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Criterios de Calidad en el Corte por Láser

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|:: Planchas y Tubos de: |
|[pic] |

|Acero en General: |SAE 1010, 1020, 1045; Diamantada, T1 360/500hB; BORA; Zinc/Alum, Galvanizado, Laina Acerada |
| |(Fleje azul), Templado; Cromo Níquel; Acero Rápido; etc. |
|Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 20mm. |
|Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 6mm.: ±0,2mm.desde: 8mm Hasta: 10 mm.: ±0,3mm.desde: 12mm Hasta: 20 mm.: |
| |±0,5mm. |
|Acero Inoxidable: |AISI 302, 304, 310, 316, 420, 430, Diamantada, etc. |
|Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 12mm. |
|Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 6mm.: ±0,2mm.desde: 8mm Hasta:12mm.: ±0,5mm. |
|Aluminio: |Temple H. |
|Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 10mm. |
|Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 5mm.: ±0,2mm.desde: 6mm Hasta:12mm.: ±0,3mm. |
|Cobre: |Todos los Tipos. |
|Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 3mm. |
|Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 3mm.: ±0,2mm. |
|Bronce: |SAE 7030, 8015 |
|Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 3mm. |
|Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 3mm.: ±0,2mm. |
|Maderas: |Aglomerados en General (MDF/Trupán; Masisa, Terciado; otros); Nativas, Formalita; etc. |
|Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 35mm. |
|Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 10mm.: ±0,5mm.desde: 12mm Hasta:20mm.: ±0,8mm.desde: 22mm Hasta: 35mm.: ±1mm|
|Acrílicos: |Todos los tipos, colores y texturas. |
|Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 35mm. |
|Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 10mm.: ±0,2mm.desde: 12mm Hasta:20mm.: ±0,5mm.desde: 22mm Hasta: 35mm.: |
| |±0,8mm |
|Otros Materiales: |Durocotón, Cartón, Technyl, Cuero, etc. |
| | | | |

Laser cutting
Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, but is also starting to appear in schools. El corte con láser es una tecnología que utiliza un láser para cortar materiales, y se utiliza normalmente para aplicaciones de fabricación industrial, pero también está comenzando a aparecer en las escuelas. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser, by computer, at the material to be cut. De corte por láser funciona dirigiendo la salida de un láser de alta potencia, por ordenador, en el material a cortar. The material then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, [ 1 ] leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish. El material o se derrite, se quema, se evapora de distancia, o arrastrados por un chorro de gas, [1], dejando un borde con una calidad de acabado de superficie-alto. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials. cortadoras industriales del láser se utilizan para cortar material plano hojas, así como materiales estructurales y la tubería.

|Contents Contenido |
|[hide] |
|1 Comparison to mechanical cutting 1 Comparación de corte mecánico |
|2 Types 2 Tipos |
|3 Process 3 Proceso |
|4 Beam geometry 4 haz geometría |
|4.1 Vaporization cutting 4.1 vaporización de corte |
|4.2 Melt and blow 4.2 Melt y soplar |
|4.3 Thermal stress cracking 4.3 Estrés térmico grietas |
|4.4 Reactive cutting 4.4 de corte reactiva |
|4.5 Tolerances and surface finish 4.5 Tolerancias y acabado superficial |
|5 Setup and equipment 5 Configuración y equipo |
|6 Machine configurations 6 configuraciones de la máquina |
|6.1 Pulsing 6.1 pulsante |
|7 Effects on work material properties 7 Efectos sobre las propiedades del material de |
|trabajo |
|8 Typical workpiece materials 8 materiales Típica pieza de trabajo |
|9 Factors affecting process results 9 Factores que afectan los resultados del proceso |
|10 Production and cutting rates 10 Producción y las tasas de corte |
|11 Cooling 11 de enfriamiento |
|12 Power requirements 12 Requisitos de energía |
|13 Cost element 13 Coste elemento |
|14 See also 14 Véase también |
|15 References 15 Referencias |
|15.1 Bibliography 15.1 Bibliografía |
|16 External links 16 Enlaces externos |

[pic][ edit ] Comparison to mechanical cutting [ editar ] Comparación con el corte mecánico

Advantages of laser cutting over mechanical cutting include easier workholding and reduced contamination of workpiece (since there is no cutting edge which can become contaminated by the material or contaminate the material). Ventajas del corte por láser más de mecánica de corte son más fáciles de sujeción y una menor contaminación de la pieza de trabajo (ya que no hay vanguardia que pueden ser contaminados por el material o contaminar el material). Precision may be better, since the laser beam doesn't wear during the process. La precisión puede ser mejor, ya que el rayo láser no usar durante el proceso. There is also a reduced chance of warping the material that is being cut, as laser systems have a small heat-affected zone. También existe una menor posibilidad de deformación del material que se está cortando, como los sistemas láser tienen una pequeña zona afectada por el calor. Some materials are also very difficult or impossible to cut by more traditional means. Algunos materiales son también muy difíciles o imposibles de cortar por medios más tradicionales. A disadvantage of laser cutting is the high energy required. Una desventaja de corte por láser es la alta energía necesaria.

[ edit ] Types [ editar ] Tipos

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A diffusion cooled resonator Una difusión enfriado resonador
There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting. Hay tres principales tipos de láseres utilizados en el corte por láser. The CO 2 laser is suited for cutting, boring, and engraving. El láser de CO 2 es adecuado para el corte, taladrado, y el grabado. The neodymium (Nd) and neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd-YAG) lasers are identical in style and differ only in application. El neodimio (Nd) y neodimio itrio-aluminio-granate (Nd-YAG) son idénticos en estilo y sólo difieren en su aplicación. Nd is used for boring and where high energy but low repetition are required. Nd se utiliza para el taladro y donde la energía de alta pero la repetición de bajo son obligatorios. The Nd-YAG laser is used where very high power is needed and for boring and engraving. El láser de Nd-YAG se utiliza en muy alta potencia que se necesita y para el taladrado y grabado. Both CO 2 and Nd/ Nd-YAG lasers can be used for welding. [ 2 ] Tanto el CO 2 y Nd / Nd-YAG láser puede ser utilizado para la soldadura. [2]
Common variants of CO 2 lasers include fast axial flow, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and slab. variantes comunes de los láseres de CO 2 son de flujo axial rápido, lento flujo axial, el flujo transversal, y la losa.
CO 2 lasers are commonly "pumped" by passing a current through the gas mix (DC-excited) or using radio frequency energy (RF-excited). Láser de CO 2 son comúnmente "bombeado" haciendo pasar una corriente a través de la mezcla de gases (CC-excitado) o el uso de la frecuencia de energía de radiofrecuencia (RF-excitado). The RF method is newer and has become more popular. El método de RF es más reciente y se ha vuelto más populares. Since DC designs require electrodes inside the cavity, they can encounter electrode erosion and plating of electrode material on glassware and optics . Desde los diseños de CC requieren electrodos dentro de la cavidad, se puede encontrar la erosión del electrodo y placas de material del electrodo de vidrio y la óptica . Since RF resonators have external electrodes they are not prone to those problems. Desde resonadores RF tienen electrodos externos que no son propensos a estos problemas.
In addition to the power source, the type of gas flow can affect performance as well. Además de la fuente de alimentación, el tipo de flujo de gas puede afectar al rendimiento también. In a fast axial flow resonator, the mixture of carbon dioxide, helium and nitrogen is circulated at high velocity by a turbine or blower. En un resonador de flujo axial rápido, la mezcla de dióxido de carbono, helio y nitrógeno se distribuye a gran velocidad por una turbina o un ventilador. Transverse flow lasers circulate the gas mix at a lower velocity, requiring a simpler blower. láser transversal de flujo circular la mezcla de gases a una velocidad menor, lo que requiere un ventilador simple. Slab or diffusion cooled resonators have a static gas field that requires no pressurization or glassware, leading to savings on replacement turbines and glassware. Losa o difusión enfriado resonadores tienen un campo de gas estática que no requiere de presión o de vidrio, lo que lleva a un ahorro en las turbinas de reemplazo y cristalería.
|Lasing Materials Lasing |Applications Aplicaciones |
|Materiales | |
|CO 2 De CO 2 |Boring Aburrido |
| |Cutting/Scribing Engraving Corte / Trazado Grabado |
|Nd Nd |High-energy pulses Pulsos de alta energía |
| |Low repetition speed (1 kHz) Baja velocidad de |
| |repetición (1 kHz) |
| |Boring Aburrido |
|Nd-YAG Nd-YAG |Very high energy pulses Muy pulsos de alta energía |
| |Boring Engraving Trimming Aburrido Grabado recorte |

[ edit ] Process [ editar ] Proceso

Generation of the laser beam involves stimulating a lasing material by electrical discharges or lamps within a closed container. Generación del haz de láser consiste en estimular un material lasing por descargas eléctricas o las lámparas dentro de un recipiente cerrado. As the lasing material is stimulated, the beam is reflected internally by means of a partial mirror, until it achieves sufficient energy to escape as a stream of monochromatic coherent light. Como el material lasing es estimulado, el haz se refleja internamente por medio de un espejo parcial, hasta que se alcanza la energía suficiente para escapar un chorro de luz monocromática coherente. Mirrors or fiber optics are typically used to direct the coherent light to a lens, which focuses the light at the work zone. Espejos ópticos o de fibra se utilizan normalmente para dirigir la luz coherente de un lente, que enfoca la luz en la zona de trabajo. The narrowest part of the focused beam is generally less than 0.0125 in (0.3175 mm). La parte más estrecha del haz enfocado es generalmente menor que 0,0125 en (0.3175 milímetros). in diameter. de diámetro. Depending upon material thickness, kerf widths as small as 0.004 in (0.1016 mm) are possible. [ 3 ] In order to be able to start cutting from somewhere else than the edge, a pierce is done before every cut. Dependiendo de espesor del material, corte ancho tan pequeño como 0,004 (0,1016 mm) son posibles. [3] Con el fin de ser capaz de iniciar el corte de algún otro lugar que el borde, una perforar se realiza antes de cada corte. Piercing usually involves a high-power pulsed laser beam which slowly (taking around 5–15 seconds for 1 ⁄ 2 -inch-thick (13 mm) stainless steel , for example) makes a hole in the material. Piercing por lo general implica una alta potencia del haz láser pulsado que poco a poco (se tarda unos 5-15 segundos para 1 / 2 pulgadas de espesor (13 mm) de acero inoxidable , por ejemplo) hace un agujero en el material.
There are many different methods in cutting using lasers, with different types used to cut different material. Hay muchos métodos diferentes en el corte láser usando, con diferentes tipos utilizados para cortar diferentes materiales. Some of the methods are vaporization, melt and blow, melt blow and burn, thermal stress cracking, scribing, cold cutting and burning stabilized laser cutting. Algunos de los métodos son la vaporización, fusión y volar, volar y quemar fusión, el estrés de craqueo térmico, trazado, corte en frío y la quema de corte láser estabilizado.

[ edit ] Beam geometry [ editar ] geometría de la viga

The parallel rays of coherent light from the laser source may be 1/16 inch to 1/2 inch (1.5875 mm to 12.7 mm) in diameter. Los rayos paralelos de luz coherente de la fuente láser puede ser de 1 / 16 pulgadas a 2.1 pulgadas (1,5875 mm a 12,7 mm) de diámetro. This beam is normally focused and intensified by a lens or a mirror to a very small spot of about 0.001 inch (0.0254 mm) to create a very intense laser beam. Esta viga se centra normalmente e intensificado por una lente o un espejo a un punto muy pequeño de cerca de 0.001 pulgadas (0,0254 mm) para crear un rayo láser muy intenso. Recent investigations reveal that the laser beam has a distinctive polarization. Investigaciones recientes revelan que el rayo láser tiene una polarización distintivo. In order to achieve the smoothest possible finish during contour cutting, the direction of polarization must be rotated as it goes around the periphery of a contoured workpiece. Con el fin de lograr el acabado más liso posible durante el corte de contorno, la dirección de la polarización debe ser rotado ya que va alrededor de la periferia de una pieza moldeada. For sheet metal cutting, the focal length is usually between 1.5 inches and 3 inches (38.1 mm and 76.2 mm) [ 4 ] Para corte de metal de hoja, la distancia focal es de 1.5 pulgadas y 3 pulgadas (38,1 mm y 76,2 mm) [4]

[ edit ] Vaporization cutting [ editar ] La vaporización de corte

In vaporization cutting the focused beam heats the surface of the material to boiling point and generates a keyhole. En la vaporización cortar el haz enfocado calienta la superficie del material a punto de ebullición y genera un ojo de la cerradura. The keyhole leads to a sudden increase in absorptivity quickly deepening the hole. El ojo de la cerradura lleva a un aumento repentino en la capacidad de absorción rápida profundización del agujero. As the hole deepens and the material boils, vapor generated erodes the molten walls blowing eject out and further enlarging the hole. A medida que el agujero se profundiza y se reduce el material, el vapor generado erosiona las paredes fundido soplando expulsar a cabo y ampliar aún más el agujero. Non melting material such as wood, carbon and thermoset plastics are usually cut by this method. No es un producto de fusión, tales como madera, carbón y plásticos termoestables son generalmente cortado por este método.

[ edit ] Melt and blow [ editar ] Melt y soplar

Melt and blow or fusion cutting uses high-pressure gas to blow molten material from the cutting area, greatly decreasing the power requirement. Derrita y golpe o corte de la fusión utiliza el gas de alta presión para hacer estallar el material fundido de la zona de corte, en gran medida la disminución de la demanda de potencia. First the material is heated to melting point then a gas jet blows the molten material out of the kerf avoiding the need to raise the temperature of the material any further. Primero, el material se calienta a punto de fusión a continuación, se funde un chorro de gas el material fundido de la corte para evitar la necesidad de elevar la temperatura del material más allá. Materials cut with this process are usually metals. Materiales de corte con este proceso son generalmente los metales.

[ edit ] Thermal stress cracking [ editar ] estrés térmico grietas

Brittle materials are particularly sensitive to thermal fracture, a feature exploited in thermal stress cracking. materiales frágiles son particularmente sensibles a la fractura térmica, una característica explotada en el estrés de craqueo térmico. A beam is focused on the surface causing localized heating and thermal expansion. Un rayo se centra en la superficie provoca un calentamiento local y la expansión térmica. This results in a crack that can then be guided by moving the beam. Esto se traduce en una grieta que puede ser guiado por mover la viga. The crack can be moved in order of m/s. La grieta se puede mover con el fin de m / s. It is usually used in cutting of glass. Se utiliza generalmente en el corte de vidrio.

[ edit ] Reactive cutting [ editar ] corte reactiva

Also called "burning stabilized laser gas cutting", "flame cutting". También se llama "la quema de gas de corte por láser estabilizado", "llama de corte".
Reactive cutting is like oxygen torch cutting but with a laser beam as the ignition source. de corte reactiva es como cortar el oxígeno del soplete, pero con un rayo láser como fuente de ignición. Mostly used for cutting carbon steel in thicknesses over 1 mm. Generalmente se utiliza para el corte de acero al carbono en espesores de más de 1 mm. This process can be used to cut very thick steel plates with relatively little laser power. Este proceso puede ser utilizado para cortar placas de acero de gran espesor con la energía del laser relativamente poco.

[ edit ] Tolerances and surface finish [ editar ] Las tolerancias y acabado superficial

New laser cutters have positioning accuracy of 10 micrometers and repeatability of 5 micrometers. cortadores de Nueva láser tienen una precisión de posicionamiento de 10 micrómetros y capacidad de repetición de 5 micrómetros.
Standard roughness Rz increases with the sheet thickness, but decreases with laser power and cutting speed. Norma rugosidad Rz aumenta con el espesor de la chapa, pero disminuye con la potencia del láser y la velocidad de corte. When cutting low carbon steel with laser power of 800 W, standard roughness Rz is 10 μm for sheet thickness of 1 mm, 20 μm for 3 mm, and 25 μm for 6 mm. Al corte de acero de bajo carbono con la potencia del láser de 800 W, estándar de la rugosidad Rz es de 10 micras de espesor de la chapa de 1 mm, 20 micras de 3 mm, y 25 micras de 6 mm. Rz = 12.528*(S^0.542)/((P^0.528)*(V^0.322)) where: S = steel sheet thickness in mm; P = laser power in kW (Some new laser cutters have laser power of 4 kW.); V = cutting speed in meters per minute [ 5 ] Rz = 12,528 * (S ^ 0.542) / ((p ^ 0,528) * (V ^ 0.322)) donde: S = hoja de acero de espesor en mm, p = potencia del láser en kW (Algunas máquinas de corte láser nuevos potencia del láser de 4 kW .), V = velocidad de corte en metros por minuto [5]
This process is capable of holding quite close tolerances, often to within 0.001 inch (0.0254 mm) Part geometry and the mechanical soundness of the machine have much to do with tolerance capabilities. Este proceso es capaz de mantener muy estrechas tolerancias, a menudo dentro de 0.001 pulgadas (0,0254 mm) geometría de la pieza y la solidez mecánica de la máquina tienen mucho que ver con la capacidad de tolerancia. The typical surface finish resulting from laser beam cutting may range from 125 to 250 micro-inches (0.003175 mm to 0.00635 mm). [ 2 ] El acabado de la superficie típica resultante de la viga de corte con láser puede variar desde 125 hasta 250 micro-pulgadas (0,003175 mm a 0,00635 mm). [2]

[ edit ] Setup and equipment [ editar ] Instalación y equipamiento

The laser machining system consists of a power supply for producing a laser beam (Power requirements below), a workpiece positioning table, laser material, a method of stimulation, mirrors, and a focusing lens. El sistema de mecanizado con láser consiste en una fuente de alimentación para producir un rayo láser (Requisitos de alimentación más abajo), una mesa de posicionamiento de la pieza, el material láser, un método de estimulación, espejos y una lente de enfoque.
The workpiece is held stationary by clamps, straps, hold down tabs, pressure blocks, positioning tabs, magnets, or suction cups. La pieza de trabajo se mantiene estacionario por las abrazaderas, correas, mantenga presionada la tecla pestañas, bloques de presión, etiquetas de posicionamiento, imanes o ventosas. The focusing unit moves around the workpiece to cut the desired shape. La unidad de enfoque se mueve alrededor de la pieza de trabajo para cortar la forma deseada.

[ edit ] Machine configurations [ editar ] configuraciones de la máquina

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Dual Pallet Flying Optics Laser Paleta de doble vuelo láser Óptica
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[pic]
Flying Optics Laserhead Óptica Volador Laserhead
There are generally three different configurations of industrial laser cutting machines: Moving material, Hybrid, and Flying Optics systems. En general, existen tres configuraciones diferentes de máquinas de corte láser industrial: el material móvil, híbrido, y los sistemas de Óptica Volador. These refer to the way that the laser beam is moved over the material to be cut or processed. Estos se refieren a la forma en que el rayo láser se mueve sobre el material a cortar o transformados. For all of these, the axes of motion are typically designated X and Y axis . Para todos estos, los ejes de movimiento son generalmente designados X e Y eje . If the cutting head may be controlled, it is designated as the Z-axis. Si el cabezal de corte puede ser controlada, es designado como el eje Z.
Moving material lasers have a stationary cutting head and move the material under it. Traslado de material láser tienen una cabeza de corte fijo y mover el material debajo de ella. This method provides a constant distance from the laser generator to the workpiece and a single point from which to remove cutting effluent. Este método proporciona una distancia constante del generador de láser para la pieza de trabajo y un único punto desde el que para eliminar el corte de efluentes. It requires fewer optics, but requires moving the workpiece. Se requiere menos óptica, sino que requiere mover la pieza de trabajo. This style machine tends to have the fewest beam delivery optics, but also tends to be the slowest. Esta máquina estilo tiende a tener menor cantidad de la óptica de haz de entrega, pero también tiende a ser más lento.
Hybrid lasers provide a table which moves in one axis (usually the X-axis) and move the head along the shorter (Y) axis. láser híbrido de presentar un cuadro en que se mueve en un eje (normalmente el eje X) y mover la cabeza a lo largo del más corto (Y) del eje. This results in a more constant beam delivery path length than a flying optic machine and may permit a simpler beam delivery system. Esto se traduce en una longitud de trayectoria del haz más constante entrega de una máquina voladora óptica y puede permitir un sistema de entrega de la viga simple. This can result in reduced power loss in the delivery system and more capacity per watt than flying optics machines. Esto puede resultar en la pérdida de ahorro de energía en el sistema de entrega y una mayor capacidad por vatio de máquinas voladoras óptica.
Flying optics lasers feature a stationary table and a cutting head (with laser beam) that moves over the workpiece in both of the horizontal dimensions. la óptica del vuelo láser cuentan con una mesa fija y una cabeza de corte (con rayo láser) que se mueve sobre la pieza de trabajo en las dos dimensiones horizontales. Flying optics cutters keep the workpiece stationary during processing and often do not require material clamping. la óptica del vuelo cortadores de mantener la pieza de trabajo estacionaria durante el proceso y, a menudo no requieren de material de sujeción. The moving mass is constant, so dynamics are not affected by varying size of the workpiece. La masa en movimiento es constante, por lo que la dinámica no se ven afectados por diversos tamaño de la pieza de trabajo. Flying optics machines are the fastest type, which is advantageous when cutting thinner workpieces. [ 6 ] la óptica del vuelo máquinas son el tipo más rápido, lo cual es útil cuando se cortan piezas más delgadas. [6]
Flying optic machines must use some method to take into account the changing beam length from near field (close to resonator) cutting to far field (far away from resonator) cutting. máquinas voladoras óptica debe utilizar algún método para tener en cuenta la longitud de la viga cambia de campo cercano (cerca de resonador) el corte en la medida de campo (lejos de resonador) de corte. Common methods for controlling this include collimation, adaptive optics or the use of a constant beam length axis. Los métodos comunes para el control de esto incluyen la colimación, la óptica adaptativa o la utilización de un eje constante de longitud de la viga.
The above is written about XY systems for cutting flat materials. Lo anterior se ha escrito sobre los sistemas de XY para el corte de materiales planos. The same discussion applies to five and six-axis machines , which permit cutting formed workpieces. El debate mismo se aplica a cinco y seis ejes de máquinas , que permiten cortar piezas de trabajo formado. In addition, there are various methods of orienting the laser beam to a shaped workpiece, maintaining a proper focus distance and nozzle standoff, etc. Además, existen varios métodos de orientar el rayo láser a un objeto en forma, manteniendo una distancia de enfoque adecuado y enfrentamiento boquilla, etc

[ edit ] Pulsing [ editar ] pulsante

Pulsed lasers which provide a high-power burst of energy for a short period are very effective in some laser cutting processes, particularly for piercing, or when very small holes or very low cutting speeds are required, since if a constant laser beam were used, the heat could reach the point of melting the whole piece being cut. láseres pulsados que proporcionan una potencia de explosión de alto de la energía por un período corto son muy eficaces en algunos procesos de corte por láser, en particular para la perforación, o cuando son pequeños agujeros o muy bajas velocidades de corte son muy necesarios, ya que si un rayo láser constante se utilizaron, el calor puede llegar al punto de fusión de toda la pieza a cortar.
Most industrial lasers have the ability to pulse or cut CW (Continuous Wave) under NC ( numerical control ) program control. La mayoría de los láseres industriales tienen la capacidad de pulso o corte CW (onda continua) en Carolina del Norte ( control numérico ) el control del programa.
Double pulse lasers use a series of pulse pairs to improve material removal rate and hole quality. láseres de pulso doble uso de una serie de pares de impulsos para mejorar la tasa de remoción de material y la calidad del agujero. Essentially, the first pulse removes material from the surface and the second prevents the ejecta from adhering to the side of the hole or cut. [ 7 ] En esencia, el primer pulso elimina el material de la superficie y la segunda evita que el material expulsado se adhieran al lado del agujero o corte

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