...In physics and chemistry, plasma is a state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized. After sufficient heating a gas dissociates its molecular bonds, rendering it into constituent atoms. However, further heating may also lead to ionization (a loss or gain of electrons) of the molecules or atoms of the gas, thus turning it into a plasma, containing charged particles: positive ions and negative electrons.[1] The presence of a non-negligible number of charge carriers makes the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields. Plasma, therefore, has properties quite unlike those of solids, liquids, or gases and is considered a distinct state of matter. Like gas, plasma does not have a definite shape or a definite volume unless enclosed in a container; unlike gas, under the influence of a magnetic field, it may form structures such as filaments, beams and double layers. Some common plasmas are stars and neon signs. In the universe, plasma is the most common state of matter for ordinary matter, most of which is in the rarefied intergalactic plasma (particularly intracluster medium) and in stars. States of matter are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Solid, liquid and gas are the most common states of matter on Earth. However, much of the baryonic matter of universe is in the form of hot plasma, both as rarefied interstellar medium and as dense stars. Historically, the distinction...
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...Christopher Barragan Honors Chemistry Per. 7 Mr. Orbe Plasma Research Paper Plasma is the fourth state of matter, the one almost no one talks about. Plasma occurs when air or as is ionized. It is created with conductive properties like metal. It is actually the most abundant form of matter, as most stars are in a plasma state. To think the biggest group of matter was unheard of until 1879. It was Sir William Crookes who first made the discovery. At the time, he called it “radiant matter.” Soon enough another physicist by the name of Sir J.J. Thomas identified the matter he had previously discovered. It was a cathode ray, which is a stream of electrons. The actual term of Plasma had not been used until 1928, when a Mr. Irving Langmuir coined the term. This was thought to be because of the glowing discharge’s ability to mold itself to the shape of the tube. There are many different examples of Plasma compounds such as the artificially created plasma used in plasma TVs. It was created to use heat to project images. Ion thrusters used on rockets also emit a plasma when activated. Fluorescent lamps and neon signs use an artificially made plasma. You may not know, but lighting is actually a plasma. Other stars and our very own sun are made of plasma, along with the solar wind. Some fires can also be made of plasma. Recently, for the first time, researchers have watched the sun’s magnetic field turn plasma into a spring-shaped curl. This weird occurrence is known as the coronal...
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...reserch report Solar Energy Solar energy is a perfect source of energy. Energy with no pollution what so ever. No poisonous gasses or destruction of rainforests. This never ending source of energy comes from the sun. Solar energy is the visible energy produced in the sun as a result of a constant nuclear fusion reaction. The amount of energy at the solar constant, which is at outer edge of the earth's atmosphere, is two calories per minute per cm squared. A calorieis the amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius.If we could efficiently harness the energy bombarding the earth for twenty-four hours we could power New York for a year. Unfortunately the photovoltaic cells that change the energy into electricity are so inefficient that it would take twenty-five years to pay for it's self in output. There many uses of solar energy. Some homes rely fully on the power of the sun to heat their water. Other houses have flat plate collectors which aid in the heating of the house and water. Solar Energy plays a vital role in the absorption cooling cycle in a process called solar cooling. Since wind is caused by the up and down movement of hot and cold air, wind energy can be a branch of solar energy. The same thing with tidal energy. And since the sun plays a vital role in the water cycle hydroelectric energy can be attributed to solar energy. Solar Energy has great potential in becoming a main source of energy in the...
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...Instructor English 101 10 December 2014 Essay 2 Tragic In the “Fourth State of Matter” by Joann Beard, Beard expresses the horrific event that she encountered at the University of Iowa, by using the symbols of her dog, the squirrels, and the plasma to help the readers interpret and understand the shooting and how it influences her life today. The symbols play a key role in Beard’s writing and the struggles she deals with every day of her life, but also helps her get her point across, as well as keep her audience engaged to connect the symbols in the shooting. We, as an audience, are first introduced to her dog. The dog is the one symbol that is continuous throughout the essay and symbolizes the shooting, and death of her friend Chris. As Beard states “The collie fell down the basement stairs. I don’t know if she was disoriented and was looking for me, or what. But when I was at work she used her long nose like a lever and got the door opened and tried to go down there, except her legs wouldn’t do it and she fell.” (Beard 23) This shows that the dog had no control over his body, just like there was absolutely no control in what Gang Lu was thinking during the shooting and there was not anyone or anything that could stop him. She explains, “Gang Lu stands up and leaves the room abruptly, goes down one floor to see if the department chairman Dwight is sitting in his office. He is.” (Beard 25) This shows that anger Gang Lu has and it leads up to what is about to happen....
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... 1. Identify the names and symbols of 2 different metals found in your chosen item/area. The two metals that I chose for my poster are Gold-Au and Tantalum-Ta. 2. Describe what role each of the metals has in your chosen object. My chosen object is a mobile phone and the role that Gold has in a mobile phone is to connect many different parts of a cell phone together because there is only two more materials that have better electrical conductivity which is silver and then copper, so this makes gold the third best electrical conductor. Then the role of Tantalum is used for many different reasons in other devices, but in mobile phones it is used to create compact capacitors. Tantalum forms an oxide coating and the oxide coating is thinner which makes Tantalum a good option to use for making small capacitors. This is why Tantalum is good to use in mobile phones. http://www.answers.com/Q/Why_is_gold_used_in_cell_phones http://www.answers.com/Q/Why_is_tantalum_in_mobile_phones 3. Describe the physical properties of each of the two metals. Gold is a metal that has many physical properties. Gold is a soft metal but it is also a heavy metal. Gold also reflects the colours of yellow and red. Tantalum is a solid metal unless it was to be heated and it has a high boiling point of 5458 degrees. http://www.webelements.com/gold/physics.html http://www.webelements.com/tantalum/physics.html 4. Describe the chemical properties of each of the two metal. Although gold has a number of physical properties...
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...faster they move. At a faster speed, they overcome the force of repulsion of the positive charges and fuse. These collisions release energy. To date, scientists have attained temperatures as high as 510 million degrees to create these collisions. | | The problem in producing fusion energy is in developing a device that can heat the above fuel to a high enough temperature and then confine it for a length of time that will result in more energy being released through the fusion reactions than it took to actually heat the nuclei. Nature lends a hand in solving this problem through ionization and plasma. At the high temperatures required, all the electrons of light atoms become separated from the nuclei, which are positively charged (ions). The negatively charged free electrons combine with the ions and create a hot gas known as plasma. Now that we have this plasma, we need to confine it and harness its energy. A magnetic field will...
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...First of all, plasma is the stuff of lightning, flame and stars. Plasma is neither solid, liquid nor gas plasma is a fourth state of matter. Sir William Crookes discovered plasma in 1879. Plasma is a state that is formed on matter when a certain amount of particles is ionized. Although solids, liquids and gases are more familiar to us on Earth, over 99% of the matter of the Universe exists as plasma - in stars, like our Sun, or as interstellar matter. Also, the Sun is so hot that the hydrogen and helium of which it is made exists as plasma. Plasma is an electrically charged gas. In plasma, negatively charged electrons have been pulled out of atoms. The atoms are left with a positive electric charge. These positive and negative charges are able to move around freely. Because the charged particles in plasma are free to move, they are able to conduct electric currents. They also respond to magnetic fields, usually in an unpredictable way. Besides, the Northern and Southern lights - aurorae - are created by plasma in the Solar wind responding to the Earth's magnetic field. Particles thrown out from the Sun strike the Earth's atmosphere so hard that they break down gases into plasma, creating the Aurorae. Lightning strikes when air changes from a gas to plasma. Air molecules are quite stable, so this change takes a lot of energy - the result is catastrophic. Some gases change into plasma much more easily. These gases are used in fluorescent tubes, or in the plasma tubes that simulate...
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...HEAD | PREVIOUS | Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is a Plasma? 1.1.1 An ionized gas A plasma is a gas in which an important fraction of the atoms is ionized, so that the electrons and ions are separately free. When does this ionization occur? When the temperature is hot enough. Balance between collisional ionization and recombination: | Figure 1.1: Ionization and Recombination Ionization has a threshold energy. Recombination has not but is much less probable. Threshold is ionization energy (13.6eV, H). χi | Figure 1.2: Ionization and radiative recombination rate coefficients for atomic hydrogen Integral over Maxwellian distribution gives rate coefficients (reaction rates). Because of the tail of the Maxwellian distribution, the ionization rate extends below T = χi. And in equilibrium, when | nionsnneutrals | = | < σi v >< σr v > | , | | (1.1) | the percentage of ions is large ( ∼ 100%) if electron temperature: Te >~χi/10. e.g. Hydrogen is ionized for Te >~1eV (11,600°k). At room temp r ionization is negligible. For dissociation and ionization balance figure see e.g. Delcroix Plasma Physics Wiley (1965) figure 1A.5, page 25. 1.1.2 Plasmas are Quasi-Neutral If a gas of electrons and ions (singly charged) has unequal numbers, there will be a net charge density, ρ. ρ = ne(−e) + ni(+e) = e (ni − ne) | | (1.2) | This will give rise to an electric field via ∇ . E= | ρϵ0 | = | eϵ0 | (ni − ne) | | (1.3) | Example:...
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...Unit 2 Assignment 2 09/30/2014 Cold plasma therapy is the process of using room temperature ionized gas to treat cancer. Normally generated at high temperatures recent advancements have led to progress of atmospheric plasma. This advancement has been said to have the ability to completely remove cancer and tumors. Also a great advantage of cold plasma therapy is that it eradicates all cancer cells while not damaging normal cells. This treatment opens many doors and possibilities enabling better overall treatment. The method of cold atmospheric plasma has been researched to kill many pathogenic bacteria. This helps to treat wounds in patients who aren’t able to fight off bacteria themselves. This new medical treatment has been seen as a safe and efficient way to treat patients with chronic wounds. The treatment is both safe and painless while decreasing bacteria. The help of clearing all bad bacteria using cold plasma therapy helps the body successfully heal itself. The cold plasma therapy is used using two methods in-vitro and in-vivo. The method of in-vitro is the one that allows all bad cells to eradicated. The method of in-vivo is used to effectively reduce the size of tumors. This treatment has shown promising signs and potential to shift the way cancer is approached and thought to be treated. Using other methods of matter to treat cancer may be the way the future of medicine is going. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Keidar, M., Walk, R., Shashurin...
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...The article on cold plasma and how its used and created is very interesting, helpful, and informational. It was interesting because not only did the article give facts about the cold plasma but also described what devices uses it, from magentas to circuit boards. Helpful and informational because it tells you about the pros and cons of creating cold plasma, and gives information about hot plasma. For example hot plasma is as hot as lightning. where as cold plasma has a temperature of 65 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The article also talks about the storage of the cold plasma. Its stored in a housing unit having a high voltage electrical inlet port and a gas compartment having a gas inlet port and a gas outlet port. The embodiment also has a modular electrode disposed within the gas compartment, wherein the modular electrode is coupled to the high voltage electrical inlet port. But with creating and storing cold plasma the exhibited electrode degradation and overheating difficulties through continuous device operation. The process conditions for enabling a dense cold plasma electron population without electrode degradation and/or overheating are difficult to achieve. The quality of this article is well put together and very informational; because it not only tells you everything there is to know about cold plasma, but it also gives what they do and how its stored. and also the tools and items that use cold plasma. Which is very helpful and makes one understand the article more...
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...Name Professor’s name Subject Date of submission EARTH’S AURORAS AND AURORAS ON OTHER PLANETS Introduction Theearth Auroras refer to thenaturallyoccurringflickeringlights in theskyespecially on thehighlatitudes. Thenaturallightdisplays in thesky with a variety of colors, which appearsvisible from greatdistances from theground. Thiskind of aspect is evident from thetales of peoplewholiveorhappen to be at highlatitudesandmanage to observe an etherealdisplay of coloredlightsshimmering across theskyespecially during thenight. According to Long, there are many a set of beliefs, which happen to explaintheconcept of Auroras in the Antarctic andthe Arctic regions of theworld. Differentpeopleperceivethenatural lightening of theskyassociated with variousmythologies from differentzones (Long 9). Forinstance, according to the Norse mythology, it is believedthatthenatural auroras werethebridge of fire to theskiesbuilt by thegods. Consequently, the Inuit believethat their ancestors’ spirits are everseendancing to the flickering light in thesky. All these are among the a fewbeliefsput forward by somepeoplewhoperceivetheearth auroras to be uniqueenough. Theeffect of theseearth Auroras in thenorthernhemisphereis termed as the aurora borealis orthe aurora borealis in otherwords. While in thesouthernhemisphere, thesameeffectis known as the aurora australis orthesouthernlights. Further, there are manycauses of theseearthly Auroras, andsome of them reflectbelow. Their technicalappearance...
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...Assignment- 6 6.a State of matter Student Name: Urbashi Dewan Student ID: UKDLP 7712 Course Title: IGCSE Combined Science We are all surrounding by a lots of matter. Everywhere we look we can found matter. In science, matter is such a thing that has mass and can takes up space. Generally, matter is not transparent like water. We can also observe matter. From this definition, we can say that matter has some criteria so that we can identify matter as a matter. Matter has four to five states according to scientists. In general they are formed in four categories. These states are as following: 1. Be Condensates 2.Solids 3.Liquids 4.Gases 5.Plasmas These states change one to another by changing their situation. This called physical change and it occurs usually when heat(energy) is either added or taken away. Each of these states also known as a phase. For example; when an ice cube melt by heating it turns in to liquid. Then if we still give heat on melted water it turn in to gases and start to disappeared in the air. By this way, energy transformed the matter in several states. Now, we are going to write down about the main forms of these states in details as below: Solid is one of the state of matter. The properties of solid is depending, how the particle are packed. Solid could be soft or hard. In solids, the particle are closely packed in a fixed...
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...LG Electronics’ is the intercontinental Company which has a range of industrialized Units and sources. The company focus the international market for his product .the political environment nothing but how the law and government taxation policy influence an organization .There is a lot of political interaction has integrated in this business and it has operated between the political and legal factors. This factor may increase the cost of factor some time it decrease the product cost. The LG electronics facing lots of problem while its production and exporting goods to the overseas. Economic Analysis: LG has a very big competitive market in world and it have constant development in their innovation in electronics equipment , secondary products, planned process of LG etc.. it have leads to sell goods to other countries . The LG contribute the world wide STOCK MARKET and money market also. The LG have well and strong economic source and it has capable of introduce some new technology to the electronic market. LG leads the electronics market with enormous technology and economic resource. The below the table shows the financial highlight of LG electronics. The sale of the company is constantly increase the last seven year it possible by the good economic status The LG has introduce the product with satisfy the customer needs as well as safer environment. The product wont harmful to the environment and people .The LG try to produce green environment that mean it reduce the emission...
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...LG ELECTRONICS South Korean multinational corporation South Korea's second largest electronics maker and the world's third largest appliance maker Company has 75 subsidiaries worldwide Design a d manufacture te ev s o s, home appliances, and es g and a u actu e televisions, o e app a ces, a d telecommunications devices. LG Electronics owns Zenith Electronics and controls LG Displays, a joint venture with Philips Electronics By 2005, LG was a Top 100 global brand. In 2006, LG recorded a brand growth of 14% World s World’s largest plasma panel manufacturer In 2006, its net income was $226 million, on total revenues of $24.7 billion COMPANY – ITS SUBSIDIARIES • LG Display, is one of the largest manufacturer of liquid crystal displays p y • In 2006, the company's mobile phone division, LG Mobile, marketed the LG Chocolate TM phone, changing the company's i ' image of th maker of thi k 3G phones. f the k f thick h • Focuses on the design and marketing of phones such as the LG Shine and LG Prada (KE850 ( • The company was picked as 'The Design Team of the Year' by the Red Dot Design Award in 2006~2007 • Called the 'New Apple' or 'New Sony' in the industry and online communities • S Sponsor E li h Premier League club -Fulham FC. English P i L l b F lh LG ELECTRONICS - ORIGIN Established in 1958 as GoldStar, producing radios, TVs, g , g , refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners. Merger of two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation of...
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...TV Manufacturing Industry By: Manglesh R. Yadav Table Of Contents: 1. History Of TV in India 3 2. Samsung Electronics 3 3. LG Electronics 8 4. SONY 11 5. Videocon 13 6. My View 15 7. References 17 Television Manufacturers and their growth History Of TV in India: Television has been in India for over 40 years now. During the first few years the growth of television was very sparing and the distribution happened of mostly black and white sets. This was because in the early period the people used to think of it as a luxury item without which the life could go on. It is in the last 25 years that the television market has picked up pace and is growing rapidly. A very significant year in the advent of television industry in India was 1982. This was the time when the Indian government allowed import of thousands of color TV sets for the broadcast of Asian Games held in New Delhi. After this the real boom of TV industry started. Today India is the largest market for TV sets and also viewership. Not only this, but overall TV industry is the most booming sector among consumer electronics in India. The main market capture is divided in between Samsung, LG, Sony, Panasonic, etc. Samsung History: Samsung Electronics is a South Korean organization which manufactures TV and is globally the leader in LCD TV section...
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