...Biology, 8e (Campbell) Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use A) a light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy. B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy. C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) A primary objective of cell fractionation is to A) view the structure of cell membranes. B) identify the enzymes outside the organelles. C) determine the size of various organelles. D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. E) crack the cell wall so the cytoplasmic contents can be released. Answer: D Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is A) the relative solubility of the component. B) the size and weight of the component...
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...Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell This chapter introduces the topics of microscopy and cell fractionation, followed by a review of the cell and the major organelles and structures of eukaryotic cells. A challenge with this chapter is to keep this data from simply being a list of parts. In addition to the structure and function of individual organelles, questions probe student understanding of the cell as a dynamic, interconnected system: the flow of membrane and proteins in the endomembrane system to the plasma membrane; the flow of information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; and the connection between the cytoskeleton, the plasma membrane, and the extracellular matrix. An evolutionary perspective goes beyond structural distinctions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes to examine theories concerning the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes and key eukaryotic cell structures. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using A) a phase-contrast light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) a confocal fluorescence microscope. E) a super-resolution fluorescence microscope. Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy...
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...A lysosome (derived from the Greek words lysis, meaning "dissolution/ destruction", and soma, "body") is a membrane-bound cell organellefound in most animal cells. They are known to contain more than 50 different enzymes, which are all optimally active at an acidic environment of about pH 4.5 For this function they are popularly referred to as "suicide bags" or "suicide sacs" of the cell. hey were discovered and named by Belgian biologist Christian de Duve, who eventually received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974. 2 process in lysosomes Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) (from the Greek auto-, "self" and phagein, "to eat"), is the natural, destructive mechanism that disassembles, through a regulated process, unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components. autophagy has been seen as an adaptive response to stress which promotes survival, whereas in other cases it appears to promote cell death and morbidity. Crinophagy the intracytoplasmic digestion of the contents (peptides, proteins) of secretory vacuoles,after the vacuoles fuse with lysosomes.a process in which excessive amounts of hormone are fused with lysozymes to degrade the hormone. Peroxisomes are small, membrane-enclosed organelles (Figure 10.24) that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism. A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation. In animal cells, the long fatty...
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...metabolized since cirrhosis destroys the pancreas, leading to insufficiency of insulin. Another symptom is excessive bruising as evident on the patient, which is a result of frequent falls when drunk and dysfunctional clotting. Blood clotting factors and platelets are usually made in the liver but in case of alcoholism, the liver is unable to function well to produce them thus blood fails to coagulate. Further, alcoholics appear jaundiced as a result of high bilirubin in the blood, which should be eradicated by the liver. Excess bilirubin in the blood leads to yellowing of the skin. Lysosomes, Oxidases and peroxisomes contribution to major function of the liver. Peroxisomes and lysosomes work to engulf toxins through the process of endocytosis whereby cytochrome P450 enzymes detoxify the liver off alcohol. Peroxisomes contain catalases and oxidases that neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol while lysosomes have acid hydrolases that work to digest toxins for elimination. Conversely, the oxidases convert the free radicals into Hydrogen peroxide which is converted into water by the catalases. Explain how Mrs. Fender's cirrhosis is related to her jaundice. When erythrocytes wear out, hemoglobin is produced which is broken down into iron and heme. The heme is degraded into bilirubin and carried into the liver as albumin for excretion. Failure to eliminate it leads to yellowing of the skin as bilirubin, yellow pigment spills into the blood and tissue thereby giving the skin a yellow...
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...P1: Task 1 A. Using simple light microscopy prepare labelled diagrams of a bacterial, plant and animal cell. With each diagram you must identify the characteristic features and functions of the cells key characteristics. Light Microscopy Diagrams *attached Bacterial Cell Diagram Key Characteristics * Cell wall * Plasma Membrane * Cytoplasm * Ribosome * Plasmid * Flagella * Pilli * Capsule Characteristic Features and Functions Cell Wall: * Cell walls of bacteria are made up of glycoprotein. * The main function of cell wall is it helps in providing support, mechanical strength and rigidity to cell and to also protect against osmotic substances. * It also protects the cell from bursting in a hypotonic medium. Plasma Membrane: * It is also known as cytoplasmic membrane (or) cell membrane. * It is composed of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates, forming a fluid-mosaic. * It helps in transportation of substances including removal of wastes from the body. * It helps in providing a mechanical barrier to the cell. * Plasma membrane acts as a semi permeable membrane, which allows only selected material to move inside and outside of the cell. Cytoplasm: * Helps in cellular growth, metabolism and replication. * Cytoplasm is the store houses of all the chemicals and components that are used to sustain the life of a bacterium. * There is also regulation of substances being transported...
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...Envelope- separates and mediates transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and is supported by intermediate filament proteins, the lamins. Nucleolus- dense non membrane bound structure. rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. Ribosome-consists of 2 subunits of ribosomal RNA. Protein synthesis- formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to make polypeptide chains using messenger RNA as a template. Endoplasmic reticulum- (rER) Protein synthesis (sER)is involved in steroid synthesis and detoxification. Golgi apparatus- determines vesicle fate. Finaly assembly and glycosylation of proteins. Mitochondria – double membrane bound energy production mainly in the form of ATP Lysosomes- high acidity, killing of pathogenic organisms, and degradation of waste products. Endosomes- Peroxisomes – production of hydrogen peroxide for killing pathogens, detoxification fo certain toxic materials, b-oxidation of long chain fatty acids, synthesis of bile acids (in liver) sole source of plasmalogens. Melanin- brown pigment in the cytoplasm. Skin pigmentation. Each organelle contains a distinct set of proteins (and lipids), which mediate its unique functions. Each newly synthesized organelle protein must find its...
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...Booze Blues: A Case Study on the Liver Abstract: Peggy Fender is an intoxicated, 59 year old woman who is visiting the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain. She says the pain is in the upper right quadrant of her abdomen. The PA examines her and finds her emaciated, jaundiced, and many bruises covering her arms, legs, and face; her liver is hard and enlarged, along with her whole abdomen being ascitic (swollen and fluid-filled). Mrs. Fender isn't entirely coherent because she knows who she is and where she is, but she can't tell much about her illness. A blood test shows elevated blood transaminases (liver enzymes), high blood glucose, and prolonged prothrombin time (slowed clotting time). Based on her history and current findings, the PA diagnoses Mrs. Fender with alcoholic cirrhosis, which resulted from her inflammation of the liver from heavy, and consistent alcohol ingestion. If alcohol abuse continues, it leads to fat accumulation in the liver, along with fibrosis and severe liver disfunction. Questions: Besides the nurse's “bender” comment, and Mrs. Fender's social history, Tim suspects alcohol abuse based on many of his physical exam findings. Name at least three signs and/or symptoms that point to alcoholism, and briefly explain why each sign/symptom may occur. - The hard and enlarged liver: Sometimes known as Hepatomegaly which is a disease that cause infection of your liver and disturb the blood flow, this causes...
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...Why We Study the Cell and Its Components The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. Some organisms like bacteria have only one cell while other organisms are multi cellular. It is important to study the cell and its components because it enables understanding of our own life and opens up windows of opportunity for the future generations. Understanding cells and their component functions allows for better understanding of disease and the possibility of cures or better treatment options. Biologists study the cell in healthy and diseased states to develop new vaccines, medicines, plants with improved qualities and to gain a better understanding of how all living things live. The study of cells and its components is also helpful in solving crimes through forensic science. In biotechnology, the study of cells is used to clone plants and animals, and with time possibly for the production of organs. In studying cells it is important to know what organism the cell comes from. There are two types of cells, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The prokaryotic were the first type of cells to evolve. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; bacteria are the best known prokaryotic cells. Organisms that contain eukaryotic cells include fungi, animals, and plants as well as some unicellular organisms. The eukaryotic cell is much bigger and contains membrane bound compartments where metabolic activities take place. The components of the cell include, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton...
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...Name: Kimerlee Williams Date: June 22, 2015 Instructor’s Name: Karen Stancil Animal Cell |Number |Cell Structure |Description and Function | |1 |Centrioles |Self-replicating organelles made up of 9 bundles of | | | |microtubules | |2 |Cilia & Flagella |For single celled eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are | | | |essential for the locomotion of individual organisms.| | | |Multicellular organisms, cilia function to move fluid| | | |or materials past immobile cell | |3 |Endoplasmic Reticulum |Is a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, | | | |and transports chemical compounds for use inside and | | | |outside of the cell. | |4 |Endosomes...
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...How We Study Cells Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope. Electron microscopes reveal organelles that are impossible to resolve with the light microscope. However, electron microscopes can only be used on dead cells. •Light microscopes do not have as high a resolution, but they can be used to study live cells. •Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) are used mainly to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. A TEM aims an electron beam through a thin section of the specimen. •Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are useful for studying surface structures. The SEM has great depth of field,resulting in an image that seems three-dimensional. Explain why cell fractionation is a useful technique. Enables scientist to determine the functions of organelles. A Panoramic View of the Cell Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They both have: Plasma Membrane, Cytosol (semifluid subst), Chromosomes (carry genes), and Ribosomes (make proteins). Prokaryotic: are small, simple, and NO nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles, DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid w/o membrane separating it. Eukaryotic: are big, complex, the chromosomes are contained within a membranous nuclear envelope, and numerous organelles suspended in the cytosol. Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells. They have both hydrophobic...
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...simple eukaryotic cell comprises of many organelles such as the mitochondria, vacuole, or nucleus. These organelles are responsible for the preservation of the cells function and vitality. Each organelle is dutiful to a specific role essential to the cell, and thus the greater organism. However, which of these organelles is the greatest contributor to cell vitality is widely debatable. Fundamentally, there is one organelle whose important outweighs the rest: the nucleus. This article will present the argument that the nucleus’ importance overrides every other organelle. Firstly, the unique role of the nucleus and its importance will be presented. Then the function of the nucleus will be compared to three other organelles; the mitochondria, peroxisome and the Golgi apparatus. Classified as the largest organelle in a cell and a major defining feature of a eukaryotic cell, the nucleus is arguably the most crucial organelle regarding the function of living organisms. Often referred to as the ‘brain’ of the cell, the nucleus is responsible for controlling and directing all cellular activity, which in turn, establishes the nature and purpose of the cell. The nucleus controls cellular activity as it is the harbor for DNA production. DNA acts as an instruction manual the cell needs for producing proteins and other important molecules such as; structural components of other organelles, metabolites, proteins, bilayers, and much more (Molecular Biology of the Cell 2002). The nucleus releases...
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...Thoughtco (2017) explains ‘The nucleolus contains nucleolar organizers, which are parts of chromosomes with the genes for ribosome synthesis on them’. Thoughtco further explains how the nucleolus helps to ‘synthesize ribosomes by transcribing and assembling ribosomal RNA subunits’. In protein synthesis, sub-units will join and become a ribosome. Peroxisome Peroxisomes are small organelles, that are membrane bound and are cytoplasmic. They are found in both animal cells and plant cells. They are responsible for a lot of metabolic activities, breaking down fatty acids and amino acids. In some cells they are responsible for lipid break-down. The enzymes produce a biproduct, hydrogen peroxide, this can be dangerous for the cells so peroxisomes will isolate it. An enzyme called catalase is able to break down hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes protect the cell from the hydrogen peroxide as this could have damaging effects. It will then break it down into water and oxygen. The liver is mainly in charge of detoxifying the blood and therefore the liver has large amounts of peroxisomes. They neutralise poisons that enter the body, such as alcohol. Peroxisome cells are bounded by a unit membrane. In the centre of the matrix is an opaque area which is made of twisted strands or parallel tubes, (preservearticles 2012). The enzymes in animal and plant cells can vary quite a lot. The matrix is where the peroxide-destroying enzymes are – as explained above, these are called catalases – the matrix also...
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...003 Chapter 03 Cell Biology and Genetics Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the A. ribosome. B. cell. C. organ. D. organelle. E. plasma membrane. 2. All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell A. reproduction. B. metabolism. C. communication. D. inheritance. E. movement. 3. Cells produce and respond to chemical and electrical signals as a means of A. communicating. B. metabolizing. C. reproducing. D. synthesizing. E. using energy. 4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic function of a cell? A. reproduction and inheritance B. metabolism and energy use C. movement D. synthesis E. communication 5. Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells? A. a magnifying glass B. scanning electron microscope C. transmission electron microscope D. binoculars E. light microscope 6. In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use A. x-rays. B. flashlights. C. a transmission electron microscope (TEM). D. tissue cultures. E. a scanning electron microscope (SEM). 7. The plasma membrane A. separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. B. is a rigid protein membrane. C. is not permeable. D. has a single layer of phospholipids. E. regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell. 8. The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately...
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...different types of microscopes. Amoeda, light microscope. Transmission electron micrograph, scanning electron micrograph 3. Prokaryots vs. eukaryotes. The Structure of Bacteria. Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles. Prokaryotic lack a membrane enclosed nucleus. Bacillus, spirillum, spirochete, coccus. Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus. 4. Nucleus, Ribosome, Endo membrane structures: Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosome, peroxysome and vacuole. Nucleus-membrane-bounded organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell. Ribosome- Site of protein synthesis in a cell; composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA. Endoplasmic reticulum – System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes. Golgi apparatus – organelle consisting of sacs and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell Lysosomes- are membrane bounded vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus. Peroxisomes- a membrane bound vesicles that enclose enzymes. Vacuoles- membrane bround sacs 5. Energy related organelles: Mitochondria and Chloroplast. Basic idea about Photosynthesis. 6. The Cytoskeleton: names of different structures and their brief functions. Chapter 5 1. Membrane Structure and Function: The Phospholipid bilayer (Fluid mosaic model). 2. Different types of membrane proteins and their functions. ...
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...Ribosomes are found in both types of cells. Ribosomes make proteins by connecting chains of amino acids together for the cell to use. D. The Golgi apparatus turns simple molecules into larger, more complex ones and packages them in vesicles for storage and transport. This is only found in eukaryotic cells. E. Vacuoles are storage facilities for either nutrients for or waste from the cell. Vacuoles are found in eukaryotic cells. They are much larger in plants and help maintain the form of the plant cell by filling with water. F. Lysosomes contain enzymes created by the cell for use in digestion. It is created through the work of both the ER (enzymes made here) and the Golgi apparatus (packages the proteins into a lysosome). Found in eukaryotic...
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