...Shrnpreet Sidhu David Mikelberg AHSS 1160 November, 25, 2013 Mental Health and the Criminal Justice System: Individual Summary What is Mental Health? Mental health is the balanced development of an individual's personality and emotional attitudes which enable one to live harmoniously with others (Crocker, et all 2011). Mental health involves the development of a healthy individual towards themselves, towards others and towards the environment in which they live, so one can achieve a maximum amount of self-fulfillment (Crocker, et all 2011). Furthermore, mental health differentiates between countries and cultures, and what is considered abnormal differentiates as well. In some countries schizophrenics are killed because they are the devils child. In comparison, in North American countries schizophrenia is a mental illness that can be treated. A mental illness on the other hand is a medical condition that affects a person's thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning (Crocker, et all 2011). Serious mental illnesses include major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Mental illnesses can affect persons of any age, race, religion or income. Mental illnesses are not the result of personal weakness, lack of character or poor upbringing (Crocker, et all 2011). Most mental illnesses are treatable and there are specific institutions...
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...Dalam kes Che Omar bin Che Soh lwn Pendakwa Raya [1988] 2 MLJ 55 hujjah yang dibuat bagi pihak perayu-perayu ialah hukum mati mandatori bagi kesalahan mengedar dadah berbahaya dan memilik senjata api adalah bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam dan oleh kerana itu terbatal. Dihujjahkan bahawa oleh kerana Islam adalah agama Persekutuan, hukuman mati mandatori yang dikenakan kepada kesalahan itu, yang bukan kesalahan “hudud” atau “qisas” mengikut undang-undang Islam, adalah berlawanan dengan ajaran Islam dan oleh kerana itu tidak sah mengikut Perlembagaan. Sungguhpun Salleh Abas, Ketua Hakim Negara pada masa itu, apabila memberi penghakiman telah berkata tidak syak Islam bukan hanya kumpulan kepercayaan dan upacara agama sahaja bahkan adalah cara hidup itu yang lengkap termasuk semua bidang amalan manusia, sama ada peribadi atau umum, mengenai perundangan, politik, ekonomi, sosial, kebudayaan, moral atau kehakiman, dan cara mengatur semua cara hidup termasuk hukum-hukum dan akhlak semuanya berpandu kepada wahyu dari Allah yang terdapat dalam AI-Quran dan hadith Nabi s.a.w. akan tetapi beliau bertanya adakah itu makna Islam yang dimaksud oleh pengubal Perlembagaan itu? Beliau telah kembali merujuk kepada sejarah kemasukan British di Malaysia sebagai penjajah yang mana mereka telah membahagikan agama kepada dua jenis, satu dari segi peribadi dan satu dari segi awam. Dalam semua perkara awam termasuk undang-undang pentadbiran dan kehakiman, mereka telah mengenepikan Islam dan mengikut...
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...Delhi Bar Council takes suo motu action against advocate AP Singh for "professional misconduct" Pallavi Saluja On September 17, 2013 - 6:51pm 7 The Bar Council of Delhi today issued a show cause notice to defence lawyer AP Singh for making unwarranted statements outside the court premises after the sentencing of his clients, convicts in the December 16 gang rape case. Singh had defended accused Akshay Thakur and Vinay Sharma in the recently concluded Delhi gang rape trial. Speaking to Bar & Bench, the Delhi Bar Council’s Chairman, Surya Prakash Khatry said, “We have issued a show cause notice to AP Singh. We have taken a suo motu action against him for his “professional conduct”. We have gone through the newspapers and various clippings capturing his remarks. The Bar Council has unanimously decided to issue notice. Out of 25 members, about 19 members were present at the meeting today”. Singh has to now either appear before the Council or file his reply by October 11 this year. Singh is in trouble for his remarks to media persons that he would burn his daughter alive if she has premarital sex or moves around at night with her boyfriend. However, Singh later told media that he had made the remarks under pressure from an individual, whom he described as an “anti-social element.” The Bar Council Secretary Murari Tiwari told Bar & Bench that they had received several oral complaints from various NGOs and other groups condemning the statement made by Singh after...
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...Law in business and society The United States Constitution states in Article VI that the Constitution, and all laws made under it, “shall be the supreme Law of the Land”. These laws affect all persons and entities on a daily basis. In this paper I will specifically deal with the laws related to business and the authority bestowed upon the Congress under Article 1 section 8 of the Constitution, also known as the Commerce clause, and how those powers are addressed in the case of Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc. et al., 505 U.S. 504 (1992). Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc. et al., 505 U.S. 504 (1992). In the case of Cipollone vs. Liggett, the plaintiff, Cipollone, filed a lawsuit against tobacco manufacturer Liggett for violating New Jersey State statutes dealing with consumer protections (Melvin, 2011). The case was heard by the United States Supreme Court because of the contention that the New Jersey statutes were in conflict with United States federal law. The authority of the Court to hear a case of conflict between federal and state laws was spelled out in the case titled Marbury vs. Madison(1803) which gave the Court the power of judicial review of any laws thought to be in conflict with the US Constitution. The court ultimately ruled against the plaintiff finding that the New Jersey statutes did conflict with Federal law and were preempted because of this conflict. Commerce Clause The Commerce Clause of the US Constitution is found in Article 1, section 8 which states...
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...Historical Laws and Security “Individuals and small groups of people were constantly mindful of the need to protect themselves against any number of existing threats.” (Clifford, 2004) Security in the past was just a way for people to protect themselves and their posessions. The history of our laws and security practices started long ago, in different civilizations, all over the globe. I will briefly describe six different laws that led to what we based our current laws and security off of. The Code of Hammurabi, Draco’s Law, Law of the Twelve Tables, Justinian Code, Magna Carta, and the Statute of Westminister. The Code of Hammurabi was established by King Hammurabi of Babylon. This code is where “eye for an eye” was founded. Their laws were set up to regulate everything in their society from a person’s obligations, their work, and their rights. If a person is found to be in violation of these codes, the punishment was barbaric and based on retaliation. Draco’s law was named after the person who wrote the code of law for Athens, Greece. These were the first written laws for Greece. Within these laws, the state is responsible for punishing the people accused of a crime. The Law of the Twelve Tables originated in Rome. Originally it was ten laws that were decided by 10 men that were given the power to write the laws to govern the Romans. These laws helped to form the foundation of modern law. It basically started the use of judges to prosecute the aggressor...
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...Women and education It is not only in respect of the vote that the law had denied women were ‘persons’. They were also excluded, following the same reasoning from many professions including medicine and the law. Although women could be nurses, they were barred from qualifying as doctors or as solicitors and barristers. However, women did not merely accept these prohibitions. Some women campaigned vigorously to be allowed to qualify in professions for which they had the necessary skills and abilities. Sophia Jexblake [2] was one such woman. She wanted to follow the example of two women who had managed to qualify as doctors in the United States of America and who had then returned to Britain to practice. Attempting to follow in these doctors’ footsteps, Sophia Jex-Blake and six other women went to study medicine at Edinburgh University. Initially the university admitted them, although their make fellow students demonstrated against them and tried to bar them from lectures. At the end of their course, however, the University refused to let the women sit for their examinations. Jex-Blake brought a case against Edinburgh University, which defended it by arguing that they had breached their own statutes by allowing the women to study there. Giving his judgment in the case [2] Lord Neaves argued that women and men have a different mental, as well as physical, constitution: The general mass of an army cannot move more rapidly than its weakest and slowest...
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...ideas used in Benedict Carey’s piece called, “Judging Honesty by Words, Not Fidgets”. The audience of this piece would be anyone interested in law enforcement and might just want a summary of Carey’s piece and don’t feel like reading the whole excerpt. For those in the audience who have not read this excerpt it is mainly for the purpose of law enforcers, officers, and even some people who just want to learn the trick of lying and getting away with it. Benedict Carey really wanted to go over the methods of interrogation that have been used throughout our history. Using some research he tried to find the methods that would most efficiently find the true criminals in an interrogation and help out our future law enforcers. When people think of an interrogation some of the first things that usually comes to mind is questioning, good-cop, bad-cop, lie detectors, and two way mirrors. Well these methods have been used for some time now and trying to get answers out of people is not always the easiest. Sometimes cops cannot even tell if someone is lying or not because some people just get good at telling lies. The audience would think that with today’s technology it would be a little easier than what it is. This is exactly what forensic scientists have been trying to do. They are finding new techniques they hope will give interrogators and other law enforcers a better chance to cypher out the criminals from the truth tellers. “With the new techniques being tested they have found that...
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...Functions and Roles of Law in Business and Society xxxxxxx LAW/421 xxxxxxx Functions and roles of law in business and society The governance of business through state and federal laws is a very complex system. Many laws, statutes, and regulations are in place to protect the consumer and the business. These laws stem from city ordinances in local municipalities to Congress’s broad commerce powers that have the final say. Each of these laws and regulations have specific roles and are designed to function in certain ways. Roles The regulation of interstate commerce is governed by Congress’s Commerce Clause. This clause is designed to give the unrivaled power to Congress to have the supreme rule over interstate commerce. “Congress exercises its commerce powers in various forms. However, the direct and broad power to regulate all persons and products related to the flow of interstate commerce is the fundamental source of its authority” (Melvin, 2011, p. 32). Functions In the case of Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., where Cipollone is pursuing suit against Ligget for restitution in the death of his mother due to violations of New Jersey consumer laws. However, Congress utilized the Supremacy Clause and ruled against Cipollone because federal law contradicted the consumer protection put in place by New Jersey. This is a great example of the function of Congress’s broad power to step in when necessary, provided there is legal ground for their action. If...
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...Janet Paraskeva is the Law Society Chief Executive © Reed Elsevier (UK) Ltd 2002 With the public praising the standard of service offered by solicitors, Janet Paraskeva asserts that this image of a knowledgeable and modern legal profession needs to be projected more widely I often find myself the bearer of unwelcome news to solicitors so it makes a nice change to be able to bring some good news. The results of recent research by the Law Society have shown that, by and large, members of the public are happy with the service they receive from their solicitors and value it highly. This is just one of the things that we learned from the research that we commissioned to assist us in drawing up our response to the govern-ment's consultation paper, In the Public Interest? The most impressive result was the overall satisfaction of clients with their solicitors. Some 84% of those questioned were satisfied with their solicitor and, in total, 53% of the interviewees were very satisfied. None-theless, dissatisfied customers were not negligible in number. Some 10% of those interviewed said they had not been happy with the services received. Clearly, there is no room for complacency, but I think the profes-sion can be pleased with the positive response, and one that is certainly significantly different from the sur-veys carried out by the RAC and Which? magazine. Perhaps unsurprisingly, people were most impressed by their solicitor's knowledge of the law -- 88% of the respondents...
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...Functions and Role of Law in Business and Society Introduction Law has a huge role in both business and society. It has evolved from basic morality and society cannot exist properly without it. Law most often is aligned with customs and that which society has deemed to be right or wrong (Emerson, 2009). In business, companies would have a free- for- all without it. The result would be that no business would actually be achieved. Law in Business Laws govern every aspect of business. They keep businesses running smoothly and keep them from hurting each other and the consumers. There are laws that control interstate, intrastate, e-business and, international business. They control manufacturing, distribution, shipping and employment. Patents, trademarks, and copyrights are all protected by the law. Companies can be held to product safety laws concerning product liability. Product liability is the responsibility of people, sellers and manufacturers concerning death, damages or injuries due to defective products (Wild, 2010). Another type of business law is an antitrust law that keeps companies from market sharing, price fixing, and monopolizing an industry. There are many government agencies that control business law. Some examples are the Federal Trade Commission, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the U.S., and the International Trade Commission. Law in Society Laws touch every aspect of social behavior across all walks of life...
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...Police departments are the most ever-present organization in any society. Policemen are the most visible representatives of the government. In their hour of need and when there is no one to help, citizens will almost always seek help from the police. Members of the police department are supposed to be the most approachable representatives of the government of the day. In cases of accidents, disasters or criminal activity, the police department is always the first to be informed. The major roles of the police departments in any society include: maintenance and enforcement of the law, maintenance of order and service. It is the function of the police department to maintain and enforce the laws of the land. To this end, policemen are expected to uphold the law as well as to enforce it impartially and without bias. It is the function of the police department to protect citizens’ lives, property and integrity. Police departments have the function of protecting the human rights and liberty of the members of the public. They are also charged with the responsibility of creating a feeling of security in the community. As part of law enforcement, policemen maintain records of all criminal activities reported to them. They are also expected to investigate these criminal activities, identify and apprehend the perpetrators. The other major function of the police departments is the maintenance of order in the community. This entails maintenance of peace and prevention of activities that might...
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...The Functions and Role of Law in Business and Society Henry David Thoreau once said, “If the machine of government is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law.” (Henry David Thoreau, n.d.) Mr. Thoreau was perceptive in that he knew in government, sometimes a person may have to do something that is not favorable in the eyes of the majority, but the right thing to do for a minority group of people. In the proceeding pages, I will attempt to define the functions and role of law in business and society. I will discuss the functions and role of law as it pertains to a previous job. The Functions and Role of Law in Business and Society Cipollone brought suit against Liggett for violation of several New Jersey consumer protection statutes alleging that Liggett (and other cigarette manufacturers) were liable for his mother’s death because they engaged in a course of conduct including false advertising, fraudulently misrepresenting the hazards of smoking, and conspiracy to deprive the public of medical and scientific information about smoking. Liggett urged the court to dismiss the state law claims contending that the claims related to the manufacturer’s advertising and promotional activities were preempted by two federal laws: (1) the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965, and (2) the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969. (Melvin, p. 33, 2011) It can be said that Liggett...
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...Our Ref: TA/120923/Kos Mrs Diana Kostandino 24 Lister Gardens Upper Edmonton London N18 1HZ 08 June 2012 Dear Mrs Kostandino Re: Your Personal Injury matter Accident Date: 04 August 2010 Thank you for instructing this firm in respect of the above matter. We can confirm that we will be happy to act for you in investigating the accident for which you seek compensation. At AK Solicitors we will do our best to ensure that everything proceeds as smoothly and efficiently as possible. Your case will be dealt with by Taymour Akhtar who is a senior fee earner of this firm. His supervisor is Tamina Akram who is a qualified Solicitor and she will have the overall responsibility of your claim. From the information you have supplied it would appear that you have reasonable prospects of success in pursuing your claim and recovering compensation. Our role in acting for you is to carry out further investigations and to value your claim with view to ultimately obtaining compensation for you. Our professional practice rules dictate that we must inform you of a number of matters concerning this claim and how we intend to deal with it on your behalf. We appreciate that this letter is a lengthy document but it is important that you read it thoroughly. Level of Service & Complaints It is anticipated that your claim will be concluded within 6 months providing that liability is admitted and subject to your satisfactory recovery but we shall keep you fully advised...
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...The Role and Functions of Law in Modern American Society Name LAW/421 September 10, 2012 Abstract The legal system in the United States is set forth by the Founding Fathers in the Constitution. The Constitution defines certain inalienable rights inherent to all citizens and provides the framework for the federal system. The government is separated into three branches: a bicameral Congress, the Executive branch, and the Judicial branch. These sections of government hold different responsibilities in the legal system and work together to make it work. The federal government is given preemptive power over the states, making it the final authority on legal matters. Military law has a few differences when compared to civilian law, Department of Defense employees are held to a higher standard than the average citizen. Furthermore, due to operational constraints, certain rights are restricted; free speech and equal opportunity are the most contested. The legal system governs society in a way that allows citizens to be productive members of society, it defines crimes and punishment, and it organizes the way businesses operate with one another. The Role and Functions of Law in Modern Society Law is an integral part of American society; its implementation in daily life allows Americans to participate efficiently in a national community. Law serves many functions in modern America, but above all it is designed for the preservation of life, liberty, and personal property...
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...Emile Lewis Gun Control Gun laws are the cause of most of the violent crime in America. They need to be changed so a person owning an illegal firearm will find himself with a long prison sentence even as a first-time offender and, so that it is difficult to obtain guns. In the past decade there has been numerous occurrences of violent crimes in which an U.S. Citizen has had access to guns and several civilians were killed. There has to be laws imputed that prevent unauthorized individuals not to be able to obtain a gun. I believe that if people didn't have access to guns the crime and murder rate would go down. There has been several examples on how gun laws would impact this society. One example of this...
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