...LAND NAVIGATION Marginal Information Map Instructions Top Margin series name -is found in the upper margin. It usually includes a group of similar maps at the same scale or the same sheet lines designed to cover a particular geographical area. The name given a series is that of the most prominent areas. edition number- represents the age of the map in relation to other editions of the same map and the agency responsible for its production. Scale- note indicates the relative value of distance on the map compared to distance on the ground. A map with the scale of 1:50,000 means that 1 inch on the map equals 50,000 inches on the ground or 1,270 meters. Different map scales indicate different degrees of topographical detail. As the ratio increases, map detail decreases. For example, a map with a scale of 1:25,000 is more detailed than a map with a scale of 1:50,000. With a ratio of 1:25,000, 1 inch on the map equals less area on the ground than a map with ratio of 1:50,000. series number- is a sequence reference expressed either as a four-digit number (1125) or as a letter followed by a three or four-digit number (M556; N3341). It is found in both the upper right margin and the lower left margin. sheet name- is found in bold print at the center of the top and in the lower left area of the map margin. A map is generally named for the settlement contained within the area covered by the sheet, or for the largest natural feature located within the area at the time the map...
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...Evaluate the skills and techniques required to successfully perform in two different land-based outdoor and adventurous activities Rock climbing and hiking requires particular skills and knowledge and techniques to be performed successfully and with pleasure rather than discomfort. What are the main reasons for these skills and techniques, why they are good and what could happen if you would not have them. The advantages of effective planning and preparation is that you will be ready for most of the challenges you possible can face during the activities. It is not possible to prepare for everything, but you need to decrease the chances of getting in trouble as much as you can. Lack of preparation can result in poor performance and discomfort. Correct use of equipment with appropriate techniques is very beneficial for effectiveness and safety during the activity because usually specialist equipment requires specific use for specific purposes and wrong usage can lead to injuries or danger. To avoid this it is important to receive appropriate training before hand and if you are still not confident, you could have practise session with instructors. First aid skills are very useful and can and should be applied to every activity and not everybody can perform them as special training is required. Usually during activities instructors are qualified first aiders, so you don’t have to have these skills, but it would be very useful to have them as you could provide aid...
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...appeared that human are at busiest to compete to gain wealth by exploiting all possible resources. However, busy lifestyle has caused issues such as traffic congestion. Time always appears to be a resource easily hit scarcity. This era where information is the riches has invoked the demand of mankind on a tool to navigate so that time will not be wasted when they are lost in traffic. Therefore a tool to guide direction is developed and introduced to the society. Introduction The Global Positioning System (GPS) is selected as the tool in this assignment. Though GPS appears to be a common tool in the society, not everyone understands the process of development gone through by GPS. Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. Development of GPS Why the GPS was developed?...
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...Costa Concordia Anatomy of an organizational accident Jayvee M. Fernandez Maritime Law Midway Maritime Foundation ABSTRACT This paper analyses the grounding that occurred on the 13th of January 2012 to the cruise ship Costa Concordia. The analysis is carried out only on the conduct of navigation – and not on the emergency response - at three different levels: the errors of the bridge team, the error-inducing conditions of their workplace (the bridge), and the organizational processes behind them – following Reason’s (1997) model of organizational accident. An organizational accident is a rare, but often catastrophic, event that occurs within complex organizations as a product of technological innovation. Working under a hypothesis built on publicly available data till July 2012, the grounding of Costa Concordia appears to be an organizational accident. The paper aims to provide official investigators with a framework for the understanding of its development, which is considered critical to limit the re-occurrence of other such events. Moreover, it aspires to be the starting point for future examination of error inducing conditions across the cruising industry and the wider maritime domain. Overall, it is an attempt to address systemic issues, rather than accusing or defending individuals...
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...Costa Concordia Anatomy of an organisational accident Capt. Antonio Di Lieto PhD candidate at the Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania adilieto@amc.edu.au The views and opinions expressed on this paper are solely those of the original author. These views and opinions do not necessarily represent those of persons or organisations involved, and/or any/all contributors to this site. ABSTRACT th This paper analyses the grounding that occurred on the 13 of January 2012 to the cruise ship Costa Concordia. The analysis is carried out only on the conduct of navigation – and not on the emergency response at three different levels: the errors of the bridge team, the error-inducing conditions of their workplace (the bridge), and the organisational processes behind them – following Reason’s (1997) model of organisational accident. An organisational accident is a rare, but often catastrophic, event that occurs within complex organisations as a product of technological innovation. Working under a hypothesis built on publicly available data till July 2012, the grounding of Costa Concordia appears to be an organisational accident. The paper aims to provide official investigators with a framework for the understanding of its development, which is considered critical to limit the re-occurrence of other such events. Moreover, it aspires to be the starting point for future examination of error inducing conditions across the cruising industry and the wider maritime ...
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...How would pilots ever get around so easily without the help of navigation aides? Navigational aides have been around for almost as long as aircraft have been flying in the skies above us. The first navigation system was composted of just a high intensity-flashing beacon. These beacons were placed on the flight routes that were popularly flown in the mid 1920’s. With more time more of these technologies that help us navigate the world will be even simpler than today. This paper will explain how some navigational aides work and how some of them came into existence. Flight Management Systems Flight management systems are one of the best navaids in commercial aviation. The flight management system (FMS) is made up of four systems in an aircraft, the FMC (flight management computer), the autopilot and flight director, the auto throttle, and the IRS’s. According to Boeing the FMS could be defined as, being capable of four dimensional area navigation (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time), while optimizing performance to achieve the most economical flight possible. The flight management system can give you gross weight of the aircraft, and the best speeds (i.e. holding, approach, climb, cruise, descent, etc…) by taking inputs from the fuel summation unit when it is given the zero fuel weight and the MACTOW (mean aerodynamic cord at takeoff weight). The position of the aircraft can also be determined by referencing the IRS, along with GPS and the radio position updating. Global...
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...MIAMI PORT General: The Dante B. Fascell Port of Miami is a seaport located in Biscayne Bay in Miami, Florida, United States. The Port of Miami is an important contributor to the local South Florida and state economies. As of 2011, the Port of Miami accounts for 176,000 jobs and has an annual economic impact in Miami of $18 billion, $14 billion of which is generated by its cargo operations. 7.4 million tons of cargo and over 1 million TEU of intermodal container traffic move through the seaport per year It is the 11th largest cargo container port in the United States. In 2010, a record over 4 million passengers traveled through the Port of Miami. One in seven of all the world’s cruise passengers start from Miami. Customs: Manifest of foreign cargo inbound must be presented to the customs boarding officer prior to commercing discharge.Ship’s agent must notify customs 48 hrs prior to the ship’s arrival. There are some commercial forms required such as; manifest, passenger list, customs declaration…etc. Immigration: An immigration inspector will meet all ships entering port. Valid travel documents passport visa entry permit are required in some cases. Ship’s agent must notify immigration at least 1hr prior to ship’s arrival. Pilotage: Estimated time of arrival (ETA)should be made when ship docks and must be confirmed by phone 1hr prior to Pilot Boarding. Anchorage: The prescribed anchorage area for vessels anchoring outside the harbour is located Eastward of a line about...
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...points (AP) within the indoor vicinity. In this paper, percentage of signal strengths obtained from Wi-Fi analyzer in a smartphone were converted into distance between users and each AP. A user’s indoor position could then be determined using a formula proposed based on trilateration technique. KEYWORDS Indoor Position detection, WI-Fi, Trilateration Technique. 1 INTRODUCTION Global Positioning System (GPS) is a technology developed by United States of Defense (DoD) that has been used for military purposed. It is also the main technology that plays an important role in satellite navigation. The main purpose of GPS is to determine the position or coordinate of an object based on location, time and speed [2, 6] which provide Location Based Services (LBS) [5, 6]. Nowadays, the technology has been used widely in outdoor environment such as in navigation and coordinate measurements. GPS depends on satellites to communicate using radio signals. Common example of GPS receivers such as GARMIN, NAVMAN and TOM TOM are capable to determine the accuracy of a position in the range of 10 meter. Optimum signal performance can be achieved outdoor but not in indoor environment. Multipath...
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...Global Positioning System- (GPS)Satellite-based syset for determining the absolute location of placesor geographic features. Geocaching- A hunt for a cache. Relative Location- The regional position Mental Map- Picture of the way is organized by a persons mind. Activity (action) Space- The space within which daily activity occurs. Generalized Map- the process of selecting and representing information on a map in a way that adapts to the scale of the display medium of the map. Remote Sensing- a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study. Geographic Information System- a collectin of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user Rescale- involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an intitiative Formal Region- a type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one o rmore phenomena; also called unifrom region or homgenous region. functional region-a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it. perceptual region- a region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as physically demorcated entity. For example in the U.S., "the South" and "the Mid-atlantic region" are perceptual. culture- the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by...
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...Introduction We live in a society where it is simply impossible to live without your smartphone tracking your location. There are various ways that location-based tracking is utilized on smartphones for good purposes; but what about the not so good purposes? People make very good use of the tracking software located on smartphone from looking up directions to a hotel to checking the local traffic updates while in route to work. And when completing these tasks, they may not know that those locations are actually being stored in the smart phone. The stored list of locations can be used to send out local ads or be used to target that individual. One must be aware of location-based tracking software located on smartphones. Location-based Tracking Apps There are many different applications that use location-based tracking. However, I only use two on my Android. The two that I use is GPS Navigator and Point. I only use GPS Navigator when I need directions to a particular place or need traffic updates when I am out of town. I use Point to find local restaurants, shops, movies, and businesses when I travel out of town. I do not use them very often. However, after using those applications, I un-install any updates for those apps and clear all cache on my phone. This will delete any saved information that was logged. Privacy Policy What is a privacy policy? Wikipedia defines a privacy policy as “a statement or legal document that discloses some or all the ways a party gathers...
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... ALZ.org, Wikipedia, In a nutshell describing GPS - A navigational system involving satellites and computers that can determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by computing the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver. Today, it is widely used by the civilian public for both commercial and recreational use. In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only the Russian military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007. The navigational signals transmitted by GPS satellites encode a variety of information including satellite positions, the state of the internal clocks, and the health of the network. These signals are transmitted on two separate carrier frequencies that are common to all satellites in the network. Two different encodings are used: a public encoding that enables lower resolution navigation, and an encrypted encoding used by the U.S. military. So in 20 years you can just imagine where this will lead… As of December 2013, there are 32 satellites in the GPS constellation. The additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a non-uniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve reliability and availability...
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...computer. They can use this website for the educational needs as well as needs for other books children may like. The website will contain books for reading, handwriting, math, and foreign languages. In addition, it will have the links to enter fictional as well as non-fictional reading material. The teenager will have the luxury of viewing teen reading materials. As far as the educational materials, it will allow access to all the basic materials that are used today in the school system. All subjects from English, math, and foreign languages as well as study guides for all classes and the SAT and ACT. The contents that are needed at the present time would be programs such as Adobe Flash and HMTL to create an interesting interactive navigation site. This site would not have to have the three click rule because of the fact having children or parents navigating through the website could become frustrating if they can’t find the information that they are looking for. The style that I choose to use for my website is the Hierarchical form. My reason for this is because it is simplified to my audience and easy to navigate through. After...
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...THE FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY Lisa Keys-Mathews Department of Geography University of North Alabama To specifically serve the teacher population, a publication entitled Guidelines for Geographic Education was published in 1984 and its contents became known popularly as the "Five Themes of Geography." These themes are: * Location * Relative Location * Absolute Location * Place * Human Characteristics * Physical Characteristics * Human-Environmental Interactions * Humans adapt to the environment * Humans modify the environment * Humans depend on the environment * Movement * People * Goods * Ideas * Regions * Formal * Functional * Vernacular (perceptual) The five themes served as a framework upon which the content of geography can be taught and served the K-12 population until the national geography standards were published in 1994. Since the six elements of the national standards embrace the five themes, they remain a valuable tool for students to use in developing a "geographic perspective," while the standards strengthen instructional planning. LOCATION "Where are we?" is the question that the theme Location answers. Location may be absolute or it may be relative. These locations, whether relative or absolute, may be of people or places. An absolute location is a latitude and longitude (a global location) or a street address...
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...Shannon Califf GS1140 Problem Solving DARPA Challenge 1. The problem is that you have to build a vehicle that can travel through the desert in less than 10 hours. One major problem is that you have a very short period of time to build something that you don’t even know will work. Another major problem that we can foresee is that we have no idea what this course looks like at all 2. The speed at which you would have to travel to complete the course in ten hours would be 17.5 mph 3. The fallacy is that you will probably not run this course all the way through without stopping. There are many reasons why are vehicle could stop like mechanical reasons or terrain reasons or are vehicle could even go the wrong way. 4. One major strategy we could use to avoid obstacles is install a camera on the vehicle so we know where it’s navigating as its driving. We could also install lights on the car for areas that are dark. The third thing we could do is to make sure we do our best at figuring out the path our vehicle will be taking. 5. Some disadvantages are that we don’t know if the GPS points are equidistant or how far apart they are. We also don’t know where on the path these points are or if they are in the center or off in a ditch somewhere. We also don’t know if the points are making up a curve or something else. 6. Some strategies we could use is to try and map everything out, make sure we know exactly which path our vehicle is taking...
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...communication takes place on what is known as the internet the back bone of networking. Not surprising that because of the internet''s popularity that commerce would prevalent, this commerce is known as e-commerce which offers numerous products and objects. The internet 'store fronts of the 21th century are named Websites, these stores are build not with brick and motor, but with computer technology hardware and software. Websites are created and own both individuals, private companies and governments. Websites are meant to be informative, to grasp attention of its audience, in order to accomplished this designers of Web sites must take in consideration the Human Computer Interaction, this process fuses together the ease of the user navigation, entertainment values all while maintaining secured updated information and applications. This paper focus on three such sites, they are: Guggenheim., Remaxx and Six Flags Entertainment websites. Human- Computer Interaction: Website Listings E-commerce is a yearly multi-billion dollars, therefore the competition for users to visit a site, and purchase items offered on a repeatable base calls for the needed of easily readable and navigational secured website. To build a user-friendly and memorable website takes more than the knowledge of technology, the human computer interactions takes its learning from various professionals, such as Art, Marketing and Psychology. Humanities schools of thoughts added to technology supply a...
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