...think are the economic benefits of liberalizing the EU energy market? Who stands to gain the most from liberalization? -Economic benefits: The consumers would have freedom to choose their energy providers and probably could lower the costs. They will have improved service quality as they will have variety of producers. Energy providers can improve efficiency through innovation to be competitive which in turn will also reduce prices. Larger utilities should be able to realize economies of scale which will able them to compete more effectively. -The consumers and businesses would gain the most from liberalization: Consumers could get the best lowest prices possible from producers; better production with the use of innovative technology. Business would have more business in the competitive market and could gain more profit. 2.What are the implications of liberalization for energy producers in the EU? How will the environment they face change after liberalization? What actions will they have to take? -Implications: Replace the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and What do you think are the economic benefits of liberalizing the EU energy market? Who stands to gain the most from liberalization? -Economic benefits: The consumers would have freedom to choose their energy providers and probably could lower the costs. They will have improved service quality as they will have variety of producers. Energy providers can improve efficiency...
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... 2) Belarus expressed its wish to participate in the WTO and there are 9 main reasons why it will have positive influence on the country: 1. economy opening and it’s liberalization. More competition means price decreasing, range of goods expansion, and fast vanishing of ineffective projects. 2. access to cheaper import resources that will lead to increasing of the real sector competitiveness. 3. an opportunity to protect belorussian exporters outside the country 4. protection against anti-dumping persecution that will help to achieve a status of market economy. 5. increasing of law stability in trade that will influence an investment climate well. 6. taking part in making new international trade rules taking into account bel.interests. 7. Belarus has to prepare for creating close relations with EU and wto makes it easier 8. stimulus for attracting foreign investors 9. belorussian producers presence on foreign markets. More transnational companies will operate in the country more our interests will be protected among international organizations. How to become a member of the WTO Article XII of the WTO Agreement states that accession to...
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...law in contemporary Poland, and the Polish legal system is based on the principle of civil rights, governed by the code of Civil Law. * Historically, the most famous Polish legal act is the Constitution of 3 May 1791. Historian Norman Davies describes it as the first of its kind in Europe. Foreign relations * In recent years, Poland has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international affairs, supporting and establishing friendly relations with other European nations and a large number of 'developing' countries. * Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the UN, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and...
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...THE FREE TRADE AREA—ALL BARRIERS TO TRADE AMONG MEMBER COUNTRIES ARE REMOVED, BUT MEMBERS MAY DECIDE THEIR OWN TRADE POLICIES TOWARD NONMEMBERS B. The Customs Union—Free Trade Area plus a common trade policy toward nonmembers C. The Common Market—Customs Union plus free flow of labor, capital, and technology among members (factor mobility) D. The Economic Union—Common Market plus integration of economic policies such as monetary policies, taxation, government spending, and a common currency II. Arguments Surrounding Economic Integration A. Trade Creation and Trade Diversion 1. Trade creation—increased exports by new member to other members resulting from membership 2. Trade diversion—decreased exports to members of the economic union by nonmember nations often resulting in the advantage shifting away from the lower-cost producer to the higher cost producer B. Reduced Import Prices can result from importers efforts to remain competitive despite tariffs imposed C. Increased Competition and Economies of Scale 1. The larger market created also means more competing firms which can result in greater efficiency and lower consumer prices 2. Economies of Scale—lower production costs resulting from greater production for an enlarged market D. Higher Factor Productivity 1. Factor mobility leads to movement of labor and capital from areas of low productivity to areas of high productivity 2. Poorer countries may lose badly needed investment capital or labor to a more profitable...
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...For the past 10 years, Turkey has grown its real GDP at about 6% annually. This came after a huge debt crisis in 2001-02, wherein Turkey had to borrow $16 billion more from the IMF and comport with its difficult conditionality. Today, Turkey is a middle-income country in search of an effective development strategy. It tends to run high inflation with a devalued currency, despite massive capital inflows and a huge current account deficit. At home, the government has carefully managed between Islamicization, democracy and secularism. And abroad, it deals with a difficult neighborhood – Syria, Iran, Iraq, Israel (not to mention Russia, Europe and the USA). Prime Minister Erdogan is trying to rewrite the Constitution before 2014, when the next election occurs. 1. What have been the strengths and weaknesses of Turkey’s growth model? 2. What is causing the current account deficit? What can Turkey do about it? 3. What do you make of Islamicization in Turkey? Has it gone too far? Will it? 4. What do you make of the government’s foreign policy – “zero problems with its neighbors”? Country Background: • Land Mass; 97% in Asia 3% in Europe • 8400 Km Coast Line. (Mediterranean & Black Sea) Rivers: Tigris & Euphrates • Population 75 mm growing at 1.2% annually. 99% Moslem of which 30% Kurdish roots • 26% of population under 15 Years. • Economic activity dominated by Services 64%, then Industry 27 % then Agriculture 9% • Informal economy (unregistered) is a substantial...
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...the general business and banking environment with restrictions on the free flow of capital funds into and out of Cyprus, make it impractical to execute any short term investments in this country. The short term economic outlook looks uncertain and highly volatile. Cyprus faces an extremely challenging period requiring a major restructuring of its financial services industry. Whilst in theory, the Cypriot Banking industry’s exposure to Greek government debt has been factored into the existing EU bailout calculations, any further crisis in the Greek economy and potential for foreign deposits with drawls once the current capital transfer controls (blocks) are lifted, could lead to a new crisis in the Cypriot Banking sector which could require additional EU intervention and a further period of uncertainty and economic instability. The overall effect on its economy of the current Troika ((EU, ECB, IMF) bailout conditions is yet to be felt. Future GDP short term projections vary; the IMF and EU is talking optimistically of a fall of between 5 -10% , other analysts predicts falls as great as 15% this year and another 5% in 2014 with unemployment ranging from 13.7% this year, and could exceed 20% in 2014 with gross debt at range of 97% to 110% of GDP . Set against the economic contraction of the local economy is the possibility of social unrest and political uncertainty. This could be exasperated by external geopolitical factors such as Turkey’s position on the future unification of...
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...can be observed in the trade relationship between China and Cambodia, although some Cambodian exports eligible for lower tariffs have seen relatively slow growth due to difficulties faced by exporters in meeting China’s import standards for agricultural products such as cassava, live animals and fish. These findings suggest that the ACFTA has been a significant driver of the rapid expansion of trade between the GMS5 countries and China, at least for products that do not have to comply with extensive health and food safety standards. Relative First, China is a huge and dynamic economy, and its growing demand for goods and services from ASEAN could serve as a new engine of growth. ASEAN looks to China as its future primary export market for energy raw materials and electronic and...
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...Gurleen Kaur Payal Jotwani Nitin Dixit Renu INTRODUCTION The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states which are located primarily in Europe, currently under the presidency of Herman Van Rompuy. Its capital is de facto Brussels. The EU operates through a system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958 respectively. In the intervening years the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The latest amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area passport controls have been abolished. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact legislation...
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...disadvantage the SADC block. South Africa is the current chair of SADC and its leadership role is critical. The country is also the gateway to foreign direct investment to the developing world. This paper seeks to discuss the critical position which South Africa finds itself in. The challenge to provide leadership at regional and global level has also been compounded by the domestic outcry for a need to deal with issues at home. South Africa holds the key for the success of SADC both at economic and political levels. However SADC’s dependence on South Africa may turn out to be a stumbling block since there is divided attention. This has been shown by South Africa’s ‘go it alone’ approach when it comes to negotiating trade agreements, e.g. with the EU, as well as its unwillingness to compromise on the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) that the other SADC Members States are signing. What is obvious is that SADC needs South Africa but at the same time South Africa is at liberty to choose when to drive the SADC agenda. This problem has to be delicately addressed if SADC is seriously seeking success on the regional integration front. 1. Introduction Since attaining a democratic State, South Africa has regarded Southern Africa as one of the most important priority of its foreign relations. This is shown by...
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...pollution haven hypothesis, optimal social discount rate and the environmental Kuznets curve. Some computable general equilibrium models are reviewed and several notable WTO environmental and health-related trade dispute cases are analyzed, including the tuna-dolphin, shrimp-turtle, eco-labeling, beef- hormone, and GMOs cases. Introduction Trade liberalization can have substantial ramifications for the global environmental policy regime. Lowering trade barriers and opening new markets can boost economic growth and development, which may help or harm the environment. On the one hand, growth and development tend to increase resource and energy demands, degrade natural resources, and bring forth greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to global warning. Trade can also lead to the pollution haven phenomenon since countries may relax their environmental standards to gain a comparative advantage in producing pollution-intensive products. On the other hand, trade may help the environment. Bigger markets spur technological innovation and diffusion, which can reduce the intensity of...
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...or Recruitment is not needed 2 Managerial Knowledge 2 Existing manufacturing knowledge 2 Expatriates vs. Local workforce 2 Cross-cultural adjustments 2 Language 2 Loyalty 3 Staffing policy 3 HRM policy 3 Homogeneous Factors to create better working environment: 3 Legal Implication in Hungary: 3 Rule Regarding Foreign Work Policy: 4 Labor law in Hungary: 4 Laws regarding company: 5 Laws regarding Taxation: 5 Laws of termination of Business: 6 Laws related to Investment: 6 Economic Factors that relates to Production of PTM mobile: 6 A Study about European Mobile Economy: 7 High Competition driving the price down in this market: 8 A Concise Study of the Economy of Some European Countries: 8 Poland: 8 Latvia: 8 Slovenia: 8 The Risk Associated with Hungarian Political Scenario: 9 The Government related risk: 9 Advantages of EU membership: 9 Economy related risk: 10 Benefits of having Production Unit outside United Kingdom: 10 Conclusion: 10 References 10 Introduction Hungary is well known for its manufacturing purpose for many years. It is situated inside the Europe but the wages of the labor force there is 60% lesser than any other country in Europe. The labor force is skilled and educated also. For this most of the manufacturing organizations want to start their work there. The main industries that are working there are- • Telecommunication and information technology • Engineering • Pharmaceutical • Economics research and related work • Mathematical...
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...MANAGING CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY IN WIDER BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT NAME ID INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY LTD Edexcel BTEC Level 7 Professional Diploma in Strategic Management & Leadership Managing Corporate Responsibility in Wider Business Environment Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 2 Page | 1 PART 01: .................................................................................................................................. 3 LO 1.1: Briefly explain how the globalization has an impact on a national economy ......... 3 LO 1.2: Discuss the influence of international institutions. .................................................. 4 LO 1.3: Explain the role of European Union on Unilever, UK. ........................................... 6 LO 2.1: Explain the importance of having good Corporate Governance for the organization ............................................................................................................................................... 7 LO 2.2 & 2.3: Discuss what regulatory requirements exist in the country shaping the corporate governance practices of an organization and their role in ensuring corporate stakeholder’s interest. ............................................................................................................ 8 LO 3.1: Discuss the economics of adopting a policy...
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...www.uncsd2012.org RIO+20 Issues Briefs Produced by the UNCSD Secretariat and UNCTAD March 2011 No. 1 Trade and Green Economy 1. Introduction The potential trade risks of a transition to a green economy — protectionism, conditionality, subsidies — are issues of long standing and not unique to the green economy. The urgency of the global challenges which a green economy transformation is intended to address, and the scale of the actions being taken by many countries to build green economies, does however bring renewed focus to these risks. At the same time, the new greening of markets associated with a green economy may provide opportunities for many developing countries to find global markets for goods and services with low environmental impacts. This will, however, test the supply capacities of developing countries as reflected, for example, in domestic trade infrastructure. The green economy offers an opportunity to improve both global trade governance and the domestic trade environment to ensure that trade contributes positively to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. 4) Unilateral policy measures: Many countries seem committed to the use of trade measures to persuade other countries to change their domestic environmental practices, despite the fact that many measures may be contrary to GATT-WTO rules (see Table 1 and discussion). 5) International environmental, climate change agreements/conventions: The outcome of negotiations...
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...Faculty of Business Studies Module: Presentation and Communication Skills Examiner: Dipl. Ök. Marina Alvares-Wegner The BRIC countries Leslie Authier Matr. No.: 7007017 E-Mail: leslieauthier@orange.fr Diana Carolina Ramirez R. Matr. No.: 7004479 E-Mail: dianacarolina_puebla@yahoo.de Maya Höpfner Matr. No.: 7003768 E-Mail: maya.hoepfner@googlemail.com Table of content 1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 2 2 The Federative Republic of Brazil .................................................................... 3 2.1 General information on the Federative Republic of Brazil....................... 3 2.2 Brazil’s connection with the European Union.......................................... 4 2.3 Brazil’s financial situation........................................................................ 5 2.4 Brazil’s imports and exports.................................................................... 6 2.5 Brazil’s leading companies ..................................................................... 9 3 The Russian Federation................................................................................. 10 3.1 General information on the Russian Federation ................................... 10 3.2 Russia’s connection with the European Union...................................... 11 3.3 Russia’s financial situation.................................................................... 12 3.4 Russia’s imports...
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...North American Economic Integration: NAFTA and Beyond Dr. Igor M. Paramonov, Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, Calgary, AB, Canada ABSTRACT This paper examines various possibilities for future economic integration within and beyond the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Previous publications have suggested three potential trajectories including development within the envisioned original structure, deepening, and widening of NAFTA (Clement et al, 1999). It is necessary to revisit these directions while summarizing major developments and new perspectives. Vision and hard work are required for NAFTA to remain one of the most economically competitive regional trading arrangements in the world. In addition to NAFTA, each member nation has pursued its own plans to integrate with countries and regions beyond North America. The most recent developments involve trade negotiations between Canada and the European Union, as well as both Canada and Mexico’s considerations to join the nine countries of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Pact. The United States cooperates with a group of smaller developing economies within the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR). This paper presents ongoing analysis of governmental, academic, and other sources for the purpose of teaching in the field of international business, including the uncommon course of “Business under NAFTA.” INTRODUCTION Is the “Age of NAFTA” over? This is a legitimate...
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