...INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL GOVERMENT IN MALAYSIA Local government is the grass-root in the government hierarchy of Malaysia. There are three branches of government in Malaysia, namely Federal, State and Local. The position of local government in Malaysia is stated in Federal Constitution. By virtue of items 4 and 5 of Ninth Schedule of Federal Constitution, local government outside the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya (latest) is a subject under the State List. All local authorities outside the Federal Territories directly under the exclusive jurisdiction of States Government. This mean local State Government have wide powers to control the local authorities and to ensure their effectiveness and efficient. 1.1 Definitions Local government can be defined as follows: Local Government is subsystem operating within or among a number of other subsystems. Higher government gave its one body handled on local issues that represent the power whether from federal government or state government, which has limited autonomy in terms of financial and administration, have power to sue and sued by others and have legal property1 Ministry of Housing and Local Government Local Government is infra. Sovereign, Geographic Sub-Division of a Sovereign nation or Quasi Sovereign Nation, exercising the power of jurisdiction in a particular area.2 Dilly M Hill 1 Government of Malaysia, 1970. Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry to Investigate into the Working of Local Authorities...
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...Ethiopia Vol. 5 (3), Serial No. 20, May, 2011 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070-0083 (Online) Local Government Administration and Development: A Survey of Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria (Pp. 148-156) Otoghile, Aiguosatile - Department of Political Science, and Public Administration, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Edigin, Lambert Uyi - Department of Political Science, and Public Administration, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria E-mail: lambertedigin@yahoo.com Abstract The need to escape conditions of underdevelopment by the provision of adequate facilities for its citizenry is the concern of any nation state. It has also been accepted that this is better done by bringing government closer to the people. This underscores the philosophy behind the creation of local governments. In Nigeria however, it is sad to note that local governments have performed far below expectations in the above direction. It is in this wise that this paper takes a survey of the opinions of people in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. Using simple percentages to analyze responses to questions, the authors found out that though funds available to local governments are grossly inadequate, there is the general impression that the little money made available are directed into private pockets. It is our recommendations that local governments should increase their revenue base and also ensure proper accountability. Copyright (c) IAARR...
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...THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES BOOK I GENERAL PROVISIONS TITLE ONE. − BASIC PRINCIPLES CHAPTER 1. − THE CODE, POLICY AND APPLICATION SECTION 1. Title. − This Act shall be known and cited as the "Local Government Code of 1991". SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. − (a) It is hereby declared the policy of the State that the territorial and political subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful local autonomy to enable them to attain their fullest development as self−reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals. Toward this end, the State shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization whereby local government units shall be given more powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources. The process of decentralization shall proceed from the national government to the local government units. (b) It is also the policy of the State to ensure the accountability of local government units through the institution of effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and referendum. (c) It is likewise the policy of the State to require all national agencies and offices to conduct periodic consultations with appropriate local government units, non−governmental and people's organizations, and other concerned sectors of the community before any project or program is implemented in their respective jurisdictions. SECTION 3. Operative...
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...PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL 2012 (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS) By: Amjad Nazeer RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY INSTITUTE (RDPI) & PRACTICAL ACTION (August 2012) Islamabad PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL 2012 (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS) Theoretical Context: Believed to be an integral part of democratic system of governance, it is the third tier of local governance that is highly argued about and advocated in contemporary times. Closer to the people and representatives of their essential needs and aspirations, it holds tremendous potential for civic comfort, environmental peace, social justice and economic development. One can hardly find any progressive or progressing state in the world that is either not evolving or thriving with an efficient and autonomous system of devolved governance. Not interchangeable though, notions like deconcentration, devolution and delegation hinge around the modalities and practices of decentralization. Richard Bird (1994) defines decentralization as “the degree of independent decision making exercised at the local level.” In theory decentralization is sometimes classified into three forms of governance i.e. delegation, deconcentration and devolution (Cheema and Rodinelli 1983). If the dispensation of services is removed from the centre and delivered through representatives of the central government, this is termed as ‘deconcentration’ (Smith 1967), while ‘delegation’ stands for a case, where local government functions as an agent of the federal...
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...the bible for local government administration in the Philippines.Signed into law by the President of the Ph on Oct 10 1991 and took effect on Jan 1 1992The code does not apply in the ARMM, being an autonomous region, it has its own local government code.Consists of 536 sections divided into 4 books: Book 1 – policy statements, principles, processes and mechanisms for effective local governance Book 2 – taxing powers and other revenue raising powers and the corresponding administrative structures and processes necessary in the exercise of such powers Book 3 – details the local government structure and powers and duties of elective officials Book 4 – contains the transitory provisions that will effect the smooth implementation of the CodeIt sought to decentralized the Phil State. Decentralization is the transfer of power and authority from the central institution to the lower or local levels of a government system. Three main forms of Decentralization: Devolution refers to political or territorial decentralization wherein local governments are empowered for self- governance. Deconcentration is administrative decentralization and involves the delegation of responsibility of the central government agencies to the provincial, city and municipality governments and regional bodies. Debureaucratization is also the transfer of public functions and responsibilities but the transfer is made to the private sector and non-government organizations, not to local government units. | Slide...
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...Dr Tomasz Kaźmierczak University of Warsaw The social policy responsibilities and tasks of local government in Poland Introduction In Poland, local social policy consists primarily of welfare assistance, i.e. the domain covering a range of universal (categorical) social services and means-tested monetary benefits. An important part of Poland's social security system, welfare assistance is guided by the principles of personalized support and discretional decision-making. Unlike the old-age and disability pension system - a pillar of the country's social security framework - which remains centrally administered, welfare assistance is almost entirely devolved to local government. Local authorities are wholly responsible for the provision and - to a lesser extent - financing of statutory welfare benefits and services. In addition, non-governmental organizations have taken on an increasing role in social service delivery over recent years, although this varies greatly by area. Regardless of local disparities in the availability of non-governmental service providers, authorities are obligated to cooperate with them. By contrast, the presence of profit-oriented companies in social service provision remains fairly marginal. Poland's current institutional regime, including its social-policy model (i.e. the organizational structure and instruments, the division of roles between the state, for-profit and non-profit sectors and the relationships between the state...
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...UGANDA LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ASSOCIATION (ULGA) THE NATIONAL BUDGET 2010/2011: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS A Presentation by the Ag. Secretary General ULGA, to the State of Nation Platform 2 July 2010 1. INTRODUCTION: The National Budget was presented to the nation by the Minister of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Hon. Syda Bbumba on Thursday 10th June 2010. ULGA as the representative body for the local governments is carrying out a detailed analysis of the budget. Below are some of the critical issues to note: 2. OVERALL BUDGET PRIORITIES: In line with the National Development Plan (NDP)2010-2015, whose theme is “Growth, Employment and Socio Economic Transformation for Prosperity”. The Budget this year focuses on the following priorities: • Infrastructure development in roads and energy. • Promotion of science, technology and innovation to facilitate value addition and employment. • Enhancing agricultural production and productivity. • Private sector development and • Improving public service delivery. Suffice to note that Decentralization remains the key policy of the NRM Government in implementing the NDP. The spending in local governments is largely aligned to government priorities of Education, Health, Agriculture, Transport, Water and Good Governance. As such, financing the local governments is imperative...
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..."State and Local Governments" Terence Bolt State & Local Government August 26, 2011 State and Local Governments The differences in culture of the early Americans played a significant role in shaping state government. It affected the level and type of role that its citizens participated in politics, the reach of the government governed its people and the direction of its public policy. The three aspects of the influence of culture on politics were determined by its newly formed citizenry. As the United States was being formed, immigrants from Europe and other countries with similar perspectives grouped together to form different political subcultures. Daniel Elazar, a distinguished political scientist at Temple University, has been one of the leaders in this school of thought. Elazar (1994) argues that, "... the nation has one general political culture, but that within it are three important subcultures, which he describes as individualistic, moralistic, and traditionalistic." (pg 28) The Individualistic subculture relies on the marketplace. Government's role is limited and was instituted to accomplish the demands of the people. Elazar (1994) says that, "government need not have any direct concern with questions of "the good society"; except to further economic prosperity of the market place. In other words, government should primarily be limited to, "...areas in the economic realm, that encourage private initiative...
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...history of local government, three distinct periods present themselves for consideration which are during pre- British, British and post- Merdeka period. During the pre-British period, there is no local government. The political units were divided into three which are ‘Negeri’ or State, ‘Jajahan’ or Daerah and ‘Kampong’ or Village. In State, the Head of State was the Ruler that responsible for foreign relationship, welfare and act as a leadership in external wars with the help of his kinsmen in the Royal lineage and by executive assistants . The second tier of political unit is known as ‘Jajahan’ or ‘Daerah’ that have the Chief acting as a leader for district that responsible for the local government administration such as revenue collection, defence and justice. ‘Kampong’ or ‘Village’ was the last tier of political unit. However, for ‘Kampong’ it was actually more of social and economic unit rather than political unit. The head of ‘Kampong’ was known as “Penghulu” that act as the messenger for the villagers to the district. Local government election was first initiated during the British occupation. Malaysia inherited a British legacy in terms of local government objectives and style and has been influenced deeply by the British precedent . During its formative stage, the laws governing the local authorities in Malaysia mostly were based on English laws. Local government authorities in Malaysia have developed through time. The first states to form local government were Penang...
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...DETERMINANTS OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. AN INTERNATIONAL SETTING Lourdes Torres, Vicente Pina and Ana Yetano Submitted to: Dr. Saneya El Galaly Prepared by: Noha ElZalabani Intake: 40C - Heliopolis Paper Summary: The past two decades have witnessed an influx of new ideas and initiatives in the field of public management in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, which have led governments to undertake major changes in the way in which the public sector is managed in order to better meet citizen needs within expenditure limits. Anglo-American, Nordic and European Continental countries have come under increasing pressure to improve their efficiency and effectiveness and to reduce their demands on taxpayers while maintaining the quality of services and the welfare state. This paper seeks to acquire a deeper understanding of how some of these new ideas have worked in practice by examining the implementation of strategic management in twenty-three pioneer local governments in Australia, Canada, Spain, Sweden, the USA and the UK, countries which belong to different public administration styles. The goal is to identify both the factors that affect the implementation of strategic management and the advantages brought to the organization. For this purpose, experts' views on the implementation of strategic management systems in local governments have been analyzed, applying the Delphi method. The results...
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...globalization have had an unmistakable affect on the local newspapers. Larger companies in particular, are slowly overtaking local newspaper businesses in Canada. In 1990, 17.3% of daily newspapers were independently owned, whereas in 2005, the number had dropped to 1%. With such a drastic shift to the near monopoly of media conglomerates controlling the newspaper industry’s inevitable economic and political problems arise. Thus, governments should support local newspapers to the extent that it is economically reasonable. Resultantly, this action will lead to a diversified media economy, preservation of accurate local viewpoints, and the maintenance of ideological democracy in Canada without creating an unnecessary burden on the Canadian government. By supporting local newspapers with reasonable subventions, the competition between companies will increase. The existence of a free-market environment forces companies to produce quality newspapers instead of the stagnation brought upon by the “monopoly company mindset”. From an economic standpoint, the existence of multiple companies also allows for a leeway for failure. The bankruptcy of a media outlet that services a large portion of the population would be dangerous. Responsive government intervention to restore the company or substitute the newspaper would be an unnecessary cost. A further result would be the immediate limitation of the people’s “right to information”. As government is divided into national, regional, and municipal...
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...Dianna Ross Political Science March 23, 2014 Assignment II Listen to the news with ears that are open only for the negative and one would come away from the conversation about the of 2009 wondering who in the heck is running the country. Over the last five years I have heard many opinions on the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the statement declaring the stimulus as one of the biggest mistakes made by President Obama is in my opinion an inaccurate one. The Stimulus or The Recovery Act, was an economic stimulus package enacted by the 111th United States Congress in February 2009 and signed into law on February 17, 2009, by President Barack Obama. To respond to the Great Recession, the primary objective was to save and create jobs almost immediately. Secondly to provide temporary relief programs for those most impacted by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy. The cost of the stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage, later revised to $831 billion between 2009 and 2019. The Act included direct spending in infrastructure, education, health, and energy, federal tax incentives, and expansion of unemployment benefits and other social welfare provisions. It also created the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board. The goal of the stimulus plan was not only to boost the economy but to increase confidence in and restore faith in the ability to grow the economy. The average...
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...CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 4037/01 Paper 1 May/June 2003 2 hours Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper Graph paper Mathematical tables READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer all the questions. Write your answers on the separate answer booklet/paper provided. Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place in the case of angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The total number of marks for this paper is 80. The use of an electronic calculator is expected, where appropriate. You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in your answers. This document consists of 5 printed pages and 3 blank pages. MCS UCB246 S38225/2 © CIE 2003 http://www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over 2 Mathematical Formulae 1. ALGEBRA Quadratic Equation For the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, –b...
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...Responsibilities of Local Government Unit * the giving of allotments and grants by the national government (NG) to local government units (LGUs) * sharing of taxing powers between the NG and the LGUs, and among LGUs units * policy on tax rates and structure * revenue and expenditure planning * revenue utilization and expenditure allocation * monitoring and approval of budgets, tax ordinances and other fiscal measures * policy on borrowing and borrowing instruments * appointment and supervision of local fiscal officers Fundamental Principle * No money shall be paid out of the local treasury except in pursuance of an appropriations ordinance or law * Local government funds and monies shall be spent solely for public purposes * Local revenue is generated only from sources expressly authorized by law or ordinance, and collection thereof shall at all times be acknowledged properly * All monies officially received by a local government officer in any capacity or on any occasion shall be accounted for as local funds, unless otherwise provided by law * Trust funds in the local treasury shall not be paid out except in fulfillment of the purpose for which the trust was created or the funds received * Every officer of the local government unit whose duties permit or require the possession or custody of local funds shall be properly bonded, and such officer shall be accountable and responsible for said funds and for...
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...most progressive decentralization between Zambia and Uganda. Decentralisation has various comprehensive definitions. The UNDP (United Nations Development Program) (1998) defines decentralisation as “the restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is a system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at the central, regional and local levels according to the principle of subsidiarity, thus increasing the overall quality and effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the authority and capacities of sub-national levels”. The UNDP definition emphasises two critical aspects of decentralisation – its practical outworking in restructuring of Government functions and its aim – increased efficiency. Similarly, the concept is defined as a transfer of competences from central government level to elected authorities at the sub national level. Rondinelli. (1992) defines decentralisation as the transfer of responsibility for planning, management, and resource raising and allocation from the central government to sub units. In this definition, units listed include field units of central government ministries or agencies, semi-autonomous public authorities or corporations, and other authorities such as Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Basically decentralisation is the act of distributing power and authority to lower levels of governance. Some of the key aims of decentralisation are; enhanced efficiency and accountability, increased community participation...
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