...For example, a recent review found that people were able to distinguish between truth and lies only 54% of the time (Bond & DePaulo, 2006). Most research has paid exaggerated focus to non-verbal cues, including facial expression, vocal pitch and gesture, which either subjectively rely on human judgement or fail to achieve acceptable accuracy levels on a consistent level (Vrij, 2008). A recent meta-analysis suggested that only training in the recognition of verbal cues can improve deception detection (Hauch et al., 2016). However, technological progress means that linguistic cues can now be assessed automatically by utilising computer-based software such as Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) (Pennebaker, Francis, & Booth, 2001). Certainly, a computer system would be less disposed to human error, provide less subjective results, be less invasive and would not require complex...
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...we provide our view of the current understanding of high-stakes lies often occurring in forensic contexts. We underscore the importance of avoiding widespread pitfalls of deception detection and challenging prevailing assumptions concerning strategies for catching liars. The promise and limitations of each of non-verbal/body language, facial, verbal/linguistic, and physiological channels in detecting deception are discussed. In observing the absence of a single cue or behavioural channel that consistently reveals deception, a holistic approach with concurrent attention to multiple channels of a target’s behaviour (ideally videotaped for review) and changes from baseline behaviour is recommended whenever possible. Among the best-validated cues to be considered together include: illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of conversations, and emotional ‘leakage’ in the face. While advocating a reliance on empirical evidence, we observe that few studies of high-stakes deception yet have been conducted. Further, some manifestations of lying are highly idiosyncratic and difficult to address in quantitative research, pointing to the need for keen observation skills, and psychological insight. A recurring theme is the need for the field to devise innovative approaches...
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...Chapter III The Social Context of English INTRODUCTION On july of 2005, John Roberts was nominated to be a justice on the supreme Court of the United States. Commenting in this description of Roberts, the noted literary and legal theorist Stanley Fish (2005) argued that Roberts was not really proponent of “strict contructionsm” but of “textualism”, the belief that interpretation involves “sticking to the meanings that are encoded in the texts and not going beyond them.” To illustrate the limitation of this view of interpretation, Fish notes that if a wife asks her husband why don’t we go to the movies tonight ? The answer to that question depends on the history of the marriage, the kind of relationship they have, the kind of person the husband thinks the wife is. The words themselves will not produce a fixed account of their meaning [emphasis added]. What Fish is arguing in this statement is that communication does not exist\ in a vacuum: to engage in a conversation, for instance, we do not simply decode the meanings of the words that people speak but draw upon the larger social context in which the conversation takes place. 1.GRAMMATICAL VS PRAGMATIC MEANING A.GRAMMATICAL The term 'grammar' covers the proper use of words and word-forms as well as thegrammatical structure of phrases, clauses, and sentences. While different wordforms of lexemes are created by the adding of inflectional morphemes, combinations of words into more complex units are the domain of...
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...research Division for Postgraduate Studies (DPGS) Post-graduate Enrolment and Throughput Program Dr. Christopher E. Sunday Outline Some definitions of ‘theory’. Some characteristics of ‘theory’. Theories vs. hypotheses. How to evaluate the quality of a theory or explanation. The dynamic relationship between theory and research. Deductive theory. Inductive theory. Example of theories relevant to a particular research question. Theories and findings related to second language learning. The Behaviourist Approach The Cognitive Approach Linguistic Universals Social Models The Humanist Approach Some definitions of ‘theory’ Theory is a model or framework for observation and understanding, which shapes both what we see and how we see it. Theory allows the researcher to make links between the abstract and the concrete; the theoretical and the empirical; thought statements and observational statements etc. Theory is a generalised statement that asserts a connection between two or more types of phenomena – any generalised explanatory principle. Theory is a system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organises knowledge about the world. Theory explains and predicts the relationship between variables. Some characteristics of ‘theory’ Theory guides research and organises its ideas. The analogy of bricks lying around haphazardly in the brickyard:...
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...Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis Second Language Acquisition Research: Theoretical and Methodological Issues Susan Gass and Jacquelyn Schachter, Editors Monographs on Research Methodology Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis Edited by David Birdsong University of Texas LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS Mahwah, New Jersey London This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Copyright © 1999 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, NJ 07430 Cover design by Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis/ edited by David Birdsong. p. cm. — (Second language acquisition research) Chiefly papers presented at a conference held Aug. 1996, Jyväskylä, Finland. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8058-3084-7 (alk. paper) 1. Second language acquisition—Congresses. I. Series. P118.2.S428 1998 401′.93–dc21 98–42609 CIP ISBN 1-4106-0166-8 Master e-book ISBN CONTENTS Credits...
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...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV THE FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES LINGUISTIC MEANS OF POTRAYING MAIN CHARACTERS IN “THE CANTERBURY TALES” BY GEOFFREY CHAUCER COURSE PAPER PRESENTED BY LILIA YAREMA a fourth year student of the English department SUPERVISED BY SPODARYK O. V. an assistant professor of the English department LVIV 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 3-4 CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS…… 5-16 1.1 Linguistic analysis……………………………………………… 5-8 1.2 Discourse and Text analyses….…………….………………….. 9-11 1.3 Stylistic analysis ………………………………………………… 12-16 CHAPTER II. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF CHAUCER’S CHARACTERS 17-28 2.1 “The Wife of Bath’s Tale” ……………………………………… 18-22 2.2 “The Pardoner’s Tale” ………………………………………….. 23-28 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………. 29-30 REFERENCES...… ………………………………………………………….. 31-32 INTRODUCTION The theme of the course paper is “Linguistic means of portraying main characters in “The Canterbury tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer”. This paper intends to make an analysis of the language in the collection of stories “The Canterbury Tales”, written by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of 14th century. We will analyze the language used to describe characters. It was based on the idea that every choice made by the author of a sentence is meaningful. Therefore, once we understand the choices...
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...Definition of learning: the definition of Learning: its related operations to acquire behavior and experiences and changes thereto, the results of the learning process appear in all the behavior patterns of human activity, intellectual, motor, social, emotional, linguistic, so as to accumulate experience and human knowledge passed from one generation to another through socialization and interaction with the physical world operations. Includes human learning on behavioral patterns, including simple and complex, and manifests itself in multiple behavioral manifestations of mental, social and emotional, linguistic and kinetics. Default, learning concept refers to the dynamic process occurring in the human organism and is the change in behavioral...
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...Why Ambiguity? Ariel Cohen Ben-Gurion University arikc@bgu.ac.il All human languages are ambiguous. Ambiguity is not restricted to some special constructions that linguists are fond of discussing, but is quite ubiquitous. It is hard, in fact, to find a sentence that is not ambiguous. This fact is all too familiar to computational linguists: “One often hears in computational linguistics about completely unremarkable sentences with hundreds of parses, and that is in fact no exaggeration.” (Abney, 1996). The question is, simply, why? Why is language ambiguous? Krifka (2002) raises a similar question concerning vagueness. He shows that there are good reasons for language to allow, and even encourage vagueness. Vagueness, however, is not ambiguity. When we are told that the theater is far from here, we may be unsure as to the precise distance; but we know what the speaker intends, and we can draw inferences based on this, e.g., that we should take a cab instead of walking to the theater. But with an ambiguous term, the intended meaning is not merely insufficiently specified; it is not known, until the term is disambiguated. When we hear that John has a kid, we draw very different inferences if John is a father or if he owns a young goat. Thus, the advantages of vagueness do not seem to apply to ambiguity, and we are back to the question: why ambiguity? Some may say that it doesn’t matter. Humans possess very powerful mechanisms for disambiguation; these mechanisms resolve ambiguities,...
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...------------------------------------------------- Fitness * ------------------------------------------------- Illusions * ------------------------------------------------- Personality * ------------------------------------------------- Paranormal * ------------------------------------------------- Linguistics * ------------------------------------------------- Software * ------------------------------------------------- Health * ------------------------------------------------- Stop Smoking * ------------------------------------------------- Cholesterol * ------------------------------------------------- Hygiene * ------------------------------------------------- CR Calculator * ------------------------------------------------- Calorie Restriction * ------------------------------------------------- Nutritional Data * ------------------------------------------------- Drug Rehab Rehabilitation from Drug Addiction Drug addiction is a growing epidemic in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported that 7.9 percent of persons 12 years of age and older used illicit drugs during the month preceding a study in 2004. Children get exposed to drugs and drug use in high school and even in middle school. The growing problem can be seen from the number of pounds of illegal drugs seized by the U.S. Customs Service.[1] On March 22, 2007 the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration seized a ship carrying...
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...Direct and Indirect Strategies of Refusing 103 Direct and Indirect Strategies of Refusing among Indonesians Fransiska Oktoprimasakti Abstract This study is a pragmatic study of Indonesian strategies of refusing. By modifying a discourse comprehension test (DCT) developed by Bebee et al (1990), this study was conducted to answer two research questions; the strategy used in refusing and whether the difference in status and gender of the requesters affects the strategy used. The findings of this study show that Indonesian respondents are similar to Japanese, Egyptian and American respondents who in previous studies used mostly indirect refusals. However, the type and frequency of the indirect refusals differ. While an Egyptian and American comparative study conducted by Nelson et al (2002) reveals five primary indirect strategies, Indonesians use six primary strategies. The type of primary strategy also differs from Nelson’s findings since there are strategies used in this study which were not included in Nelson’s study; white lies, suggestions and the use of pragmatic particles. In conclusion, Indonesians use indirect strategies to ‘save face’ and the effort given to do this differs according to the status of requesters. Indonesians use more strategies and attempt to ‘save face’ when refusing requesters of higher status; less effort is evident when requesters are of lower status. Keywords: politeness strategy, negative face, direct and indirect refusals Introduction ...
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...Reading Tuvera’s The Virgin and The Sounds of Sunday is a satisfying experience. The reader sees the characters not just as names in the text, but as human beings breathing with life---laughing, crying, thinking, talking, shouting, lying in bed, walking in the streets and doing their daily chores---as if the scenes of their lives are revealed across the pages. What makes Tuvera distinct as a writer, as what the analysis of this study proves, is her simple, naturally flowing descriptive style of writing. It has also been seen in this study how Tuvera manipulates different linguistic elements as strategic devices in emphasizing a certain quality, idea, or issue. As a social realist, Tuvera parades through her masterful craft as a writer what one may fail to closely see in the lives of other people in the society. Reading them in her stories is like seeing them and listening to their experiences. Tuvera’s style as a writer is undeniably superb. The style of other writers are unquestionably masterful but perhaps what will International Peer Reviewed Journal 67 make readers stick with Tuvera is the simplicity and the beauty of her language which can make the reader relate to her immediately. The naturalness of her language is pure beauty. Her descriptions are exquisite. Other stories may carry you away but at times will get you distracted by the writer’s untimely use of high-falluting expressions which instead of adding more finesse...
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...humanistic and scientific approaches to culture. Chapter Outline 1.1 The Breadth of Anthropology • • • • • The Four Traditional Subfields Anthropology as Science and Humanity Etic Versus Emic Perspectives The Holistic Perspective Breadth in Time and Space 1.3 Methods of Anthropological Research • • • • Participant Observation The Fieldwork: A Case Study Cross-Cultural Comparison Ethics in Anthropological Research 1.2 The History of Cultural Anthropology • • • • • The Evolutionary Period The Empiricist Period The Functionalist Period The Contemporary Period The Period of Specialization 1.4 Cultural Differences • Culture Shock • Ethnocentrism • Cultural Relativism 1.5 Employment in Anthropology 1 cra80793_01_c01_001-032.indd 1 5/23/13 2:23 PM Section 1.1 The Breadth of Anthropology CHAPTER 1 This chapter explains what anthropology is, the history of the discipline, how anthropologists gather information about human customs, how different anthropologists analyze culture, and how anthropology has evolved as a discipline. 1.1 The Breadth of Anthropology A nthropology is the general study of humans and their ways of life. Anthropology is broader in scope than are any...
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...Adachi Weber State University BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE AMERICANS AND THE JAPANESE INTRODUCTION Culture in the business world is not the same as general culture.1 Even native speakers of the language learn business manners and practices, and cooperative culture when they actually engage in a real life setting. It is not sufficient in business for foreigners to understand only the general culture of the target language, since culture and language cannot be separated (King), yet language study by itself is inadequate. Language is constructed with a strong influence exerted by the culture. Indeed, when studying language, it is incumbent upon us to study the culture of the target language (Bloch). Even though culture cannot explain everything (Fallows), and the business world shares a common ground regardless of culture (Bloch), fundamental features of the Japanese cultural values result in a different negotiation discourse from that of English. The purpose of this paper is to study how culture and language differences influence business negotiations between Americans and Japanese, and to demonstrate how business foreign language courses can better accomplish teaching these differences. AMERICAN C ULTURE VS. JAPANESE C ULTURE The Training...
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...fulfilment of the degree of Masters of Arts in Applied English Language Studies. 2007 ABSTRACT This research report engages with the concern that African learners attending English medium, multiracial schools are losing their proficiency in African languages. In so doing, the report explores the language practices of four multilingual Grade 9 learners at a desegregated private high school in Gauteng. In a school environment that does not overtly support the use of African languages, I explore the extent to which multilingual learners use African languages in the school context, to position themselves and others, as an identity building resource, and the extent to which the use of African languages is implicated in their identities. I also explore the possible influence of the learners’ cultural and ethnic backgrounds on their language practices, and related to this, the expression of their identities. I look at how their language practices help them shift identities with space and purpose, and the contradictions therein. The study draws on poststructuralist theories of language and identity (Weedon, 1997; Zegeye, 2001), in considering how language constitutes identity (Pennycook, 2004) and self and other ‘positioning’ (Davies and Harre`, 1990) It also draws on Bourdieu’s (1991) theorizing of language and power and language as a form of cultural capital. I draw on two traditions in qualitative research: case study and ethnography. In my analysis of the data, I argue that...
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...Communication barriers in public discourse Document Design 4(1), 22–41 © 2003 by John Benjamins Publishing Co. 23 Inger Askehave and Karen Korning Zethsen Communication barriers in public discourse The patient package insert Keywords: Public communication, asymmetrical communication, target group, genre, patient package inserts The production of expert-to-layperson documents in private and public companies is an area of research that is gradually gaining ground in research communities throughout the world. This article discusses the nature of public communication written by experts or semiexperts and aimed at a large and heterogeneous audience, often potentially the entire population of a country. The article analyzes common barriers to this kind of communication, and considers topics such as the implications of very broad target groups, expertto-layperson communication and the legislative introduction of mandatory genres as opposed to genres which have evolved naturally over time. The case of the patient package insert is outlined as a prototypical example of ‘public communication’ su¬ering from the problems brought about by the existence of these common barriers. Introduction Public documents have long been considered problematic and have attracted the interest of document designers and discourse analysts, not to mention entire movements such as the Plain English Movement. Numerous organizations, committees, and boards have been set up at national and international...
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