’s priority is to reposition the patient to prevent hypoxia, which can lead to further complications. Elevating the head of the bed to 30 to 45 degrees is able...
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...bowel syndrome-associated constipation (IBS-C), gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), and chronic urinary tract and upper respiratory infections. She has gained weight because of the lack of exercise she has performing. Wright complains she is too tired to work out and gets tired throughout the day performing normal activities. She also insists she cannot work out because she always gets hot flashes from her menopause and is simply too hot to work out. Wright also explained she lives alone and cannot always go to see a physician because she cannot get someone to drive her there. She is no longer taking the three medications, hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, and prednisone, prescribed by Dr. Ruppert. She explains she had experienced intolerable side effects, including reflux, alopecia, and severe photosensitivity. Dr. Ruppert ordered a comprehensive laboratory evaluation and identified the following: IgG4 food-specific antibodies, essential fatty acid and amino acid imbalances, nutrient and essential element deficiencies, and dysbiosis, in addition to elevated antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Mrs. Wright is present for further workup, evaluation, and treatment of the symptoms listed above. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: Allergy/Immunologic: Raynaud syndrome Cardiovascular: Negative Pulmonary: Upper respiratory infection...
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...Clinical Case Study Assignment 2014 Jennifer Ahonen Cambrian College a00050951 BSN 2144: Nursing Practice Frances Carvalho & Jillian Smythe March 21, 2014 Clinical Case Study Assignment 2014 The purpose of this paper is to utilize the data collected in the Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns Assessment Tool (Appendix A). After data collection, it will be analyzed and a priority nursing diagnosis will be used to make a care plan (Appendix B). Patient X is an 82 year old male, who presented to the emergency department from his home at Extendicare York with a fever of 38.9 degrees Celsius, a blood pressure of 75/40 mm Hg, blood glucose level of 3.7, diaphoretic and a three day history of diarrhea, nausea and generalized weakness. The admitting diagnosis for this 82 year old male was Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lower respiratory tract due to an infectious agent that impairs gas exchange due to alveolar edema and congestion (Thiem, Heppner, & Pientka, 2011). There are many factors that predispose individuals to pneumonia; however, in the case of this patient the predisposing factors are age and the presence of chronic diseases. The patient’s complete history and demographics can be found in Appendix A. The classic clinical manifestations of pneumonia consist of a temperature above 38 degrees Celsius, diaphoresis, cough, and shortness of breath, chest pain, tachycardia, purulent sputum, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Thiem, Heppner...
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...are two smallpox strains, variola major and Variola minor strains . It usually requires close contact with a sick person. Airway: large aerosol droplets from the respiratory tract via skin lesions. Dermal: direct contact with eruptive or with open scab lesions. The virus is transmitted from 24 to 48 hours before the onset of skin lesions until all lesions form scabs. Symptoms of smallpox begin with high fever, chills, joint and muscle pain, headache, nausea and vomiting. Classical skin rash of smallpox appeared several days after other symptoms. The papular rash became filled...
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...subject, meaning typically there are no symptoms until other events occur. Weaknesses in the immune system provide opportunities for attack, so the bacterium usually infects in conjunction with another illness that attacks the immune system. Common symptoms when Haemophilus Influenzae is active skin infections can occur, inflammation around the brain and spinal cord known as meningitis, inflammation around the bronchial tubes commonly known as bronchitis which can be paired with coughing up phlegm. Haemophilus Influenzae commonly causes ear aches in...
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...Haemophilus Influenza is a type of bacteria that is responsible for causing a number of illnesses that include Pneumonia, Bacteremia, and Meningitis. Some strains of this bacteria are said to cause ear infections in children and also lung infections in children. It belongs to the Pasteurellaceae family. It is said to cause infections in children between the age of 3-5 years as well as older adults above the age of 65 years. Hib does not cause the common flu and it’s categorized from a-falthough the most common is Haemophilus Influenza type B. It is estimated that each year Hib causes 7-8 million cases of pneumonia and hundreds of thousands of death mainly in developing countries, according to World Health Organisation. According to Medline...
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... Objectives II. Assessment a. Include date of admission; date of care; allergies; history b. Address and list analysis of Gordon’s Functional Patterns (list all 11). Integrate treatments, meds, nursing implications, and related assessments in paper. Includes nutritional analysis. III. Literature Review (at least three resources at least one professional journal) a. Disease Description b. Diagnostic Confirmation c. Signs & Symptoms (textbook vs. patient’s actual symptoms being experienced) d. Treatment and Rationale e. Disease Outcome Expectations f. Rehab needs g. Related to client situation IV. Nursing Plan of Care a. Problems Prioritized (list 3 diagnosis) b. Actual Diagnosis c. Potential Diagnosis d. Outcome e. Goals (short and long term) f. Actions/actual diagnosis g. Actions/potential diagnosis h. Rationales (resources documented) i. Evaluation/Revision V. Discharge Planning a. Resources for coping b. Knowledge/Teaching c. Referrals/Continuing Care VI. Summary VII. Format a. Length of paper should be - between 15-20 pages typed b. APA format c. Cover page, reference page, etc… d. Grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, etc… Faculty Signature_______________________________________________ Date________________________________ Name__________________________ Semester______________________ |Criteria | |Possible Points|Comments | |Introduction...
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...or in the rainforest. Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids. Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced. Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased person can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola. People remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain the virus. Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness. Symptoms of Ebola virus disease The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days. Humans are not infectious until they develop symptoms. First symptoms are the sudden onset of fever fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding (e.g. oozing from the gums, blood in the stools)....
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