...Short Essay After reading Chapter 2, I was able to understand economics and how it affects business. This brings me back to the “good old days” when I was on the policy debate team in high school. On this team, our goal was to act as if we were policy makers and to establish policies in regards to the resolution decided that year. Debaters argued the status quo, implications, and solutions in relations to the year’s resolution. Much of the discussion revolved around the economy and deciding whether or not it was necessary to create new policies because of the possibility that the new government spending can lead to inflation, which would lead to stagnation and a possible recession. We would have to do tons of research and cite authors, newspapers, and facts from history to prove whether or not a new policy would be ideal. Depending on how well each team argues the pros and cons, the panel of judges would decide the winner. Although I thought debate taught me all I needed to know about economics, I realized that I only learned the basics of macroeconomics. In Chapter 2 I gained some insight on microeconomics. Microeconomics is the part of economics that focuses on the behavior of people and organizations in particular markets. This is a portion that I didn’t study when on the debate team. As we pretended to be policy makers, I was taught that the importance is always the global scenarios. When looking into the microeconomics, I was able to thoroughly understand how different...
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...There are two kinds of external marketing environments; micro and macro. These environments’ factors are beyond the control of marketers but they still influence the decisions made when creating a strategic marketing strategy. micro and macro environments Micro Environment Factors The suppliers: Suppliers can control the success of the business when they hold the power. The supplier holds the power when they are the only or the largest supplier of their goods; the buyer is not vital to the supplier’s business; the supplier’s product is a core part of the buyer’s finished product and/or business. The resellers: If the product the organisation produces is taken to market by 3rd party resellers or market intermediaries such as retailers, wholesalers, etc. then the marketing success is impacted by those 3rd party resellers. For example, if a retail seller is a reputable name then this reputation can be leveraged in the marketing of the product. The customers: Who the customers are (B2B or B2C, local or international, etc.) and their reasons for buying the product will play a large role in how you approach the marketing of your products and services to them. The competition: Those who sell same or similar products and services as your organisation are your market competition, and they way they sell needs to be taken into account. How does their price and product differentiation impact you? How can you leverage this to reap better results and get ahead of...
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...Special Issue: Bridging Micro and Macro Domains Journal of Management Vol. 37 No. 2, March 2011 421-428 DOI: 10.1177/0149206310373400 © The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Invited Editorial Bridging Micro and Macro Domains: Workforce Differentiation and Strategic Human Resource Management Mark A. Huselid Rutgers University Brian E. Becker State University of New York at Buffalo In this article, the authors focus on the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating the macro and macro domains of the strategic human resource (HR) management literature. Their specific focus is on the development of a differentiated HR architecture in support of strategy execution as a key organizing theme. A focus on strategic capabilities and strategic jobs as the focal point of workforce management system design represents a significant potential source of value creation for most firms. But, also, differentiation by strategic capability instead of hierarchical organizational level represents potential implementation challenges for managers, and theoretical and empirical challenges for academics. Keywords: high-performance work systems; workforce differentiation; strategic human resource management; strategic capabilities A significant divide between the micro and macro levels of theory and analysis is evident in many areas of the organizational sciences. While increasing levels of specialization are often associated...
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...What are the differences between micro and macro estimating approaches? Under what conditions would you prefer one over the other? Macro estimates are typically top down, are usually used in the project conceptual phase, and depend on measures such as weight, square feet, ratios. Macro methods do not consider individual activity issues and problems. Macro estimates are good for rough estimates and can help select and prioritize projects. UNCERTAINTY Micro time and cost estimates are usually tied directly to the WBS and a work package. These estimates are made by people familiar with the task, which helps to gain buy-in on the validity of the estimate. Use of several people should improve the accuracy of the estimate. Micro estimates should be preferred if time to estimate is available, estimating cost is reasonable, and accuracy is important. Microeconomics is generally the study of individuals and business decisions, macroeconomics looks at higher up country and government decisions. Macroeconomics and microeconomics, and their wide array of underlying concepts, have been the subject of a great deal of writings. The field of study is vast; here is a brief summary of what each covers: Microeconomics is the study of decisions that people and businesses make regarding the allocation of resources and prices of goods and services. This means also taking into account taxes and regulations created by governments. Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand and other forces...
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...Landscape Ecol (2009) 24:375–390 DOI 10.1007/s10980-008-9312-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Effects of macro and micro-environmental factors on the species richness of terrestrial tardigrade assemblages in an Iberian mountain environment ´ ´ Noemı Guil Æ Joaquın Hortal Æ ´ nchez-Moreno Æ Annie Machordom Sara Sa Received: 1 November 2007 / Accepted: 20 November 2008 / Published online: 4 December 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract Tardigrade communities are affected by micro and macro-environmental conditions but only micro-environmental variables, and altitudinal gradients have been studied. We review previous reports of altitudinal effects and evaluate the influence by interacting macro- (climate, soils, biome, and others) and micro-environmental (vegetation, moss and leaf litter) factors on tardigrade assemblages at the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range (Iberian Central System Mountains, Spain). Terrestrial tardigrade assemblages were sampled using standard cores to N. Guil (&) Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen DK-2100, OE, Denmark e-mail: nguillopez@gmail.com J. Hortal NERC Centre for Population Biology, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK J. Hortal Á A. Machordom ´ Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biologıa Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain ´ S. Sanchez-Moreno ´ Departamento de Proteccion...
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...Macro and micro analysis of labour markets There are two sides to labour economics. Labour economics can generally be seen as the application of microeconomic or macroeconomic techniques to the labour market. Microeconomic techniques study the role of individuals and individual firms in the labour market. Macroeconomic techniques look at the interrelations between the labour market, the goods market, the money market, and the foreign trade market. It looks at how these interactions influence macro variables such as employment levels, participation rates, aggregate income and Gross Domestic Product. The macroeconomics of labour markets The labour force is defined as the number of individuals age 16 and over, excluding those in the military, who are either employed or actively looking for work. The participation rate is the number of people in the labour force divided by the size of the adult civilian noninstitutional population (or by the population of working age that is not institutionalised). The nonlabour force includes those who are not looking for work, those who are institutionalised such as in prisons or psychiatric wards, stay-at home spouses, children, and those serving in the military. The unemployment level is defined as the labour force minus the number of people currently employed. The unemployment rate is defined as the level of unemployment divided by the labour force. The employment rate is defined as the number of people currently employed divided by the...
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...Assignment 1 a) Identify and describe the 3 economic systems that govern economies around the world. 3 Economic Systems There are three types of economic systems that govern economies around the world. These are Traditional Economy, Market Economy and Command Economy. 1. Traditional Economy: This economy system is based on traditions. Economic decisions are based on customs, beliefs and traditions of the community, family, clan or tribe. At one time most people lived in traditional economies. In modern times this system still exists in rural and non-developed countries. Under this system, economic decisions are based on customs, religion and culture.. An Individual’s roles and choices are based on customs of past generations. This economic system often uses bartering and trading of goods although this may be limited because there is very little surplus produced. A disadvantage of this system is that it tends to discourage modern technology and the lack of progress tends to lower the standard of living. As a result modern technology is not prevalent in this type of economic systems The supporters of this type of economy believe that this system offers the advantage of stability and preserves the spiritual and cultural aspects of life. To summarize individuals in this system base their decision on past customs as opposed to having the freedom in making economic choices 2. Market Economy: This system of economy is based on supply and demand. It represents...
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...Macro and Specific Environment Macro and Specific Environment 2011 Mohd Haizam Bin Idris (ZP00942) Masters of Business Administration 5/1/2011 2011 Mohd Haizam Bin Idris (ZP00942) Masters of Business Administration 5/1/2011 1.0 Introduction In today’s organisation, responding accurately to the factors that may affect the organisational performance. In this case, analysis on macro and specific environment has been analysed to identify the elements of the macro and specific environment that may have an impact to the organisations. Examples of how an organisation responding to the environment has been put together to distinguished from the two environmental factors. Literature review have been made through text book, online portal and journals as well account of company’s experience in responding to such environments. 2.0 Specific Environment Specific Environment refers to forces or institutions outside the organisation in which that the organisation interfaces in the course of conducting its business. In other words, specific environment refers to elements outside the organisation that have direct impact to an organisation. Such forces or institutions are directly relevant to the organisational goals because they have direct and immediate impact to the decision and actions of the managers. The specific environment in each organisation is unique and changes with conditions. The common elements are customers, suppliers, competitors and pressure groups. ...
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...ECONOMICS FOUNDATION - MBA 502 Homework Assignments Chu Nguyen Quynh Huong Class: M0111 Assignment 1 – Microeconomics 1. The Basics of Supply and Demand (Pindyck – Chapter 2): Excercises 9, 10 (page 63). Excercises 9: a) The original demand is QD =18-3P And supply is QS =-6+9P The 20-percent increase in demand means that the new demand is 120 percent of the original demand, so the new demand is Q ́D =1.2QD Q ́D =1.2(18–3P)=21.6–3.6P. The new equilibrium is where Q ́D equals the original supply: 21.6 – 3.6P = - 6 + 9P The new equilibrium price is P* = $2.19 per pound. An increase in demand of 20 percent, therefore, increases price by 19 cents per pound, or 9.5 percent. b) Using the new price of $2.19 in the supply curve, the new equilibrium quantity is Q* = - 6 + 9(2.19) = 13.71 million metric tons /year, an increase of 1.71 million metric tons/ year. c) The new supply of copper falls (shifts to the left) to 80 percent of the original, so Q ́S = 0.8QS = 0.8(-6 + 9P) = - 4.8 + 7.2P. The new equilibrium is where Q ́D = Q ́S. 21.6 – 3.6P = - 4.8 + 7.2P. The new equilibrium price is P* = $2.44 per pound. Plugging this price into the new supply equation, the new equilibrium quantity is: Q* = 4.8 + 7.2(2.44) = 12.77 million metric tons/ year. Exercise 10: a) The competitive (non-OPEC) quantity supplied is Sc = Q* = 20. The general form for the linear competitive supply equation is SC = c + dP. the short-run supply elasticity as ES = d(P*/Q*) where d is...
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...To begin, the micro environment cost of those elements which are controllable by management. Normally, the micro environment does not affect all the Companies in an industry in the same way. This is largely because of the size, capacity, capabilities and strategies which each Company use differently. For example, the raw material suppliers are given more concession to large size Companies. However, they may not give the same to small size Companies. Like the same, Companies will not mind if its closest rival is relatively small. But if the rival is large he will tend to be more conscious. Sometimes, the micro environment of various in an industry is almost the same. In such case, response to these firms to their micro environment may differ as each firm will seek to achieve a different success level. The most important factors of micro environment of business consist of competitors, suppliers, customers, public, marketing intermediaries and employees. On the other hand, macro environment is defined as the as major external factors that can influence an organization’s decision and affect its performance and strategies, (Business dictionary). These factors include political, economic, legal, technological, social, cultural and demographic. Managerial decisions are influenced by events that occur in the larger economic environment in which a Company operates. Changes in the overall level of economic activity, interest rate, unemployment rate, exchange...
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...Phase Five Individual Project Brittany Crowe Colorado Technical University MGM336-1502B-01 Management in International Business Professor Asefaw Indrias June 21, 2015 The macro environment in the Communist country of China is represented by a socialist system with Capitalistic characteristics unique to China. Despite having many similarities to an authentic Capitalistic system, China is placated upon a macro environment wherein the Communist party and its policies deeply impact all aspects of the economy and economic development. Different industries are present within the country including the Shareholder System Enterprise, the State Owned and Control Enterprise, and Foreign investment enterprise, which is what our company would attempt to enter into (Hedley, 2015). China has experienced substantial growth as well as rapid economic development over the last two decades, which has witnessed both the GDP and consumer demand grow fast within the country. Despite this substantial growth, the macro environment is unevenly distributed as varying degrees of living standards are present throughout the country with those in major metropolitan cities and those in the countryside experiencing vastly different levels of upward mobility as well as differences existing between eastern coastal areas and central and western areas. Our company’s strategy is to produce the highest amount of productivity with the least amount of expenditures and labor required. This is the strategy in...
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...Micro and Macro Environmental factors. The marketing environment also impacts to the organization. This can be mainly classified in to two types as Micro Environment and Macro Environment. Micro Environmental Factors Customers Suppliers Banks and Financial Institutions Owners Competitors Public Customers These are the people who consume goods and services from the organization. This may be an individual or an organization purchases a product for its own consumption of the products, or an organization that purchases a product for resale at a profit. These people are most important people for an organization, because these are the people who generate revenues to our company. Suppliers These are the people who supplies factors...
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...Written Report MACRO COMPUTER SCIENCE What is a Macro Computer? A macro (short for "macroinstruction", from Greek μακρο- 'long') in computer science is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to a replacement output sequence (also often a sequence of characters) according to a defined procedure. The mappings process that instantiates (transforms) a macro use into a specific sequence is known as macro expansion. A facility for writing macros may be provided as part of a software application or as a part of a programming language. In the former case, macros are used to make tasks using the application less repetitive. In the latter case, they are a tool that allows a programmer to enable code reuse or even to design domain-specific languages. Macros are used to make a sequence of computing instructions available to the programmer as a single program statement, making the programming task less tedious and less error-prone. (Thus, they are called "macros" because a big block of code can be expanded from a small sequence of characters). Macros often allow positional or keyword parameters that dictate what the conditional assembler program generates and have been used to create entire programs or program suites according to such variables as operating system, platform or other factors. The term derives from "macro instruction", and such expansions were originally used in generating assembly language code...
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...CMLab Graphics A Tutorial of Writing MASM with VC++ 2005 Express Presented by Ken-Yi Lee Assembly Language 2007 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 MASM Microsoft Macro Assembler - MASM 8.0 included with Visual C++ 2005 - You can download MASM 8.0 and install it with Visual C++ 2005 Express by yourself 2 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 What do you need ? helloworld.asm helloworld.obj Editor Assembler (ml.exe) Linker (link.exe) helloworld.exe Debugger 3 Include Files Where Which Object File Libraries Where Which CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 Visual C++ 2005 Express with MASM 8.0 Visual C++ 2005 Express - Editor, Linker, and Debugger • Custom build rules needed] • Set library paths and library dependencies [if • Select “console” as your subsystem MASM 8.0 - Assembler • Set include paths [if needed] 4 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 Visual C++ 2005 Express with MASM 8.0 (contd.) Download and Install Visual C++ 2005 Express - http://0rz.tw/253mH Download and Install MASM 8.0 - http://0rz.tw/8d1Xn • You should install VC 2005 Express first 5 CMLab Graphics Hello MASM ! A simple example to set up the environment CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 HelloMASM - My Settings: • Project Name: HelloMASM • Solution Name: HelloMASM • Source code filename: hellomasm.asm • Additional library dependencies: Irvine32.lib user32.lib • Used...
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...A – Micro business Environment: This is also known as internal business environment because business has power to control them. In this environment, factors can be divided with following way. 1st Supplier A supplier provides raw material to business. This is also main factor of business environment because, it affects business very closely. If supplier delay to supply raw material or stop to supply. At this time production of business can be stopped due to not getting raw material. So, for controlling this factor, it is the duty of businessman to make good relation with more than one supplier so that, if one stop or delay at this time, goods can be purchased from other supplier. 2nd Customers Customers are those people or companies which buy goods from our business. Business sells them his finished product. But time to time tastes of customers also change. So, according to the taste of business customers, new products must be supplied by business. That is the formula for living long life of business. 3rd Market Intermediaries For promoting sale, it is required to ads by different way, so market intermediaries include sales man and middle man. This environment is under control of business because, if business starts selling with more ads, his selling will surely increase. 4thCompetitors Competitors of business also create internal business environment. According to competitors, policies, business changes his policies for winning in competition. 5thFinancial-Intermediaries ...
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