...Assignment-2 Hydrogen storage Introduction Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, has great potential as an energy source. It is non-polluting, and forms water as a by-product during use. Hydrogen storage includes physical storage via compression or liquefaction, and storage in materials via reversible sorption processes or chemical reaction. Metal hydrides, Chemical hydrides and Carbon based materials are recent research topics for hydrogen storage. Metal hydrides The hydrogen storage alloys in common use occur in four different forms: AB5 (e.g., LaNi5), AB (e.g., FeTi), A2B (e.g., Mg2Ni) and AB2 (e.g., ZrV2).Research is being conducted to modify the compositions of these base alloys by alloying with various other elements. Such modifications can enhance their stability during cycles of charging and discharging, allow them to undergo cycles at ambient pressure and temperature, increase their hydrogen storage capacity, and increase their hydrogen absorption/desorption rate. Sodium aluminohydride (NaAlH4) is presently the most promising reversible complex hydride for hydrogen storage. It has a reversible storage capacity of 5.5 wt. %, whereas its total hydrogen content amounts to 7.4 wt. %. Reversible thermal dissociation occurs in two steps 3NaAlH4 ⇄ Na3AlH6 + 2Al + 3H2 (1) Na3AlH6 ⇄ 3NaH + Al + 1.5H2 ...
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...The Commercial World of Energy Storage: A Review of Operating Facilities (under construction or planned) Septimus van der Linden Principal Brulin Associates 1st Annual Conference of the Energy Storage Council March 3, 2003 Houston, TX AGENDA • INTRODUCTION • TECHNOLOGIES • PROJECTS • FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS • CONCLUSIONS Motivation for Electrical Energy Storage Price of Electricity Power Generation Energy Storage Time - Make Use of Volatile Electricity Prices - INTRODUCTION • Electricity! 3rd Largest Business in the USA $300 billion/per annum. • Demand for Electricity is seldom constant over time. • Excess generation during low demand periods - can be stored. • Stored Energy can provide Electricity during high demand. • Help reduce power system loads. • Improve Efficiency and Reliability. • Make better use of efficient Baseload generation. • Allow use of Renewable Energy technologies. TECHNOLOGIES • • • • Batteries Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Flywheels Pumped Hydro Storage Two Main Categories: • Bulk Energy Storage – CAES-PHS • Distributed Energy Storage – Batteries-Flywheels-Other (capacitors) PROJECTS • OPERATING • UNDER CONSTRUCTION • PLANNED PROJECTS OPERATING • Bulk Energy Storage • PHS (Pumped Hydro) - First introduced circa 1904 in Swiss Alps. – 100,000 MW Europe, Asia & Latin America. – 21,000 MW Japan. – 18,900 MW in USA. (Installed 1970-1990) • CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) – Two Highly Successful Plants...
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...NATIONAL MANAGEMENT COLLEGE STORAGE TECHNOLOHY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement For Diploma in Hardware Engineering MG AUNG KYAW SOE Roll No. 6 Batch 25 Diploma project report January, 2014 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents because I had attended “Diploma in Hardware Engineering”. Next, I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Than Win (Principal of National Management Collage, Yangon) and Daw Khin Toe Yin (Managing Director of Winner Computer Group). Special thanks to Saya U Myo Aung Latt. A very grateful thanks to all my teachers, lectures and also teachers from laboratory for their supervision, advise and patience. Special thanks my hardware teachers Daw Ohnmar Myo, U Thein Moe, U Min Thu and U Win Naing Oo. 2 CONTENT Page CHAPTER – 1 1.1 1.2 INTRODUCTION 6 6 7 9 Computer data storage Storage Type 1.2.1 1.2.2 Primary storage Secondary storage CHAPTER – 2 2.1 2.2 STORAGE TECHNOLOGY 12 The basic components of data storage system Interaction with a storage system and other computer Components 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Online storage vs. External hard drives Off-line storage Memory hierarchy Memory organization Main memory Secondary memory Type of storage technology CHAPTER 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 MAGNETIC STORAGE 19 20 21 23 23 24 24 How to work magnetic storage History Design Magnetic recording classes 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 Analog recording Digital...
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...COMPUTER STORAGE The device, which is used to store data, is called computer storage. We can divide computer storage into following categories. Computer Storage Permanent Secondary Temporary ROM Optical Disk Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape RAM Cache C.D DVD H.D F.D ZIP Secondary Storage It is not possible to store large amount of data for future use in primary memory of computer because its size is small and it cannot store data on permanent basis. So it is necessary to use some extra media to store large amount of data. That kind of memory is called secondary storage, auxiliary storage, additional storage, external storage or semi-permanent storage. This memory is cheaper that primary memory due to different storage mechanism. Its speed is also slower than RAM. There are two types of secondary memory. Sequential Access Storage: Sequential Access Memory is one in which data is retrieved is in the same sequence in which it is stored. Direct/Random Access Storage: Direct Access Storage is one in which data is retrieved directly/randomly without any sequence. MAGNETIC TAPE Magnetic tape is one of the oldest & popular devices used for storing data permanently. As its name suggest, this device stores information on a magnetic tape that is made of plastic (Mylar) that is the form of magnetic spots. Size The tape ribbon itself is stored in reels of 50 to 2400 feet or small cartridge or cassette. Quality It is similar to the tape used on a...
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...Storage Technologies Nearly every facet of computer technology, like processor speed, memory capacity and I/O capabilities has seen dramatic improvements since its inception. The one technology that has lagged behind is storage. Although data storage has seen considerable improvements from its infancy in 1956, it has not seen major disruptive changes; though, according to the CEO of Pure Storage, Scott Dietzen, in this next decade it’s going to be storage’s turn to face disruptive change (Korbin, 2011). This means that as this decade takes its course, we’ll see major changes in the way we store our data. Pure Storage, a company focused on data storage, has proposed one solution to our need to effectively and efficiently store large amounts of data. We all have heard of flash memory—non-volatile computer storage that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed—and we also know that flash memory is quite expensive compared to traditional storage technologies. The benefit of adopting flash memory for storing data has been unrealized by enterprises, primarily due to the high cost of implementing such infrastructure. Nevertheless, for enterprises undertaking the transition to a virtualized environment, flash memory can be an alluring proposition. Faster, smaller and more efficient than traditional disk technologies, flash makes a convincing case (Korbin, 2011). Scott Dietzens’ Pure Storage company boasts a solution that delivers enterprise-caliber storage at a price point geared...
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...Cloud Storage Flash Research Paper Cloud computing is one of the biggest buzzwords flying around the technology world lately. Our company is located in New Orleans, LA, and in 2004 when Hurricane Katrina hit we had to completely start over with our data because all backups were destroyed with the building by the water. A solid, growing and ever-cheapening option for backups for us is cloud storage. The main idea of this technology is that it keeps all backups in a completely remote location and allows it to be accessed anywhere that we can get Internet. It is a safe and fairly cheap alternative to storing backups in our own datacenter or off site down the street like we do now. According to our data needs we only need to pay the hosting site to lease the amount of storage that we use, rather than having to spend a lot on dedicated servers because they can use their multiple servers on multiple companies. The main benefit to this technology is the fact that we don’t need to do any of the tedious tasks of maintaining, purchasing, and supporting servers, they are all handled by the hosting company. Cost cutting is the main benefit there as we can focus our IT people on optimizing our company rather than paying them to maintain the backups. Also all of the servers are placed off site. One company that I found that would provide this service for us well is the company Barracuda Networks. They are situated in Campbell, CA, and completely away from our natural-disaster-prone...
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...been said many times, that ‘their life is on their phone/tablet/iPad etc. So, what information are these people talking about and why are they carring it around with them like some kind of ‘folder’? For some of these folks, the information could be office projects, meeting notes to discuss at the next meeting, or it can be as personal as photos, contact information, phone numbers, addresses, music or anniversary dates. In a sense, it is a folder; of one’s important documents. But as that information grows with a person, so too must the storage capacity of their devices. As technology continues to advance, we are now embarking on a new error, one where we are using a new storage device called, Cloud Storage. This new service is allowing people to have faster access to their personal information and even be able to have more information saved without the worries of overloading their devices with too much ‘stuff’. By definition, Cloud Storage is defined by the practice of using a network of remote servers, hosted on the Internet, to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer, such as a internal or external hard drive.1 Therefore, putting your data into the...
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...MASS-STORAGE SYSTEM ROMERO, MHICA ANGEL M . OUTLINE Overview of Mass Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management Swap-Space Management RAID Structure Stable-Storage Implementation OBJECTIVES Describe the physical structure of secondary and tertiary storage devices and the resulting effects on the uses of the devices Explain the performance characteristics of mass-storage devices Discuss operating-system services provided for mass storage Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disks Solid State Disks » Magnetic tape ˃ Was early secondary-storage medium ˃ Relatively permanent and holds large quantities of data ˃ Access time slow ˃ Random access ~1000 times slower than disk ˃ Mainly used for backup, storage of infrequently-used data, transfer medium between systems ˃ Kept in spool and wound or rewound past read-write head ˃ Once data under head, transfer rates comparable to disk ˃ 20-200GB typical storage ˃ Common technologies are 4mm, 8mm, 19mm, LTO-2 and SDLT » Magnetic disks provide bulk of secondary storage of modern computers ˃ Drives rotate at 60 to 200 times per second ˃ Transfer rate is rate at which data flow between drive and computer ˃ Positioning time (random-access time) is time to move disk arm to desired cylinder (seek time) and time for desired sector to rotate under the disk head (rotational latency) ˃ Head crash results from disk head making contact with the disk surface ...
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...Grid Energy Storage U.S. Department of Energy December 2013 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the members of the core team dedicated to developing this report on grid energy storage: Imre Gyuk (OE), Mark Johnson (ARPA-E), John Vetrano (Office of Science), Kevin Lynn (EERE), William Parks (OE), Rachna Handa (OE), Landis Kannberg (PNNL), Sean Hearne & Karen Waldrip (SNL), Ralph Braccio (Booz Allen Hamilton). Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 1 . Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.0 State of Energy Storage in US and Abroad .......................................................................................... 11 3.0 Grid Scale Energy Storage Applications .............................................................................................. 20 4.0 Summary of Key Barriers ..................................................................................................................... 30 5.0 Energy Storage Strategic Goals ...............................................
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...Storage Networking Platform for Patton-Fuller Community Hospital RFP Patton-Fuller Community Hospital data center infrastructure essentially will need to evolve promptly to improve resiliency, increase business receptiveness, and keep up with the growing difficulties of new applications while reducing overall power consumption. Storage costs are growing faster than server costs, increasing the need for efficient and cost-effective storage area networks. In highly competitive environments that comply with government regulations for data recovery, 24-hour access to critical information is imperative. Cisco Storage Solutions will benefit the organization’s need for storage and security. Cisco Storage Solutions benefits and features: • Multi-protocol storage networking - Reduces business risk by providing flexibility and options - FC, FICON, FCoE, iSCSI, and FCIP • Unified OS and Management tools for reduced opex - operational simplicity, seamless interop, and feature consistency • Enterprise-class storage connectivity to support significantly higher virtualized workloads - availability, scalability, and performance • Services-Oriented SANs - to extend "Any Network Service to any Device" regardless of Protocol, Speed, Vendor, or Location Cisco solutions for storage area networks provide: • Disaster Recovery / Business Continuance You have instantaneous access to data from multiple tiers, for disaster recovery. • Virtualization IT managers can provision their storage...
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...is file-level computer data storage that connects to computer networks to help providing data access to heterogeneous groups. NAS operates as a file server, and can be specialized for tasks in either hardware, software, or configuration of those elements. NAS is manufactured as a computer appliance a specialized computer that can be built from the ground up for storing files, other than simply using a general purpose computer for it. The speed of a Network adapter is commonly one gigabit Ethernet connection but can also be changed to multiple gigabit, depending on if you’re building it yourself or buying it from a vender. The capacity range vary, some people have built 40 TB machines while other have 2TB. Port replication and the add-on hard drive controller cards, there can’t really be a limit on size. Say for example a board with 6 SATA ports can be replicated allowing for 30 drives to be attached, if 3TB drives were used in raid 50 that would be 72TB of storage. Fault tolerance, on the NAS device there is RAID 50 which is fairly stable if one set it up correctly. RAID 10 is one of the best setups, with RAID more drives can fail at once without data loss. All of those features can be used on any common NAS device. To put it simply, yes there are management features available to NAS, and a lot of them might I add. Why would a user want to use NAS? Well since NAS helps speed up processing and all that fun stuff who wouldn’t? Faster processing speeds means...
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...Recently the headquarter building went through consolidate working space from two separate buildings into one three story building. With the consolidation, we are hoping to solve the issue that we’ve been having with our storage space. Despite the larger physical space for network and storage area, we still cannot solve the issue we’ve been having. We are running out of storage space, and there’s just not enough physical space to accommodate the data we are generating. To make matters worse, accessing the stored data has been time consuming and a lot of time, system seems to be down when accessing the data. This proposal calls for implementing of network and storage virtualization to accommodate the data and high availability. Introduction According to Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), Storage Virtualization is a process of isolating the internal function of the storage system application so that it can be independently manage. Storage Virtualization adds the capability to lower the storage resources level and reduce complexity in the management process (Bunn, Simpson, Peglar, & Nagle). The word “Virtualization” is the virtual version of something instead of the actual physical. In this case the storage is the virtual of the actual physical storage. Virtualization had been utilized in many processes such as the partition of the physical hard drive into the logical section creates the image of the actual physical hard drive....
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...512 bytes). The 4096-bit Selectron was 10 inches long and 3 inches wide. Originally developed in 1946, the memory storage device proved expensive and suffered from production problems, so it never became a success. Above: The 1024-bit Selectron. Punch cards Early computers often used punch cards for input both of programs and data. Punch cards were in common use until the mid-1970s. It should be noted that the use of punch cards predates computers. They were used as early as 1725 in the textile industry (for controlling mechanized textile looms). Above: Card from a Fortran program: Z(1) = Y + W(1) Above left: Punch card reader. Above right: Punch card writer. Punched tape Same as with punch cards, punched tape was originally pioneered by the textile industry for use with mechanized looms. For computers, punch tape could be used for data input but also as a medium to output data. Each row on the tape represented one character. Above: 8-level punch tape (8 holes per row). Magnetic drum memory Invented all the way back in 1932 (in Austria), it was widely used in the 1950s and 60s as the main working memory of computers. In the mid-1950s, magnetic drum memory had a capacity of around 10 kB. Above left: The magnetic Drum Memory of the UNIVAC computer. Above right: A 16-inch-long drum from the IBM 650 computer. It had 40 tracks, 10 kB of storage space, and spun at 12,500 revolutions per minute. The Hard Disk Drive The first hard disk drive was the IBM Model...
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...Network Attached Storage (NAS) A Network-attached storage (NAS) is a server that is dedicated to nothing more than file sharing on a network. NAS does not provide any of the activities that a server in a server-centric system typically provides, such as e-mail, authentication or file management. It allows more hard disk storage space to be added to a network that already utilizes servers without shutting them down for maintenance and upgrades. With a NAS device, storage is not a vital part of the server. The server handles all of the processing of data but a NAS device delivers the data to the user. It does not need to be located within the server, but can exist anywhere in a LAN and can be made up of multiple NAS devices. (QuinStreet Enterprise , 2014) The speed of the network adapter on a NAS device can vary, depending on which one you buy. Your typical NAS device can run from 10 Mbps all the way to 1000 Mbps. The capacity range for a NAS device can range from a 1 TB all the way to 20 TB. This is 20,480 MB worth of data storage! With this large amount of data storage, you could store all your music, pictures, and videos in one device. (Best Buy, 2014) NAS Devices come with a built in fault tolerance called a RAID. RAID stands for “redundant array of independent disks”. With the help of RAID, you can tap into all of the storages on a NAS device all at once. A RAID array not only allows you to combine physical drives into a single storage unit, it also reserves a part of this...
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...Network Attached Storage A “NAS” device, or network attached storage, is a computer that stores and shares files through a network instead of a hard cable. It shares files with other computers through the air the same way wi-fi sends an internet connection through the air. This method of file sharing is ideal for the workplace such as, corporate offices, small offices, or even small businesses like restaurants where mass storage needs to be shared between many computers. Here I will provide more specifics about network attached storage devices, such as communication speed, capacity, fault tolerance, and management capabilities. When dealing with communication speed we must look and the size of information being transferred. Typically, the regular communication speed is a 1 gigabit Ethernet connection but, this can be changed to multiple gigabit. It is hard to say what the max capacity of a network attached storage device is because there are many different adapters that can be used to add on more storage. After doing some research, the biggest set up I found was 72 terabytes. This was done using a 1 to 5 port replicator on a board with 6 SATA ports. Fault tolerance is important because it is how you set up your boards in case a drive fails. The raid 50 set up is one of the most common set ups but raid 10 is the most reliable. No management capabilities were found at this time. One question I was asked was what would be an advantage of all family photos and videos being stored...
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