...to facilitate rebuilding and prevent future conflict. Starting in 1951, six nations, less Churchill’s England, began the process of creating a union: a union that would reject Churchill’s idea in part. The founding states would join together, but not as a federation subsuming state sovereignty under a supranational organization; rather, they formed a union of sovereign states. Since 1993, when the Treaty of Maastricht (also known as the Treaty of the European Union (EU)) came into effect, the question over how far the EU will integrate remains. This paper will evaluate the EU integration process in the postMaastricht era with a focus on the failure to pass a constitution in 2005 even though ideas contained in the draft constitution were accepted four years later in the Treaty of Lisbon. It will be argued that the EU members have chosen to curtail supranational organization in favor of protecting state sovereignty. Moving together: the Maastricht Treaty, 1993 The formation of the European Coal and Steel Committee in 1951 preserved each of the six-member state’s ability to have control over its laws and people, or sovereignty. Integrationists, politicians who wanted a federal form of government lost out to nationalists, those who wanted to protect their own states from a federal union. Thus, integration was limited to economic issues for which the states could “achieve limited and specific results” (George, Frantz, and Birmele1997, 116). According to Boyka Stefanova (2005) the concept...
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...Q. The separatist movement in Quebec is still powerful and remains a threat to Canadian unity. The separatist movement in Quebec is still strong but with time, circumstances have changed. It is not the same Quebec we saw 50 years ago. We do see instances when Stephen Harper is shouted at during his speeches in Quebec City and couple of mini demonstrations for separating Quebec here and there but there needs to be a lot more resentment within the French Canadian community to go to polls once again and ask for their “sovernigty.” To talk about the present we need to start with the past when the separatist movement was strong, violence followed by referendums taking place. The actual time of crisis. The Quiet Revolution had started in Quebec in the 1960`s which showed agitation amongst the people of Quebec feeling that the Anglos were taking advantage of the Francophones and that the French Canadians were the downtrodden, marginalized and kept away from the opportunities that Canada could have provided for them. We saw instances such as when the President of the Canadian National Railways in the 1960`s said that there were not enough French-Canadians qualified to be employed in the senior management of the organization (BEHIELS). This enraged the Francophones in Quebec. They felt that the anglos were on purpose marginalizing them. By the mid-1960s a wide variety of proposals for restructuring, renewing and even dismantling the Canadian federal system were forthcoming...
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...States Argued November 26, 1883 Decided December 17, 1883 Full case name Ex parte Kan-gi-shun-ca (otherwise known as Crow Dog) Citations 109 U.S. 556 (more) 3 S. Ct. 396; 27 L. Ed. 1030 Prior history U.S. v. Kan-gi-shun-ca, 14 N.W. 437, 3 Dakota 106 (Dakota Terr. 1882) Holding Held that a federal court did not have jurisdiction to try an Indian who killed another Indian on the reservation when the offense had been tried by the tribal court, writ of habeas corpus granted. Court membership Chief Justice Morrison Waite Associate Justices Samuel F. Miller · Stephen J. Field Joseph P. Bradley · John M. Harlan William B. Woods · T. Stanley Matthews Horace Gray · Samuel Blatchford Case opinions Majority J. Matthews Laws applied Revised Stat. §2146 (1878) Ex parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556 (1883), is a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that followed the death of one member of a Native American tribe at the hands of another on reservation land. Crow Dog was a member of the Brulé band of the Lakota Sioux. On August 5, 1881 he shot and killed Spotted Tail, a Lakota chief; there are different accounts of the background to the killing. The tribal council dealt with the incident according to Sioux tradition, and Crow Dog paid restitution to the dead man's family. However, the U.S. authorities then prosecuted Crow Dog for murder in a federal court. He was found guilty and sentenced to hang. The Supreme Court held that unless authorized by Congress, federal courts...
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...That is because Puerto Ricans are a proud people who value their sovereignty, commonwealth status, and rich history. This is due mainly to the fact that Puerto Ricans pay a lot less taxes than Americans. For example, even though you have finished paying off your mortgage and own your house, you are still required to pay property taxes. While you own the house, you are technically leasing the land from the government. If you fail to pay off even a cent in property taxes, the government can seize your house. In Puerto Rico, once you have paid off your house, you are free and clear and the house and land are...
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...How to Improve Higher Education Dr. Muhammad Saleem* Abstract: This brief presentation consists of two parts. In part – I attempt has been made to diagnose the ailment and identify the causes that pushed us to the back – benches of human civilization and virtually wiped us out of the intellectual map of the world. In Part – II we have ventured to suggest some remedial measures following which we may be able to leap forward and reclaim our lost glory and respectable place in the comity of nations. Of late, we ran into one of the most disturbing and distressing report concerning the state of education and research in the Muslim world visà-vis the Judao-Christian world. For instance, it was reported that the Jewish population around the world is almost 14 million. With this numerical strength, they have been able to produce thus far 163 Nobel Laureates.1 The Muslims, on the other hand, are more than one billion in population and have produced only eight Noble prize winners so far2. This contrast became further embarrassing when it was read in conjunction with another survey report wherein it was underscored that the Muslims were terribly lagging behind in the field of knowledge and education from the rest of the world both in quantitative and qualitative terms. It was reported that there were nearly 500 universities in the entire Muslim world3 and they too were hardly any better than ordinary colleges as they weren’t engaged in any research work or the generation of a new knowledge...
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...the most advanced in administrative. They were led by a batin and at any time when he was incapacitated, the jinang or menteri who was under him would act on behalf. A panglima exercised authority over more than one village while a penghulu administered a single village. Some aspects of this organization or variations of it still survive to this day, for instance, the Menteri Besar heads the government in a modern Malay state while the penghulu has remained throughout the millennia a key figure in local rural administration. It is clear that the prehistoric colonists had brought their own customary laws. Equally clear is that these laws, with no doubt of being modified, have survived. Based on the Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954 (Act 134) (Revised 1974), while making the Commissioner for Aboriginal Affairs responsible for the administration, welfare, and advancement of aborigines, expressly provides that this should not be deemed to preclude any aboriginal headman from exercising his authority in matters of aboriginal custom and belief, in any aboriginal community or any aboriginal ethnic group. Over a thousand of years the Indian or Indianized influence has prevailed. That influence was profound and pervasive and what seems to be the most significant was politico-legal. The primitive political structure of the Proto-Malays were elaborated upon. Under it, Hindu-Buddhist influence spread in all other spheres of life. The Malay riverine village became a kingdom. At the core of this...
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...University of Phoenix Material Influences on the Constitution Table Write one or two paragraphs in each section. Include citations for your sources. Documents Summary What was its influence on the Constitution? Magna Carta Magna Carta, also called Magna Carta Libertatum or The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, is an English charter, originally issued in Latin in the year 1215, translated into vernacular-French as early as 1219,[1] and reissued later in the 13th century in changed versions. The later versions excluded the most direct challenges to the monarch's authority that had been present in the 1215 charter. The charter first passed into law in 1225; the 1297 version, with the long title (originally in Latin) "The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest," still remains on the statute books of England and Wales. The 1215 charter required King John of England to proclaim certain liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary, for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" (in the sense of non-serf) could be punished except through the law of the land, a right which is still in existence today. Magna Carta was the principal document forced onto an English King by a group of his matters, the feudal barons, in an effort to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges. It was followed and directly influenced by the Charter of Liberties in 1100, in which King Henry I had specified particular...
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...Northern Consortium United Kingdom – Politics Past paper questions for June exam < Module 1 > Section A 1a What are the differences between Public Bills Committees and Select Committees? [5] Public Bills Committee is part of legislative process, whereas Select Committee is part of scrutiny process. In the former committee, the bill is examined by line by line to ensure that its wording and language is clear to allow any amendments on the bill. In the latter committee, there are two departments – governmental and non-governmental. They examine government departments’ expeditures , policies and policies. There are between 16 to 50 members in the PBC who are selected by Committee of Selection whose 7 out 9 members are ships. On the other hand, there are 11 members in the SCs and to eliminate “the conflict of interest, all the members are backbench members who are elected using the Alternative vote system. 2a What are the main functions of Parliament and how well does it perform them? [5] < This question is a 20-mark question > 3a What are the differences between direct and representative democracy? [5] In direct democracy, people are directly involved in decision-making processes, whereas in representative democracy, people elect MPs who will represent and form a government in Parliament. For instance, some qualified members of Athenian society were involved in decision-making and a referendum is a limited form of direct democracy. Also general elections...
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...Economics of the European Union ECN309X Essay term 1 To what extent did the 1992 Single Market programme create a single market across the EU? Linde Cloosterman 10418300 14th December 2012 In January 1992 The European Single Market was formed. The prospects were compromising. Hooley et al. (2012) explain that the programme would provide the free flow of products and services, people and capital between the member states of the European Union. Another point was the intention to improve economic performance by lowering costs of trading across national borders within the European Union. But also to boost economies of scale of operation to achieve more competitiveness against the US internal market. However, the developments within the Single Market were not always positive. An example that illustrates this are diverse economies in the euro-zone operating at different speeds, facing different levels of public sector debt but without the freedom to set separate exchange or interest rates (Hooley et al., 2012). The economic crisis within the euro-zone had negative effects on the Single market as well. Therefore it can be questioned: to what extent did the 1992 Single Market programme create a single market across the European Union? Due to the prolonged economic recession by the beginning of 1980 it was clear that the competitive position of the European Community was decreasing. Outcomes with stagnating negative effects within the European economy, rising unemployment...
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...For other uses, see Constitution (disambiguation). A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.[1] These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a written constitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a codified constitution. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights. An example is the constitution of the United States of America. George Washington at Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,[2] containing 444 articles in 22 parts,[3][4] 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 117,369 words in its English-language translation,[5]...
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...http://economyincrisis.org/content/rising-employment-grows-trade-deficit-due-to-free-trade-policies Trade Deficit Grows Due to Free Trade Policies April 10, 2012 Karl Rusnak 1 Comment Unemployment is rampant in the United States today, and Americans are rightfully asking for policies that will bring the problem under control. Unfortunately under our current free trade policies there is a direct correlation between unemployment and the trade deficit. As unemployment decreases we see a rise in the trade deficit because we have become so dependent on imports for our needs. This means that, until we fix our trade policies, any gains in unemployment will be tempered by a ballooning trade deficit. An economy with a massive trade deficit is unsustainable, and we must change our trade policies if we want to see our nation prosper. The official unemployment figure is currently 8.2 percent. Many economists estimate the rate at which the economy is considered to be at full employment to be about 4 percent, because even under the best conditions there will be individuals seeking jobs. Certainly full employment is desirable, but under our current policies it would do little to create any long-term prosperity for the United States. Our trade deficit was over $500 billion last year, but at full employment it is estimated that we would have a trade deficit of $750 billion or more. As more Americans get jobs, they have more purchasing power. Unfortunately many of the items Americans...
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...Constitution is a basic document which sets out the framework for governance and exercise of power. It defines the powers of the institutions and sets out the relationship that exists between different state institutions. It also describes the powers within which these institutions have to work and what would be the nature of relationship of the individual with the state. At the time of establishment of Pakistan an Interim constitution was introduced in Pakistan which was a modified version of the India Act 1935.The task of framing the future constitution was assigned to the CA of Pakistan that came into existence on Aug 1947.We will discuss that what were the stages and what were the steps that were taken for framing the constitution of Pakistan. The whole process of constitution making started with the passing of the Objective Resolution. The Objective Resolution which was passed in March 1949 outlined the basic principles and foundations of the constitution. The principles that had to be kept in mind by the constituent assembly of Pakistan while framing the constitution. In a way the Objective Resolution not only identifying the objectives, the goals they wanted to achieve it was also setting out the priorities that had to be pursued. Once the Objective Resolution was passed by the Constituent Assembly then the steps had to be taken for the formulation of the constitution and the 1st step after the passing of the Objective Resolution was to set up the BPC (a committee comprising...
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...Strategies for Reviving the Japanese Economy Introduction 1. Assessment of the Current Economy The Japanese economy has begun to show some signs of change as the effects of recent large-scale economic packages have gradually helped to stop the severe economic downturn. But despite this progress, private demand as a whole remains stagnant. Therefore, the economic prospects for self-supported recovery are still uncertain once the economic effects of the last packages have phased out. The fundamental problems pertinent to the weak economy are twofold. First, the true adjustment of the burst of the bubble economy is still insufficient. Second, against the background of the sharp decline in the number of births and the rapid aging of the population, the pace of which has not been experienced in other industrialized nations, the "Japanese system"--the engine of the country's astonishing high growth in the postwar era--has turned problematic with regard to economic growth. First, fears about employment prospects, future pension plans, and the sharp rise in government deficits are obviously restraining an economic turnaround. These fears are attributable to eroding sustainability in the Japanese-style wage and employment systems and the generous social security system. To cope with the situation, provisions of renewed safety nets are urgently needed. Furthermore, the rising fiscal deficits are restraining economic upturn by making people serious about future tax hikes...
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...Professor Tony Smith)2 as I approached the study of law. Another Rouse Ball Professor, the late Sir William Wade, had a formative effect on my understanding of land law and administrative law both through his famous books, Megarry and Wade on the Law of Real Property (now edited by a former Fellow of Downing College, Dr. Charles Harpum)3 and Administrative Law (now in the hands of my colleague Dr. Christopher Forsyth),4 not to mention the lectures that I attended as an undergraduate in (softly be it said) the University of Oxford. Two wonderfully stimulating and enjoyable books by the Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor and * Rouse Ball Professor of English Law in the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge. This is a revised version of the inaugural lecture delivered in the Faculty of Law of the University of Cambridge on Thursday 10 March 2005. I am grateful to Mrs. Beverley Ireland and Dr. Kirsty Allen for providing information about the history of the Rouse Ball Professorship, and to Mr. David Akers for thought-provoking...
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...The Ottoman Constitution (23 December 1876) The Ottoman Empire Art. 1. The Ottoman Empire comprises present territory and possessions, and semi-dependent provinces. It forms an indivisible whole, from which no portion can be detached under any pretext whatever. Art. 2. Istanbul is the capital of the Ottoman Empire. This city possesses no provilege or immunity peculiar to itself over the other towns of the empire. Sultan, “Supreme Caliph” Art. 3. The Ottoman sovereignty, which which includes in the person of the Sovereign the Supreme Caliphat of Islam, belongs to the eldest Prince of the House of Osman, in accrodance with the rules established ab antiquo. Art. 4. His Majesty the Sultan, under the title of “Supreme Caliph,” is the protector of the Muslim religion. He is the sovereign and padişah (emperor) of all the Ottomans. Art. 5. His Majesty the Sultan is irresponsible; his person is sacred. Art. 6. The liberty of the members of the Imperial Ottoman Dynasty, their property, real and personal, ad their civil list during their lifetime, are under the guarantee of all. Sovereign Rights of the Sultan Art. 7. Among the sovereign rights of His Majesty the Sultan are the following prerogatives: - He makes and cancels the appointments of ministers; he confers the grades, functions and insignia of his orders, and confers investiture on the chiefs of the privileges provinces, according to forms determined by the privileges granted them; he has the coining of money;...
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