...Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Screening Mammography Use in Older US Women Kala M. Mehta, DSc, MPH, Kathy Z. Fung, MS, Christine E. Kistler, MD, Anna Chang, MD, and Louise C. Walter, MD Screening mammography guidelines suggest that women with a life expectancy less than 4 to 5 years at the time of screening are unlikely to benefit from breast cancer screening and, thus, should not be screened.1–3 Although some cancer screening guidelines specify upper-age cutoffs for stopping screening as a surrogate for life expectancy (e.g., prostate-specific antigen screening guidelines suggest stopping at age 75 years),4 we do not know of any guidelines that specify the types of comorbidity that would preclude screening. This is despite the fact that certain comorbid conditions, such as dementia, are stronger predictors of life expectancy than age.5 Specifically, patients with dementia generally live less than 5 years6–12 and therefore are unlikely to benefit from screeningmammography. In addition, having dementia or severe cognitive impairment increases the likelihood that elderly women will experience harm from screening mammography (e.g., more psychological distress from false-positive results because of the inability to understand screening procedures, and more complications from the treatment of clinically insignificant disease).13,14 Moreover, screeningmammography can distract care away from more pressing medical problems arising from either the cognitive...
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...Community Interest Company: a Social Enterprise Organisation Project Report Health Needs Assessment: Stroke in South West and South East London Author: Version: Date: Client: Ref No: Dr John Hayward, Sarah Martin, Dr Michael Soljak Final Version 16.03.09 South West and South East London Cardiac and Stroke Network Boards P132 A Social Enterprise organisation and Community Interest Company Registered office: PO Box 1295, 20 Station Road, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, SL9 8EL English Company Number: 06480440 VAT Registration: 926 9466 78 www.phast.org.uk E&OE Final Project Report P132 Health Needs Assessment: Stroke in South West and South East London Public Health Action Support Team (PHAST) The Public Health Action Support Team (PHAST) is a Community Interest Company. This is a type of social enterprise that is committed to using its surpluses and assets for the public good. Social enterprises are social mission driven organisations which trade in goods or services for a social purpose.1 PHAST is based at Imperial College, London. It has over 60 experienced and expert public health professionals whose aim is to improve the health of the population and reduce inequalities. Many have worked at high level in the NHS, the Department of Health or in academia. Quality assurance and due diligence processes are in place to ensure all associates work to the highest standard. PHAST also has associates with economic, ethical and legal expertise. For further details see www.phast...
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...The average life expectancy in MEDCs is rising. This is due to: * improvements in health care and medicine * increased leisure and recreation time * improved knowledge about the importance of a balanced diet and regular exercise * improved living standards and quality of life Birth rates in MEDCs are falling as people choose to have smaller families later in life. Contraception is easily available and well understood. An ageing population * As people live longer, the structure of a population changes. * Many MEDCs are now experiencing a significant increase in the number of elderly people as a proportion of the population. * As birth rates fall and people have smaller families, the number of young dependants is falling and the number of elderly dependants is rising. * In the near future this will mean that there are fewer economically active people to support the elderly population. * To try to balance out an ageing population, some countries adopt a pro-natalist policy - that is, they encourage people to have more children by offering them benefits, such as access to childcare and maternity leave. * a cash incentive of £675 monthly (nearly the minimum wage) for a mother to stay off work for one year following the birth of her third child * the 'carte famille nombreuse' (large family card), giving large reductions on train fares * income tax based on the more children the less tax to pay * three years paid parental leave...
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...average life span was between the averages of 45-50 years of age in the United States. Apparently in this day and time we live to see 80 years or more. Many people analyze the disparities between people who wouldn’t be able to reach that number. Reasons for disparities in life expectancy: healthcare, race, education, environment, and fitness. The United States health care leaded the nation to ridiculously high rates of insurance with a poor health care outcome which was compare too many other countries. In the United States from 2000- 2007 life expectancy change rates changed around the countries. If United States compared itself against a series of life expectancy in the 10 different nations with the less amounted mortality, United States would range from being close to 15-20 calendar years ahead to over 50 calendar years behind for men and 17-20 calendar years ahead to over 50 calendar years behind for women. Life expectancy for African American males men are ranged from 59.7 to 77.2 years, with counties ranging from seven to over 50 calendar years behind the international frontier; for black women, the range is 70 to 82 years, with counties ranging from eight to over 50 calendar years behind. During the year 2000 through 2007, 90% of males and 92% women of American counties dropped in standing against the international life expectancy standards. The United States have extremely large geographic and disparities. Many communities that have low- life expectancies already...
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...The current worldwide estimated human population at this point in time is 6,798,328,762 people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009). This number constantly changes due the birth or reproduction of human life. Another contributing factor to human population changes is the death rate. Looking more closely at what sparks birth and death rates to change, we find that different eras or historical events lead to changes in the human population. One event that generated large a large death toll was the Black Plague (Lewis, 2004). A more recent event that could potentially spark a decrease in population would be the Pandemic Flu. An example of a historical event that contributes to increases in human population is the Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution created a higher demand on products and services which called for families to expand in order to cover the needs. Another example is the creation of medications that cured illnesses that were considered incurable in past years. One such medication is the antibiotic. When the antibiotic was invented, it cured ailments and illnesses that had at one time been considered terminal. It also prolonged the life of many individuals, which ultimately led to less death. Other contributions included enhancements to sanitation, and agriculture (Lewis, 2004). These enhancements helped by preventing infection and increasing the health of the population. Both of these enhancements assisted in increasing the lifespan of humans. The human population...
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...Introduction Death is a catastrophe of life, our culture, socio economics and religion affect the way which an individual approaches the death of a loved one. However, religion plays a central focus in people’s life. Religion helps to shape our thoughts as well as our beliefs and practices. Religion imbeds its values and ideologies in a person, whereas it teaches one morality and ethics to a high extent. In Judaism life is valued, however, when one dies there are customs that they adhere to during the time of bereavement. This paper will analyze the profound impact of how religion plays an imperative role in funeral practices that are performed by Jews. This paper also aims to highlight how the Jewish community cope with the loss of loved one and how they prepare a loved one for burial .This paper will examine Jewish customs and laws concerning to death and mourning. In addition, it will focus on the post mourning procedure and methods. Statistics/ Jewish meaning of life & death The U.S. Census data in 2010 reported that nearly 2,468,435 died. The five leading cause of death includes heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, stroke, and accidents. The life expectancy at birth for all races and both sexes was 78.7 years in 2010. The study displayed that Hispanic females have the longest life expectancy of 83.7 years, followed by non-Hispanic white females with 81.1 years, Hispanic males 78.9 years, non-Hispanic black females 77.8 years, non-Hispanic white males...
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...Women who agreed to be sterilized after their second child were rewarded USD5, 000 (about Sh420, 000), given priority for public housing and their children got into good schools. To date, Singaporeans think that two is the right number of children. Perhaps the most enduring move was the requirement that all workers save a minimum of 25 per cent of their salaries. They would claim the money only after the age of 55. This formed one of the secrets behind Singapore’s incredible economic growth. The money would go into a Central Provident Fund, with which the government built roads, schools, hospitals and housing. Yew’s administration saw 74 per cent of families owning their homes. His goal, however, was 100 per cent. It is hard to define Singapore. This is a dictatorship nation blended with free flow of information. Read more at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000087837/why-kenya-should-follow-in-singapore-s-footsteps-to-tackle-rising-unemployment These tremendous developments have successfully kicked poverty out of Singapore. Currently, the percentage of unemployed people above the age 15 is two per cent, the highest employment rate internationally. The Ministry of Manpower says the impressive employment level is due to unrelenting emphasis and investment in education. Social cohesion and paths to self-betterment. Cohesion: tolerance across vertical and horizontal divides Access to political representation and dispute resolution Policing and security...
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...Abstract People figured out early on that living longer would be beneficial if they had the chance to do so. They would be able to spend more time with their friends and family, have more time in life to accomplish things they set out to do, and they could simply enjoy more of what life has to offer. This is a great mindset for anyone to have since life is a beautiful thing and worth living. With all of the advanced medical technology on this specific subject and the new findings that are constantly being done to prolong the human lifespan, we start to enter into the area of what is ethically right and wrong and wonder how much is too much? There are many different forms of medical treatment that can save someone’s life. This will vary from medicine to surgery and many things in between. Not everyone will agree on some of the techniques used, but most people understand why someone would want to save their life. Since people will try to save their own lives if they are dying, many scientists believe that there is no difference in trying to extend a life through medicine, or trying to create a life from another person through a cloning system. This is where the tables turn from helping mankind, to hurting what God has created for us. There are many conflicts between prolonging life and Christianity. Some people say that the world is entering into an area we do not belong, while others say we have already crossed that line. How Religion Is Impacted By Science Extending...
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...the 19th century Deep-South of The United States. Extreme sufferings in the life of those slaves of the plantation era helped create this raw music in forms of chanting, rhythms and mere work songs. But there is a lot more to this particular genre. In over a hundred years, blues music has developed with several exotic and ethnic influences. No other genre of music is seen to connect or deal with human emotions as much as blues does. It is thus natural to ponder why and how blues came to exist as such a down to earth music, apart from all the other types. 2 Is there anything called ‘absolute selflessness’? The world has always praised those individuals who gave up selfish reasons and stood up for humanity. Thus this quality or attribute is of being selfless, setting your life for the betterment of others. So, what is selflessness? Is it actually what we think it is? Or is it just an altered reflection of selfishness. When we look at it deeply, isn’t selflessness just a key to attaining certain satisfactions? Human beings are wired to reach the one and only goal which is self satisfaction through any and every course of activity. Although the kinds of satisfactions individuals may desire from selflessness vary massively. Now what are these variations? How do these shape our definition of humanity? 3 Is it the culture, lifestyle or just racial characteristics that ensure such high life expectancy of the Japanese? Japan is seen to exercise a unique food menu compared to...
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...Sose information: Article 1 http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-14_u-127_t-348_c-1204/life-for-the-working-class/nsw/life-for-the-working-class/australia-to-1914/life-in-australia-at-the-turn-of-the-century Introduction Much progress was being made at the turn of the century, with the motor car appearing in the street and electric lights starting to replace candles or kerosene and gas lamps. For the working class, however, who were unable to afford these new technological luxuries, their difficult lives went on just the same as they had before. Work For working-class Australians at the turn of the century, there was almost no time for anything other than work because their lives revolved around their jobs. Many men felt pressured to work because of the popular belief that the man should be the 'breadwinner' (the person responsible for supporting the family). Women and children from poor families also had to seek employment because a single wage was often not enough to provide for the entire family. They usually had to work exceptionally long hours, in poor conditions and received little pay in return. Awards, such as the four weeks annual leave that Australian workers are entitled to today, were inconceivable at the turn of the century. (For more detail, refer to Chapter 1: Life and Working Conditions) Housing The housing of the working class was dangerous, unsanitary and overcrowded. At the turn of the century, the size of the average family was much larger than it is today...
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...contents………………………………………………………………………………… 2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Statistics Show…………………………………………………………………………………... 4 WHO Health Stats for US……………………………………………………………….. 4 WHO Health Stats for Germany…………………………………………………………. 4 The Big Little People Problem…………………………………………………………………... 5 The Errors of Youth…………………………………………………………………………… 5 “Battle of the Fatties”…………………………………………………………………….. 5 For the Public, By the Public…………………………………………………………………... 6 Drug Abuse Care……………………………………………………………………….... 6 Care for the Mentally Ill…………………………………………………………………. 7 Drug Related Death Rates……………………………………………………….. 7 Suicide Rates…………………………………………………………………….. 7 A Time to Die……………………………………………………………………………………. 8 The Part of Life that is Death…………………………………………………………… 8 The Part of Death that is Fear…………………………………………………………… 8 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 References……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Introduction The long held belief that the United States is the greatest country on earth has been debated in recent years. Domestic terror attacks, stock market crashes, and a deep recession have challenged the standing of the US amongst other nations. As the US is rebounding from these domestic problems, it is in a legislative battle to reform a long failing health care system. In comparison to European countries, like the example that will be used here, Germany, the US treats the sick as it does any other consumer on the free market in contrast...
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...shareholders. Methods such as budget forecasting and capital budgeting techniques are utilised and performed by accountants to determine which projects should be undertaken to maximise profits. They construct and provide the financial information necessary for directors to make an informed and calculated decision on where to invest the funds provided by shareholders. Companies have an endless life span and to simply focus on either short term or long term profits would be contrary to the interests of the company and its shareholders. Investors will react strongly to every investment and dividend decision by either increasing or decreasing the share price. A strong focus must therefore be given to every investment and dividend decision made by the company to continue to maintain the confidence of the real owners of the company. By making good financial decisions today and creating wealth for the shareholders, the company will have greater funds to make financial decisions in the future. Question A-2 Part A (i) Robert’s total life expectancy at his retirement age is 84 years (ii) The life...
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...This essay analyzes Hauora issues of Maori people in New Zealand, providing the most fundamental and crucial elements and moments of its continuous effects from the colonial era until now. In this essay I mainly discuss about the issues of the Maori health before colonization, during colonization, and after colonization. I had used the different methods of research to analyze the data for the issues of Maori health. The research methods used are complete online research method text, course resources and reading and analyzing data from different books as literary review. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to locate relevant information on Maori health. The review formed the body of work on which this essay was based. The literature search was limited to work published between 1900 and 2010 in six subject areas: Maori health in early 1900 till present day, Maori concepts and models, Maori health models, Maori and disability, Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health. The databases searched included all of the New Zealand university library catalogues, the City Library and Google Scholar. Sources that appeared to be relevant were entered into the Reference. In 1769 James Cook concluded that Maori were healthy race .Prior to settlement by Europeans, Maori had been protected from many illnesses because of New Zealand’s Isolation from the large population centers of the world. Now a day’s Maori are recognized as being over represented statistically in poor health issues...
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...An analysis of the impact food consumption and healthcare may have on life expectancy. Econ413 SP2011 Introduction Life expectancy is important not only to individuals but also to the nation. To individuals, longer life expectancy gives people more time in their lives to do things they want and gives them opportunity to see their children and grandchildren grow up. To the nation, studying life expectancy helps the government plan for pension benefits and contributions. I want to analyze the impact of food consumption on life expectancy because today people care about eating healthier and America’s eating habit has been criticized for the consumption of too much unhealthy food. In order to measure the country’s eating habits, I used data over the past 40 years that includes annual meat consumption, fish consumption, milk consumption, fruits and vegetable consumption and etc. I will analyze the life expectancy over 1970-2008 and the corresponding food consumptions over that time period. In addition to eating habits, I believe that the nation’s healthcare spending and GDP are important determinants of life expectancy. Excluding them will result in a biased model. Therefore, I also included healthcare and GDP as independent variables in my analysis. Prior Research and Theory In the past few years, life expectancy and its determinants have been widely discussed in economics. In the U.S., life expectancy rapidly increased in the past century and led to a rapid aging of the...
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...Economic growth is likely to affect population trends in a numbers of ways. Some population related variables that can be affected including: • Birth rate • Life expectancy • And population increase/decrease. The assumption in this paper is that when there is increased economic growth, the capita shall be used in various sectors of the economy. Here probably we are talking of a capitalistic economy where the distribution of resources is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. By economic growth in this case I am referring to an increase in the GDP per capita. We also assume that there is fairly equal distribution of wealth in the economy. The assumption also is that the country or world is in a state of stability. I will look at how economic growth is likely to affect each of the variables related to population and how ultimately that affects the total population growth. Firstly economic growth is likely to affect the birth rate. If people have enough money they would have good food. Having good food ensures that the children who are borne are healthy. They have a high chance for survival. People with money can have prenatal medical check ups. That ensures that babies are born with minimum complications. That also reduces deaths of the mothers during giving birth or from related complications. Economic growth is likely to reduce birth rate. Looking at the current situation world over, countries with higher economic growth are having a lower birth rate as...
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