...Every time a language dies, the world loses a piece of its ability to survive Languages play a pivotal role in day-to-day life. Languages break the communication barrier between people. The planet earth beholds countless languages in its embrace. Over the world, numerous languages are spoken.In relation to this, every year several languages die out. Some people assert that this is not important because life will be easier if there are fewer languages in the world. In my perception,numerous languages must be preserved. To begin with,every country has its own mother tongue.Every language represents the country for an illustration Hindi represents India, Chinese represents China. However,in countries like India there are further rationalization of languages across the boundaries. Language changes from state to state. A particular language rooted with vast history and culture of that certain area. The language must be preserved in order to save the past. Over the world,English is considered as an international language. English acts as a boon,when an individual find difficult to communicate. English is understood and spoken by people over the world. Consequently, fixing one language for communication and saving the native languages could be the most appropriate scenario. Moving further,the local slangs and lingos have its own charm. There is a sense of happiness by speaking own local tongue. An individual need not to portray differently. He/she could act and spoke fluently and...
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...In “In the time of the butterflies”, Alvarez uses various literary elements such as figurative language, shifts, dialogue and point of view to portray Mate as the courageous and self assertive sister she has become. Mate’s character grows throughout the book from a young naive girl to a more alerted version of herself. She is more alert towards Trujillo’s prejudice reign and the danger between not only men but people in general. One of the literary elements Alvarez uses is figurative language with a combination of shifts. In the first paragraph Mate admits, “I felt ashamed that they had to carry me in like a sack of beans.” Through the use of this metaphor, Mate comes off as powerless and vulnerable because she is unable to carry herself....
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...Анализ маркетинговых особенностей развития современной медиаиндустрии на примере анализа холдинга Time Warner Inc. Введение Современная медиаиндустрия, которую компания PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) довольно точно охарактеризовала как «увлекательную, но не простую для осмысления» (exciting but challenging), предоставляет уникальные возможности для исследования бизнес-моделей фирм, их эволюции и трансформации в условиях революционных технологических перемен. Производя, по разным оценкам, от 2 до 4% мирового валового продукта, компании этой отрасли имеют колоссальное влияние на всю мировую экономику, выступая в качестве не только экономических единиц, но и важнейшего политического и культурного института. Индустрия СМИ и телекоммуникаций является частью индустрии сервиса. По показателю сравнительного объема в середине 2000-х годов она стала важнейшей частью национальных экономик. Например, в США объем промышленного производства достигал 265 млрд. долларов, объем производства обрабатывающих отраслей составлял 1393, а объем индустрии сервиса 5966 млрд. В разных странах это соотношение выражается так: ВВП - по секторам экономики: Германия:Cельское хозяйство: 0,8% Промышленность: 28,6% Услуги: 70,6% Япония: Сельское хозяйство: 1,2% Промышленность: 27,3%Услуги:71,6% Великобритания: Сельское хозяйство: 0,7% Промышленность: 21,4% Услуги: 77,8% [pic] [pic] Потребители приобретают новые привычки в условиях “новых реалий” цифровой среды. ...
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...In the XIV century British society the Church had the power; therefore society was ruled by the religious laws. Latin was the language used in the churches, but in this epoch an important event took place: The battle for the language of the Bible. People wanted the Bible to be written in their spoken language, English, in order to make of English the language of real power. John Wycliffe was the main mover of this battle. He organised the translation of the first English Bible in Oxford. The language of this Bible was still difficult, but at least it was not Latin. Wycliffe proclaimed anti- clerical ideas and fought against the corruption of the Church. He was determined to win the battle but his ideas were hated by the Catholic and so he was...
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...study different cultures and their languages. This could include living within unfamiliar cultures and climates for long periods of time, potentially in rugged conditions that require physical exertion. However, when not traveling, you'll generally work regular hours and spend the majority of your time performing research, writing reports and presenting your findings. You might split your time between research, writing and teaching by working as an anthropology instructor at a college or university. Because so many languages are in danger of disappearing, linguists are trying to learn as much about them as possible, so that even if the language disappears, all knowledge of the language won't disappear at the same time. Researchers make videotapes, audiotapes, and written records of language use in both formal and informal settings, along with translations. In addition, they analyze the vocabulary and rules of the language and write dictionaries and grammars. Linguists also work with communities around the world that want to preserve their languages, offering both technical and practical help with language teaching, maintenance, and revival. This help is based in part on the dictionaries and grammars that they write. But linguists can help in other ways, too, using their experience in teaching and studying a wide variety of languages. They can use what they've learned about other endangered languages to help a community preserve its own language, and they can take advantage of the...
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...Review of “Research Summary and Bibliography for Structured English Immersion Programs” of the Arizona English Language Learners Task Force Stephen Krashen University of Southern California Kellie Rolstad Arizona State University Jeff MacSwan Arizona State University The “Research Summary and Bibliography for Structured English Immersion Programs” of the Arizona English Language Learners Task Force purports to present a scholarly and balanced review of current scientific knowledge regarding effective programs for English Language Learners (ELLs) in general and Structured English Immersion (SEI) in particular. However, we find that the review neglects to reference significant research bearing on the questions raised, and frequently draws inappropriate conclusions from the research presented. Perhaps most disappointing is the tendency in the review to neglect important conceptual distinctions which could have usefully guided the research summary. Below we address each area of literature review in turn, pointing out significant limitations and incorrect interpretations as they arise. 1. What is the current state of scientific research in the area of effective instruction for English Learners? The review cites references to make the point that there are relatively few high quality studies regarding program effectiveness for English Language Learners, with estimates ranging from five (Gersten & Baker, 2000) to fifty (Genesee, Lindholm-Leary, Saunders...
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...HISTORY OF LANGUAGE Language is a set of symbols of communication and the elements used to manipulate them. It is one of the most important innovations of men. Language can be used in different ways for different purposes. But mostly, its primary use is for communication. Language was considered to have a “life cycle” and to develop according to evolutionary laws. In addition, it was believed that language, like the human animal, has a “genealogical tree” –that is, that each language can be traced back to a common ancestor.” Ethnologue organization, the most extensive catalog of the world’s languages, presented a detailed classified list which currently includes 6,809 distinct languages. Although there are many languages, these are not uniformly distributed around the world. Some places are more diverse in terms of distribution of languages. According to Stephen Anderson (YEAR) of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA), out of Ethnologue’s 6,809, for instance, only 230 are spoken in Europe, while 2,197 are spoken in Asia. Among these 2,197 languages in Asia, 171 are spoken in the Philippines. Associated with language are the different systems of writing in the past. Hieroglyphics and cuneiform are some of them. But here in our country, alibata is the primitive form of writing. It is also known as baybayin which literally means “to spell.” It is used even before the Spaniards conquered our country. There are many languages which influenced our official language in the...
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...learning foreign languages? Does the spread of English prevent its NSs from learning foreign languages? Table of Contents Page number introduction: 3 Argument With: 4 Argument Against: 5 Responding To The Counter-Argument 6 Conclusion: 7 List Of References: 9 INTRODUCTION: At a time when the number of users of English language increases in all parts of the world to nearly two billion people, while only a number of talking about it as their mother tongue on the about five this total number or less, while more jobs and uses English language by speakers of their native language or foreign language alike, regardless of the nationality of the Spokesman (or writer), started a number of results in emerging clearly. Some of these results to the need not only to knowledge of the facts and in English on pace of changes. Some of them relate to, inter alia, the standards and criteria for English-language education, and the goals and criteria evaluation of success in learning and education. Some people say that because of the worldwide spread of the English language, the native speakers of English do not need to learn any other languages because they can use English everywhere. For this reason, some people say that the native speakers of English lose any other languages they might have learned because they do not practice it. We now will show if the the spread of English prevent its native speakers from learning foreign languages. ARGUMENT WITH: ...
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...stemming from learning a second language. Neural plasticity, like any other mental function, declines with age. Bilinguals have to exercise the various parts of working memory when using both languages, which may provide those neural circuits more resources, which will ultimately strengthen not only language skills, but will strengthen any skills involving WM. Speaking multiple languages exercises the phonological system to a larger degree than one language would because one has more sounds to recognize and link with words. Because there are multiple grammars and vocabularies, one for each language, the semantic system is also exercised to a greater extent....
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... The place of Grammar in the language teaching……………….…………...2-4 IV. Games and Grammar teaching/learning: A.Background of Grammar Games……………………………………………..…..……4 B.The function of Games………………………………………………………………4-5 C.The roles of teachers and learners………………………………….………5-6 D.Factors affecting Grammar Games: Age……………………………………………………………………..………6-7 Ability in the target language…………………………………..7 Motivation…………………………………………………………………..7-8 Size of group…………………………………………………………..8-9 Time…………………………………………………………………………....9 V. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...………10 VI. Appendix……………………………………………………………………………….…11-13 Introduction This paper aims at discussing the issue of teaching grammar through game activities, which derives its importance from the pursuit of excellence in language learning and teaching. At this point it is probably a good idea to start with some definitions of grammar, followed by the place of grammar in language teaching. In this context, researchers speak of the grammars of a language rather than of the grammar. Therefore, different methods of teaching a language will be presented and two of them will be discussed individually; that is to say, structural and communicative. What I would like to take into consideration here is that balance between the product and process or form and function. To take an example of how to achieve that balance in the field of language description, a proposition of...
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...Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis ANT 101 July 19, 2013 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis theorizes that language is not just voicing something, but it is a shaper of ideas which basically means that language can determine our perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors in reality. Edward Sapir developed and published this hypothesis in the 1920’s. In 1956, Benjamin Lee Whorf published his work developing this hypothesis based on his work using the Hopi and English languages. Both of the ideas are commonly known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and also commonly referred to as linguistic relativity. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis asserted the influence of language on thought and perception. The hypothesis implies that speakers of different languages think and perceive reality in different ways and that each language has its own worldview. This paper will entail how my objective reality might have been shaped by my current language and also how might my reality be different if I grew up speaking another language. For Sapir, language does not reflect reality but actually shapes it to a large extent. Sapir believes that language and behavior equally influence each other. The world cannot exist objectively or in a manner that separates human interactions from cultural linguistic expression but since the perception of reality is influenced by our linguistic habits, it follows that language plays an important role in the process of thought. He argues that linguistic systems determine perceptions of social...
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...Abstract This is an informational article on how new languages came to be in the early twelfth century. This article also discusses which languages came into Europe and how they arrived there whether it had been though passing performers or musicians. It shows what effect it had during the medieval times. Also, this article explains how the Latin language was strong for the much extended timespan that it survived. It describes where the origins that the different vernaculars played a dominate role in dissipating the Latin language. It also explains what effect it had on the people during the time of change of languages and what outcomes could have participated from the change. The Beginning of Many Different New Languages in the Twelfth Century Latin was the dominate language during the time of the Roman Empire before its fall in the early twelfth century. It was around the early twelfth century that the Roman Empire began to fall and the Latin language started to dissipate. The change began from people most distant and gradually made its way to the source. Most individuals during this time saw the change to be good and could only fathom the outcome had it continued to grow. Many of the people during this time chose to use their preferred vernacular opposed to the Latin language. As stated by the Editorial Board (2011), “Until the early twelfth century, the language of almost all educated circles in Europe, and certainly in literature, was Latin. Gradually...
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...Tommy Tunnell Foreign Languages in School Texas school districts require students to have at least 2 years of foreign languages in order to earn a diploma. With modern translation technology and the fact that English is spoken almost everywhere on Earth, this is outdated, unnecessary, and the time spent on learning a language could be spent on more important topics such as math and science. In sci-fi movies and television shows, we often see characters speaking into a small device in their hand and having it translate what they say into an alien language. The United States Military has had a translator like this for some time, and now with voice recognition technology and the existence of Google Translate, it is now available for everyone. The Google Translate app on smart phones allows one to speak a phrase or sentence into the phone and translate it into over 65 languages in a matter of seconds. When you can speak a phrase and translate it into another language so conveniently, learning another language seems like a waste of time. English is spoken everywhere there is language. It is easily the most widely spoken language on Earth with many street signs and billboards and posters all over Europe being written in English alongside or under their native language. Many international business owners also make an effort to learn English in order to associate with other businesses. It is the language of Earth. If we grow up speaking it, it’s really just an advantage. With...
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...impact of Short Messaging Services (SMS) language use among college students We are conduct a survey that how short messaging service (SMS) language impact on students academically and we need your help to complete this research work, to answer the following given questions as per your point of view. We assure you this survey we only use for our research work of our subject academic research. Our research questions are: 1. How abbreviated SMS affect college students academically? 2. To what extent does SMS language use influence college students’ behavior other from their academic performance? 3. What is the ratio of using abbreviated words during texting and what are the reasons behind using them? Section A //personal information 1. Please select your age group: A 17 – 20 B 21 – 25 C 26 – 30 2. English is my ___________ language. A 1ST B 2ND C 3RD & above 3. Based on a scale of 1 to 5, rate how well your English is; with 1 being “Bad” and 5 being “Expert”. ___________ 4. What is your current faculty? __________________________________________________ 5. What is your current education level? (Programme Name + Year) __________________________________________________ Section B //this part is to find out the ratio of SMS language use and reasons for using 1. Do you know what SMS language use means? A Yes B No 2. Who influenced you with the usage of SMS language use? (May choose more than 1 answer...
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...SOCIOLINGUISTICS “LANGUAGE CHANGE” GROUP 8 : 1. Danu Alfian Baihaqi 2. Dio wahyu 3. Dedeh Y 4. Firman Setiawan Pamulang University 2015 LANGUAGE CHANGE Definition Language change is a phenomenon studied both by historical linguists and sociolinguists. Historical linguists study basically the change of languages over time (diachronic change) and examine how languages were used in the past and how they relate to one another . Eg. Old English Middle English Modern English Sociolinguists study the origins or the causes of language changes and explain how society and changes in speech communities influence language and generate sociolects . Eg. Spanish spoken by an upper class man/woman in Madrid and Spanish spoken by a working class man/woman in Andalucía. Language change is the phenomenon whereby phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of language vary over time Language Change Causes * Economy The principle of least effort is one of the basic and most used explanations for many language changes . Eg. She + is = she's; we + have + been = we've been; clothes /kloʊðɪz/ - /kloʊz/; fifth /fifθs/ /fifs/. * Analogy A linguistic process that reduces words which are perceived as irregular by making them similar to other regular forms . Eg. Semantic historically “livid” meant “pale”, its similar sound with “vivid” has led to analogical semantic change. Morphological the verb “thrive” (thrive-throve-thriven)...
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