...identify, purify and/or quantify the mixture or components. There are different types of chromatography which are use including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. In consonance with these, while each type of chromatography uses different methods to separate compounds, all forms work on the same principle. They all have a stationary...
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...Abstract The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a characterization tool used to image sample surfaces. The AFM operates under many modes and can be manipulated to be used under many different circumstances. Previously, the main applications of the AFM included analyzing surfaces of materials and surfaces forces. More recently, applications of AFM have come to include analyzing living cells as well. By changing the type of tip used to polymer ones, living cells can be scanned without damaging them. Also, because AFM can be done in a liquid environment and dehydrating or coating the sample is not necessary, it aids in creating more accurate image analysis. Some modifications of the AFM that can be made besides changing the material of the tip include using the cantilever without the tip, using different cantilevers, and analyzing samples in different environments. These changes allow the AFM to be used to monitor many different living organisms as will be further described in depth later. The AFM has advantages over both TEM and SEM in that living organism samples are not destroyed during preparations. One limitation of AFM includes the fact that scanning one sample can take several minutes while analysis of an SEM sample occurs in near real-time. Applications of AFM will continue to expand and improvements to the technique will continue to be made. Introduction to AFM Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an imaging technique that can be used in a number of different scientific...
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...Importance of Research When writing college papers, grants or just presentations for work research is the most important process of the writing process. This paper will discuss the three segments of the TEDTalks: Award –Winning Teenage Science in Action video. The three segments discuss carcinogens, chemotherapy and asthma. Segment 1 Lauren Hodge conducted a research study on carcinogens in grilled chicken. The hypothesis developed by Lauren was “could possibly the carcinogens be decreased due to a marinade and could it be due to the differences in pH?” ( ). This topic was important to Lauren, because while in the doctor’s office she read an article that discussed a lawsuit pertaining to California’s Proposition 65. The magazine article discussed the hidden danger of carcinogens in the food we eat. Lauren was surprised to find that more people had no idea about the dangers of carcinogens in our food. Lauren collected data for analyzation in three different stages. In the first stage Lauren marinated all of the chicken at home in five different marinades. The second stage was completed at Penn State University and she extracted the chemicals, changed the pH, and ran it through the lab equipment which in turn separated the compounds. In the third and final stage Lauren ran the samples through a high pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometer, which separated the compounds and analyzed the chemicals, and told her exactly how much carcinogens she had in the chicken. Lauren’s...
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...Types of Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Adsorption chromatography is probably one of the oldest types of chromatography around. It utilizes a mobile liquid or gaseous phase that is adsorbed onto the surface of a stationary solid phase. The equilibriation between the mobile and stationary phase accounts for the separation of different solutes. Partition Chromatography This form of chromatography is based on a thin film formed on the surface of a solid support by a liquid stationary phase. Solute equilibriates between the mobile phase and the stationary liquid. Ion Exchange Chromatography In this type of chromatography, the use of a resin (the stationary solid phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it. Solute ions of the opposite charge in the mobile liquid phase are attracted to the resin by electrostatic forces. Molecular Exclusion Chromatography Also known as gel permeation or gel filtration, this type of chromatography lacks an attractive interaction between the stationary phase and solute. The liquid or gaseous phase passes through a porous gel which separates the molecules according to its size. The pores are normally small and exclude the larger solute molecules, but allows smaller molecules to enter the gel, causing them to flow through a larger volume. This causes the larger molecules to pass through the column at a faster rate than the smaller ones. Affinity Chromatography This is the most selective type of chromatography employed...
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...Nanotechnology Patricio Peña Medina June 14, 2013 Composition II Professor M. Putman Research Paper It’s the biggest technology challenge since the information super high way. Engaging scientist, entrepreneurs and governments form countries all over the world. Public debates, press conferences and expos around the world this technology is revolutionizing science. Not visible to the naked eye, tiny self-assembling Nano systems offer big solutions to some of the world’s most complex problems. This is science on the Nano scale, or scientist it’s the largest topic with hundreds of thousand possibilities. To put things in more of an understandable perspective, the smallest things that the human eye can make out is around 10,000nm. To aid in further understanding of these measurements more than 100 students from Rice University by designing an immense single-walled carbon nanotube. The nanotube measured 1180 feet long (Williams & Adams 23). So what is nanotechnology? 1 nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter, about the size of six carbon atoms or less than one water molecule almost too small to imagine (Williams & Adams). Nano technology is the science of interacting with atoms and molecules to modify the way they behave; for example by chemical creating Ferro fluids or liquid magnets the exhibit strange behavior due to external magnetic fields. Or by fabricating Nano scale semiconductor crystals known as quantum dots which are sometimes called artificial atoms...
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...before. This research will discuss about the causes and effects resulted by the use of hallucinogens. I. Hallucinogens A. Description/Definition of Hallucinogens B. Examples of Hallucinogens II. Reasons For the Use of Hallucinogens A. For Medical Use B. For Other Use III. Effects of Use of Hallucinogens A. Beneficial Effects 1. Physical Effects 2. Mental Effects B. Harmful Effects 1. Physical Effects 2. Mental Effects IV. Laws and Sanctions in Prohibiting the Use of Hallucinogens A. Republic Act No. 7394 B. Republic Act No. 6425 C. Republic Act No. 9165. CONCLUSION Hallucinogens are not all bad. It has good effect to the body and it can be also used in human medication and veterinary setting but should be taken in enough amount/dosage. They usually are in form of crystalline powder in its pure state. INTRODUCTION Drug addiction is common problem to the different parts of the world. In Filipino community, news on the television and radio says about the PDEA (Philippine Drug) or other government agencies that concerns about drug and health executed a drug raid or clearing to a barangay, house or etc. Hallucinogens are used in medication and intoxication in some countries specifically in Asia long before. Yet many parts at the world would strongly consider hallucinogen as an illegal substance. The probable reason for the use of these substances is the pleasure sensation given by the drug to its user...
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...counterfeits. Counterfeit drug is a huge problem. With the advance of applied technology, counterfeiters have become more sophisticated, manufacturing pills and packaging those that look like the real drugs. However, a scientific breakthrough in 2005 invented an ‘ion gun’ which is attached to the machines and will allow checking hundreds of pills a day. An operator simply provides the sample – a pill, some food or a dollar bill, for example – to the machine; the machine then emits a jet of helium gas and captures in a minute the amounts of material, thereby instantly identifying its component parts and then compare with those of real ones. Contrary to the notion that counterfeit drugs are simply sugar pills, study shows that many fakes have some level of active ingredients. Cheap and readily available pain reliever paracetamol is one of such ingredients, for example, and might temporarily soothe some symptoms but will not fight the underlying disease. Occasionally researchers find harmful or much unexpected chemicals. Nobody knows how much fraudulent or substandard medicine is sold around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluates that as many as 1 in 4 pharmaceutical drugs sold in the developing world is counterfeit. Half of the medicines that are supposed to treat deadly diseases are fakes that...
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...I wrote a paper for English A111 Written Communication. Thought you all might like to read it. 6 double spaced pages of content and a page of sources. (When I posted the article it didnt transfer the double spacing) 75% of the sources had to be from peer-reviewed articles. Its formatted oddly, and in third person, but thats the way he wanted it. Feel free to point and laugh, its already submitted and graded (got an A) so I can't change it. I had to keep it fairly basic so I didnt get into mods or too deep into the chemistry. Smoking without dying is every smoker’s fondest dream. Simply quitting is much easier said than done and hundreds of thousands of smokers have tried to quit multiple times. Finally there is a viable alternative; electronic cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes enable smokers to avoid the damage combusted tobacco does, yet avoid withdrawals or having to “break the habit”. Electronic cigarette use is one-sixth the cost, doesn’t stink, or stain walls and teeth. Furthermore there are no objectionable smells and can be enjoyed almost anywhere without having to step outside. Users inhale a vaporized propylene glycol liquid that contains nicotine and flavorant, all that’s exhaled is a water vapor. Best of all electronic cigarettes are far healthier and have little or no health drawbacks. Smokers sicken or die from the other chemicals in the smoke not the nicotine (T Powledge, 2004). E-Cigarette liquid is composed of liquid nicotine in a propylene glycol...
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...for and in what form. Medication has a route and form in which they are taken. Medications can be taken in oral which would be a pill or liquid, sublingual in tablet or drops, topically in cream or ointment, inhalation, drops etc. The type of medication and the route will have an effect on where the drug will enter the body and what areas the drug will focus on. In this paper I will explain how antidepressants work with chemicals in the body and also the good and bad of taking antidepressants. About 20 million people in the United States suffer from some form of depression (Schimelpfening, 2012). Depression occurs in someone when endogenous chemicals in the brain are used by the central nervous system to help communicate signals from one area to another. This imbalance in neurotransmitters, such as Serotonin, Dopamine and Norepinephrine plays a role in clinical depression. Decreased production of these neurotransmitters, a lack of receptor sites able to receive these neurotransmitters, and the inability of these neurotransmitters to reach a receptor site plays in an important factor in depression. The most common and effective drug used for people with depression are Tricyclic antidepressants. This medication works by increasing the release of norepinephrine. According to National Science Digital Library, the action of the Tricyclic drugs depends on the central ring of the atoms which looks like the shape of a twist. The side chain must have at least 2 carbons. The amine...
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...English 12 Desiree Rusterucci September 30 2012 Research paper Electronic Cigarette What are electronic cigarettes? E-cigarettes are battery-powered devices that heat a liquid nicotine solution in a disposable cartridge and create a vapor that is inhaled. “E-cigarettes are not currently regulated; therefore, there is no way to know if they are safe or effective," Engel said. "They are available in shopping malls and online, and are sold with no age restriction, so they can easily be purchased and used by children and teens." In no way is this safe for kids and from what the FDA has to say proves a lot of why people shouldn’t be using this product. Are Electronic Cigarettes bad for your health? This electronic cigarette is starting to become known all around. This fake cigarette was made in china and transported to the USA. While the FDA has not been able to do any further investigation. They have found that many young people appeal to this new looking way to smoke. “The FDA is concerned about the safety of these products and how they are marketed to the public,” said Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D., commissioner of food and drugs. They are concerned because the product does contain nicotine the FDA believes that it could appeal even to people who do not smoke and thus getting addicted to the nicotine. “The FDA’s Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis analyzed the ingredients in a small sample of cartridges from two leading brands of electronic cigarettes. In one sample, the FDA’s...
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...Prescription medication abuse James Glassman COM/172 December 22, 2011 University of Phoenix Sheila Bassoppo-Moyo, Ed.D. Prescription medication abuse In this research paper you will find that obtaining prescription medication is easier than going to find illegal drugs. Another, disturbing problem is the amount of deaths in the United States each year caused by the abuse of prescription medication. Some questions you might find yourself asking are why is this a problem, how can we resolve this problem, what are some long term effects from abuse of prescription medication, and what is the government planning to do to help resolve this issue? In recent years the abuse with prescription medications has come to a ridiculous number in the last decade across the world. I hope this paper helps you understand the significance of this worldwide problem. What is prescription medication abuse? Prescription medication abuse is when someone takes medication prescribed by doctor in a manner or dosage other than prescribed, or when someone takes prescription medication from somebody else and uses it in a manner or dosage other than prescribed (na, 2011). Abuse can include taking a friends or relatives’ prescription to get high, to relieve pain, or help with medical issue without seeing a physician. There is a reason why prescription medications are prescribed by a doctor, prescription medications are dangerous when taken with other medications or not taken properly. In many cases...
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...Smoking in Society The purpose of this review is to explore smoking's’ place in society. More specifically focusing on the question how people's views on marijuana and tobacco can affect not only society but overall understanding. This study will analyze the social factors for smoking as a whole. When this study is conducted it will be done using, surveys, with open ended questions would be the methods used. Marijuana, or also known as cannabis, is a psychoactive drug that can be inhaled or eaten. The major psychedelic component in marijuana is known as tetrahydrocannabinol or also known as (THC). There are some states as well as numerous countries that have legalized marijuana for medicinal purposes. These purposes include treating chronic pain conditions, dietary aids, anxiety suppressors, and antiemesis for those who are terminally ill. Another unfavorable consequence that is caused by maternal cannabis use would be the future prolonged effects on the central nervous system. The user may suffer with cognitive impairment, addictive behaviors, social deficiency, and lack of control of impulsivity. According to Drugs.com, heavy marijuana use can lead to serious social issues. Marijuana affects perception and judgment and is associated with low achievement (Drugs.com). Because of the still lingering viewpoint that marijuana and people who smoke it are viewed as less capable than others and “worse off”. Marijuana can also affect a person’s ability to perform...
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...The Electronic Cigarette By Sergio Gaxiola Composition I Professor Frawley 13 August 2012 The Electronic Cigarette It is estimated that 400,000 deaths will occur this year in the United States from cigarette smoking. This gruesome statistic tells us that with illegal drugs, alcohol, motor vehicle, suicides and murders combined; cigarette smoking is still the number one contributor. In 1963, Herbert A. Gilbert was not aware of these kinds of statistics, however, he was on the brink of an invention that would revolutionize the way we smoke cigarettes almost fifty years later. The invention of the Electronic Cigarette [also known as the e-cig] was patented in 1963 by Herbert A. Gilbert, “The present invention relates to a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette and has for an object to provide a safe and harmless means for and method of smoking by replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air; or by inhaling warm medication into the lungs in case of a respiratory ailment under direction of a physician.” (Electronic Cigarettes, 2009) Unfortunately for Herbert, in the early 1960s cigarette smoking was not yet the threat it has become today. People just didn’t see a need to stop smoking. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Tobacco Company had always marketed towards women; smoking was a sexy thing. As one can see from the photograph, the young lady is beautiful, slender and happy. Throughout the middle of the 1960s big Tobacco Company’s began...
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...January 15, 2006 As an undercover agent with the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Food and Drug Administration, Aaron Graham saw firsthand how counterfeit drugs can slip into the pharmaceutical supply chain. Graham, now VP and chief security officer for Purdue Pharma, once posed as the manager of an "institutional pharmacy" selling drugs at a discount to secondary wholesalers who were then supposed to sell them to nursing homes. Soon after he began, his phone started ringing. Dozens of smaller pharmaceutical wholesale companies were calling, desperate to buy his drugs. These secondary or "gray market" wholesalers scour the country and the world for low-price drugs they can sell back to major wholesalers for a profit. In addition to trawling for institutional pharmacies, some secondary wholesalers have been known to purchase counterfeit drugs from criminal organizations in places such as China, Thailand or Colombia. Graham, who was part of a two-year FDA sting operation known as "operation gray pill," helped expose a system in which large and small wholesalers were taking advantage of multitiered pricing in the industry. Prescription drugs are sold at discounts to subsidized groups such as nursing homes and also exported at lower prices. Graham and his colleagues found that these lower-priced drugs are sometimes smuggled back into the country and sold to large wholesalers for a profit. These multiple steps, in which a drug can bounce back and forth from distributor to distributor...
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...Keneth B. Taburnal Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements In Research II Apas National High School Apas, Cebu City August 2012 Mrs. Jannis May V. Antolijao Research Adviser Abstract A cigarette filter is used to strain the dangerous ingredients of the cigarette. Most Filipinos are smokers or cigarette users which is part of their fashion, but sad to say that they just throw their waste anywhere and because of this habit we are challenged to help our beloved country on its campaign against improper disposal of garbage. The aim of this research is to find a cheaper and readily available alternative for glue, because glue is useful product especially to us students. The researchers utilized the T-test method. Fifteen...
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