.... The country’s 16 provincial governors are appointed centrally, and in turn appoint district chiefs in a chain of administrative positions from the top down. Only the village head is elected, from a list of candidates drawn up by the district chief. The LPRP has influence at all levels of government. It has party cells in each ministry and in all provincial administrations. This characteristic of Lao PDR politics and government often presents a chalenge fortimely and informed decision making. Fairly routine administrative or technical decisions are frequently seen as political and are referred to senior officials who are busy with many responsibilities. Four official mass organizations function under LPRP direction: the Lao Front for National Construction, the Federation of Lao Trade Unions, the Lao Women’s Union and the Revolutionary Youth Union. The government has an official policy of people’s participation, and there have been pilot projects in local participatory planning mechanisms. However, these initiatives are still incipient and there is little significant popular participation in policy issues to date. The government is also predominantly male, with the only exception in the National Assembly, which is 25 percent female—a higher percentage than in a number of industrialized countries. The national average for women’s participation at all levels of government is 1.6 percent. On average, less than 5 percent of LPRP members are women, and there is only 1 woman...
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...Introduction Globalization is a common word of a major issue in today’s world. It may be referred to many phenomenon consuming politics, technology, corporate strategy, markets, trading, and consumer behavior (Nooteboom 1999, 56). This article is to understand the concept and behavioral changes as a result of globalization towards tourism and hospitality industry in order to construct wider understanding of its negative and positive impacts. Globalization, as a meaning of its term, clearly stated the understanding of product or service market involving two or more countries to serve the worldwide market outside their local networks. It may be referred as the highest commercial development for any company internationally (Teare, Boer 1993, 194). Product trading and media communication, which makes information as a trade good are the division of two main principal or concept in order for a company to further spread their trading power towards utilizing globalization benefits. Globalization is mostly involved by Mega Corporation, multinational and the consumer themselves. Under the economic perspectives, it clearly shows that globalization referred to the increasing of market interdependent and production in two or more countries through trading in goods or service (Teare, Boer 1993, 194). As the trade radius become international, globalization gives an increase of labor workforce- in which international division of labor is achieved by the fragmentation of international production...
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...Williams, Ryan Challenged Exam Part 1 Walmart-Bharti Case Walmart-Bharti Case (1A) it’s quite simple how Wal-Mart became a world leader in supply chain management. Wal-Mart’s main focus was to develop cost structures that would allow them to provide low costs friendly everyday prices for all of its customers. They accomplished this by eventually cutting off all middle man distributors. Although this is what ultimately Wal-Mart above the rest of the competition it didn’t work right away in Wal-Mart’s earlier years. Just like any large or small business Wal-Mart went through both its share of trials and tribulations. When Wal-Mart first developed the RFID technology, the company began to greater strides towards become a world leader in supply chain management. As years past and technology became more apparent and pivotal to businesses along with everyday life, Wal-Mart understood that it was necessary and effective for the company to take advantage and implement it throughout their business entirely. The particular area in which board members along with upper management believed that it was most important and needed the most to implement newer technology was in inventory management and logistics. Traditionally technology at Wal-Mart was most popular were in computerization of individual sales, and billing machines that were responsible for central billing and keeping different records. As Wal-Mart started growing as a business so did their inventory and they found...
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...OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTMENT IN RETAIL SECTOR IN EMERGING ECONOMIES Ashish Deshpande MMS ashish.deshpande@simsree.net 9769138482 Sufiyan Sarguroh MMS sufiyan.sarguroh@simsree.net 7208850965 Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education (SIMSREE), Churchgate Abstract: This paper presents the investment opportunities in the retail sector in the emerging economies through retrospective tracking of their past experiences and opportunities in the future. The paper analyses the reforms and trends that drove growth in the emerging nations' retail markets and the ones that need to be embraced to sustain and accelerate the growth in the future. The focus of the paper would be the BRICS economies with a brief outlook of other economies like Singapore, Indonesia inter alia. Allowance of foreign investment in the retail sector boosted its volume tremendously in Russia and China and triggered a development of sorts that led to flourishing of foreign as well as local players in the same, providing impetus to the rise in the retail market volume. Brazil developed its retail market by taming inflation and making credit easily available. South Africa improved its distribution networks efficiently causing an improved supply chain management and also cashed in on its demography by catering to the needs of its predominantly young population. Indian retail sector thrives mainly on the unorganized sector with organized sector forming a minor chunk of...
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...The Impact of HR Focused TQM Practices on Employee Satisfaction & Loyalty in the Financial Sector of Pakistan Burhan Nawaz Butt, Aamir Daraz, Nauman Imtiaz, Junaid Jameel, Ali Raza, Zunair Akram, Tauqeer Ahmad, Farhat Abbas, Israr Khan Niazi, Javeria Mehmood, Irum Naz Department of Management Sciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract: Introduction: * Research Objectives: * Financial Sector of Pakistan: Literature Review: * TQM and its Importance: It has been argued that the use of TQM practices has a synergistic impact on organizational performance (Schonberger, 1986; Cobb, 1993). Some studies have found that the use of TQM practices reduces manufacturing process variance, eliminates reworks and scraps, and improves quality performance (see Daniel and Reitsperger (1991), Flynn et al. (1995) and Schmenner and Cook (1985). In addition, there is considerable anecdotal evidence (Crosby, 1984; Hayes and Wheelwright, 1984; Gerwin, 1987; Harmon and Peterson, 1990) on the extent to which TQM initiatives enhance the potential for firms to improve their performance. More recently, empirical evidence suggests that there are direct and indirect relationships between the adoption of TQM practices and firms’ performance levels (Hendricks and Singhal, 2001; Kaynak, 2003). Fortune 1000 companies surveyed indicated that firms achieved greatest success when they pursued both TQM and employment involvement simultaneously. Kevin...
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...Background to entrepreneurship Definition and interpretation The term enterpreneurship emerges from the french (literally between take or go between )and traceable to the eighteen century economiist Richard Cantillon ,Anne-Robert –jacques Turgot and Francios Quesnay ,The term was also denoted to an actor in charge of large –scale construction Project as cathedral, bearing no risk but simply carrying the task forward untill resoures were Exhausted ,the change in the use of term began in the seventeen century with a specific reference to risk bearing and enterpreneurship was tagged a person who entered into a contractual relationship with the government for the performance of a service or the supply of good ;The assumption was the price of a contract had been valued and fixed and the enterpreneur bore the risk of profit and loss from the bargain. In the eighteen century ,the term was applied in france in several way ; cantillon in 1725 referred to entrepreneurs as risk bearing .But he tried to differentiate the entrepreneurs who provide capital or funds from those who relied on their own labour and resources. That showed an entrepreneurial role as independent of the capitalist role Quesnay considered an enterpreneur as a tenant farmer who rent property at a fixed rent and produces a given price’s like cantillon bandeau ( 1797) and Turgot...
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