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London Development Agency

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Corso di INNOVAZIONE ORGANIZZATIVA

DAVIDE BUCCHI – MARCELLO MERONI
Matr.721593E

Attraverso questo lavoro il mio intento è di analizzare l’articolo di Carlo Donolo: “Dalle politiche pubbliche alle pratiche sociali nella produzione dei beni pubblici. Osservazione su una nuova generazione di policies.”
Nel contesto storico degli ultimi cinquant’anni, la nascita delle istituzioni europee, la crisi dello stato, lo stato regolatore e la globalizzazione fanno in modo che nasca un policy change, un cambiamento nel modo di fare politiche pubbliche tramite delle categorie guida come i mercati, le imprese e i diritti di proprietà.
Le politiche cambiano e nell’ articolo esaminato la prima nonché cardinale problematica che l’autore propone è cercare di capire verso quale direzione sta muovendo questo mutamento, che senso ha e soprattutto come facciamo a valutarlo.
In altre parole, Donolo pone il problema di come possiamo valutare il senso del policy change, se esiste un elemento dirimente per capire dove e come stanno cambiando le politiche pubbliche.
La risposta è che l’elemento dirimente esiste: è di considerare la novità nell’azione di governo in relazione alla produzione di beni pubblici; ovvero, la prospettiva con la quale possiamo valutare il cambiamento non è tanto quella di concentrarsi su chi fa cosa ma concentrarsi su quelli che sono gli esiti prodotti dalle politiche pubbliche, che cosa costruiscono rispetto alla questione dei beni sociali, comuni.
In breve: alle spalle di tutto ciò abbiamo un vecchio modo di fare governo, di politiche pubbliche, che è il government, è autorità; successivamente avviene un cambiamento. E’ qui che l’autore introduce un tema molto importante:
Nel momento in cui è presente un policy change, esso puo avere due “segni”:
O fa riferimento al modello del mercato o alle politiche della società civile. Abbiamo cosi due possibilità per produrre beni pubblici: o una governance che interagisce con soggetti di mercato e fa contrattualizzazione o una governance dove il soggetto pubblico interagisce con la società civile e produce deliberazione.

Quindi secondo l’autore esistono due nuovi tipi puri, due idealtipi, per dirla alla Weber, di fare politica: 1. Politiche deliberative 2. Politiche negoziali o a contratto.

Nelle forme deliberative vengono prodotti beni relazionali e forme cognitive, siamo più a contatto con la società e quindi vengono prodotti servizi sociali con qualità che altrimenti non sarebbero ottenibili. Sono beni e servizi più ampi, ma anche più fragili, perché la società essendo proprio più ampia è anche più difficile da analizzare ma è ciò che permette di incidere sul piano qualitativo rispetto al piano quantitativo che è destinato al contratto.
In questo contesto operano lo Stato e gli attori civili, la parola chiave per capirlo è partecipazione.
Nel secondo tipo di politica (a contratto) operano istituzioni e attori di mercato, e lo scopo è di valorizzare appunto sul mercato beni comuni.
Donolo parla di politiche che mettono insieme l’ interesse pubblico con l’interesse privato di soggetti che sono sul mercato, quindi la parola chiave è partnership. Il problema nella partnership è che questo rapporto necessita che contesti regolativi, norme costringano attraverso vincoli da fare mediazione virtuosa tra i soggetti.
Cosi in questo tipo di politiche non è tanto importante il contratto in se stesso quanto il contesto normativo; Le partnership infatti, se non sono regolate, non riusciranno a produrre beni pubblici soddisfacenti, perché i privati faranno esclusivamente l’interesse personale.
Seguendo questo filo logico si viene ad introdurre un concetto molto importante: il contratto (e il suo contesto normativo) porrà dei vincoli e delle opportunità nello scambio.
Quindi, possiamo elencare i concetti portanti, le opportunità e le criticità delle due politiche con uno schema molto semplice: POLITICHE A CONTRATTO POLITICHE DELIBERATIVE Il mercato Società civile La contrattualizzazione Deliberalizzazione La quantità Beni relazionali e cognitivi Merci e non beni pubblici Accento sulla qualità Evitare sprechi Sussidiarietà Cooperazione Efficacia ed efficienza

Le criticità del modello delle politiche a contratto sono la privatizzazione dei beni pubblici, i costi sociali diffusi e poco visibili, la perdita di capitale sociale, il privatismo, la mercificazione di materie.
Un esempio concreto puo’ essere il caso della sanità: nel momento in cui diventasse privata, avremmo una mercificazione del serivizio, si passerebbe da diritti a beni.
Esiste poi il rischio di erosione dei beni pubblici che hanno costi sociali poco visibili e diffusi e soprattutto difficilmente calcolabili da parte della scienza economica.
Nelle caratteristiche delle politiche deliberative il concetto della sussidiarietà è importante: essa puo’ essere verticale o orizzontale, Donolo definisce verticale la sussidiarietà vicina alla popolazione interessata, orizzontale quella che guarda al criterio per disegnare le forme della cooperazione pubblico/privato nella fornitura di beni pubblici.
I Rischi sono che il bene pubblico non sia effettivamente voluto, e questo é dovuto a quattro possibili fattori variabili: la frammentarietà, l’irrilevanza, il localismo, la corporativizzazione.
Nelle politiche deliberative il tema importante è l’amministrazione partecipata o condivisa, ovvero al posto di fare partnership con attori di mercato la pubblica amministrazione chiede partecipazione civica cioè apre i processi di costruzione delle politiche a istanze dove partecipano i cittadini, è l’esempio dei temi della rigenerazione urbana, dove ci sono dei bandi per delle proposte da parte di chi vive nella zona.
Il contesto deliberativo infatti offre un contesto organizzativo più aperto del contratto quindi è più limpido, anche se non è automatico che sia sinonimo di qualità.
In sintesi, l’autore propone quindi due alternative: più efficacia e più efficienza con più varietà oppure meno beni pubblici e più merci, più diritti proprietari.
Non bisogna pensare che il contratto sia sbagliato, che sia indicato solo all’interesse esclusivo dei privati, e nella società civile ci sia il bene e viceversa, nel concreto i giochi sono molto più complessi, se il mercato è vincolato potrà portare a risultati soddisfacenti, invece nella società civile che appare spesso più limpida, meno opacizzata, esistono pure logiche privatistiche. Per questo Donolo focalizza l’attenzione sul problema che dobbiamo misurare il cambiamento delle politiche pubbliche in base a quello che producono; se producono o non producono beni pubblici. Bisogna prendere in considerazione che cosa capita di volta in volta nella implementazione concreta delle singole politiche tra i soggetti in gioco.

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