...OUTLINE I. A brief description of this country in terms of demographics, language, currency, political system, predominant industries, and current (i.e. last year) economic indicators such as nominal GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment, budget deficit (% of GDP), balance of payments accounts (% of GDP), and inflation. II. Brief description of the behavior of various economic indicators at the last 20 years III. Brief description of the behavior of various economic indicators for at the last 20 years IV. The relationship between the accounts in the balance of payments, average interest rate, and the government budget balance. Is there any relationship among these variables that the economic theory tells us? 1. A brief description of this country in terms of demographics, language, currency, political system, predominant industries, and current (i.e. last year) economic indicators such as nominal GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment, budget deficit (% of GDP), balance of payments accounts (% of GDP), and inflation. The country has recorded a population of 62.3 million in 2010 up from 52.4 million in 1960. The analysis shows an increase in population growth by about 18% over the last five decades. The world statistics indicates that the UK’s population accounts for 0.9% of the total world’s population. The results show that in every 112 persons living on the planet earth, one of them is a resident of the UK (The trading economics.com n.p). Politics and employment ...
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...have on Ireland. A referendum will be held to decide this outcome but it is noted that the political parties will have a strong influence on the public’s decision. As with all the EU countries, Ireland’s economy retracted sharply with the global financial crisis in 2008. They have recovered better than most of the EU but the major economic issue still facing Ireland is the unemployment rate which currently sits at over 14 per cent. Signing this EU treaty will impose tighter fiscal discipline on members by entrenching tougher tax regulations and limiting government spending (Halpin 2012). The overall aim of the treaty is based on the Keynesian theory of using monetary policy to create budget surplus. EU countries will reduce their budget deficits by the strict spending regulations outlined in the treaty. The downside to signing the treaty is the lack of control Ireland will have over the country. The primary avenue for government spending will be limited to tax increases. Ireland has been criticised for having one of the lowest personal and company tax rates in the EU. The benefit of the low corporate tax rate is the large foreign multinational corporations that create employment in Ireland. Increasing taxes could have a negative effect on the economy. If Ireland do not sign the treaty, although they will still be a member of the EU they will not be entitled to further financial assistance from the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) bailout fund which may be an issue. The Government...
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...business cycle contraction. It is a general slowdown in economic activity.[1][2] Macroeconomic indicators such as GDP (gross domestic product), investment spending, capacity utilization, household income, business profits, and inflation fall, while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending (an adverse demand shock). This may be triggered by various events, such as a financial crisis, an external trade shock, an adverse supply shock or the bursting of an economic bubble. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing money supply, increasing government spending and decreasing taxation. Definition In a 1975 New York Times article, economic statistician Julius Shiskin suggested several rules of thumb for defining a recession, one of which was two down consecutive quarters of GDP.[3] In time, the other rules of thumb were forgotten. Some economists prefer a definition of a 1.5% rise in unemployment within 12 months.[4] In the United States, the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is generally seen as the authority for dating US recessions. The NBER defines an economic recession as: "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales...
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...ricing Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Economy International Energy Agency May 2004 IEA/(2004) SUMMARY Oil prices still matter to the health of the world economy. Higher oil prices since 1999 – partly the result of OPEC supply-management policies – contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001 and are dampening the current cyclical upturn: world GDP growth may have been at least half a percentage point higher in the last two or three years had prices remained at mid-2001 levels. Fears of OPEC supply cuts, political tensions in Venezuela and tight stocks have driven up international crude oil and product prices even further in recent weeks. By March 2004, crude prices were well over $10 per barrel higher than three years before. Current market conditions are more unstable than normal, in part because of geopolitical uncertainties and because tight product markets – notably for gasoline in the United States – are reinforcing upward pressures on crude prices. Higher prices are contributing to stubbornly high levels of unemployment and exacerbating budget-deficit problems in many OECD and other oil-importing countries. The vulnerability of oil-importing countries to higher oil prices varies markedly depending on the degree to which they are net importers and the oil intensity of their economies. According to the results of a quantitative exercise carried out by the IEA in collaboration with the OECD Economics Department...
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...Table of contents Introduction in Macro-economy………………………………………..3. Unemployment………………………………………………………….5. Labor, Land ,Capital…………………………………………………6,7,8. Currency&Inflation……………………………………………………. .9. Hyperinflation…………………………………………………………..10. Demand and Supply…………………………………………………….11. Conclusion………………………………………………………………12 Introduction of Macro-economy It is perhaps mostly for this reason that macroeconomics, the study of these economy-wide phenomena, is so exciting. Macroeconomics is more than just headlines, however; it is a fascinating intellectual adventure. The breadth of issues it covers is evidence enough of its inherent complexity. All the same, we will see that simple economic reasoning can take us a long way. And it is often surprising how well a few simple ideas fit complex situations. Macroeconomics can also be useful. The economic well-being of all consumers, rich or poor, is afected by movements in interest rates, exchange rates, and the rate of inflation. Businesses stand to gain or lose considerable amounts of money when their economic environment changes, regardless of how well they are managed. Being prepared for such changes in fortunes can have considerable value; more generally, it makes us all better citizens able to grasp the complex challenges that our societies face. Macroeconomics is relevant to voters who wonder what their governments are up to, and can also help governments avoid the worst economic crises that have a7icted modern industrial...
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...100% *21266* Fri, Nov 9, 2001 11:52 AM C H A P T E R The Science of Macroeconomics The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking. — Albert Einstein 1 O N E 1-1 What Macroeconomists Study Why have some countries experienced rapid growth in incomes over the past century while others stay mired in poverty? Why do some countries have high rates of inflation while others maintain stable prices? Why do all countries experience recessions and depressions—recurrent periods of falling incomes and rising unemployment—and how can government policy reduce the frequency and severity of these episodes? Macroeconomics, the study of the economy as a whole, attempts to answer these and many related questions. To appreciate the importance of macroeconomics, you need only read the newspaper or listen to the news. Every day you can see headlines such as INCOME GROWTH SLOWS, FED MOVES TO COMBAT INFLATION, or STOCKS FALL AMID RECESSION FEARS. Although these macroeconomic events may seem abstract, they touch all of our lives. Business executives forecasting the demand for their products must guess how fast consumers’ incomes will grow. Senior citizens living on fixed incomes wonder how fast prices will rise. Recent college graduates looking for jobs hope that the economy will boom and that firms will be hiring. Because the state of the economy affects everyone, macroeconomic issues play a central role in political debate.Voters are aware of how the economy...
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...which new member states join is paralleled by the resistance of several holdouts to adoption of the common currency. With the unprecedented growth rate of the Euro-zone over the past decade and the number of nations currently making the required policy adjustments, core members need to be aware of the motivating factors fueling the growth in the number of new member states. The European Union is experiencing an adverse selection scenario in which nations seeking increased stability are willing to make the sacrifices that membership entails while the redistributive effect of wealth from existing to new relatively poorer member states is an implicit benefit of the current system. When Paul Henri Spaak of Belgium, Christian Pineau of France, Joseph Luns of the Netherlands, Antonion Segni from Italy, Joseph Bech from Luxemburg, and Konrad Adenauer from the Republic of Germany signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957 creating the European Economic Community(EEC), their long-term objective was the creation of a union bound by political integration with a market between members free from traditional barriers to trade. It was not until the late 1970’s the formal movement towards the monetary integration which led to the establishment of the European Currency Unit began to gain traction within the Union which had grown to include the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark. In December of...
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...RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC: Rising inflation in Pakistan: Causes and Remedies SUBMITTED BY: NAILA ERUM NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD Rising inflation in Pakistan: Causes and Remedies Introduction Pakistan is currently facing unprecedented high Inflation. High inflation is contributing to increase in vulnerability and fall in real income of lower, middle and fixed income segments of the society. It is increasing uncertainty about future scenario of the business environment and instability of the financial system, erosion of business and investors’ confidence, slowing down of real economic activities, investment, economic growth and employment. Inflation is known as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, there is a decline in the real value of money and purchasing power. Inflation is an indicator of a country’s macro economic stability and provides important insight on the state of the economy and the sound macroeconomic policies that govern it. A stable inflation not only gives a nurturing environment for economic growth, but also uplifts the poor and fixed income citizens who are the most vulnerable in society. A numerous supply side and demand side factors could be responsible for this surge in inflation. Inflation can be a result of shocks to the supply of certain food items and to world...
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...100% *21266* Fri, Nov 9, 2001 11:52 AM C H A P T E R The Science of Macroeconomics The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking. — Albert Einstein 1 O N E 1-1 What Macroeconomists Study Why have some countries experienced rapid growth in incomes over the past century while others stay mired in poverty? Why do some countries have high rates of inflation while others maintain stable prices? Why do all countries experience recessions and depressions—recurrent periods of falling incomes and rising unemployment—and how can government policy reduce the frequency and severity of these episodes? Macroeconomics, the study of the economy as a whole, attempts to answer these and many related questions. To appreciate the importance of macroeconomics, you need only read the newspaper or listen to the news. Every day you can see headlines such as INCOME GROWTH SLOWS, FED MOVES TO COMBAT INFLATION, or STOCKS FALL AMID RECESSION FEARS. Although these macroeconomic events may seem abstract, they touch all of our lives. Business executives forecasting the demand for their products must guess how fast consumers’ incomes will grow. Senior citizens living on fixed incomes wonder how fast prices will rise. Recent college graduates looking for jobs hope that the economy will boom and that firms will be hiring. Because the state of the economy affects everyone, macroeconomic issues play a central role in political debate.Voters are aware of how the economy...
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...official currency, Italy lost the independence to conduct monetary policy and is now facing a stagnant economy. Italy’s main source to reduce their high debt (over 120% of their GDP) is through fiscal policy and Italians have been experiencing steep increases in their taxes ever since the Euro was introduced. The Italian society has been experiencing an increase in unemployment, especially for the youth. It is quite challenging for young Italians to find job. After graduating from a university, the average Italian will most likely end up with a job as a waiter/waitress, electrician, taxi driver, or for the lucky ones, take over the family business. If Italy dropped Euro as its official currency and regain monetary independence, monetary policy could be implemented by the central bank of Italy (Banca D’Italia) in order to stimulate the economy by increasing the supply of Lire in the country to stimulate the economy, decrease unemployment, depreciate the currency to improve exports, increase consumption, and reduce the national debt. Background Italy’s economy is industrially diversified, mostly dominated by private corporations in the north. On the other hand, the so-called Mezzogiorno region (southern region) is mostly agricultural and unfortunately well-fare dependent as the unemployment rate is higher than the north. The Italian industry is more popularly known for their exports of luxury goods such as high quality tailor (Prada, Armani, Gucci…), exotic vehicles such...
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...Contents 1.0 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF GERMANY 1 1.1.0 PEOPLE AND SOCIETY OF GERMANY 1 1.2 INTERNATIONAL TRADE STATUS OF GERMANY 2 2.0 INTERNTIONAL TRADING WITH OTHER COUNTRIES 3 2.1.0 GERMANY’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH FRANCE 5 3.0 Data collection and Analysis 6 3.1 Data collection 6 3.2 Analysis 7 3.2.1 IMPORT 7 3.2.2 EXPORT 8 3.2.3 REAL GDP 8 3.2.4 INFLATION 9 3.2.5 UNEMPLOYMENT 10 3.2.6 INTEREST RATE 10 3.2.7 EXCHANGE RATE 11 3.2.8 BALANCE OF PAYMENT 11 4.0 IMPORT AGAINST REAL GDP 12 4.1 IMPORT AGAINST CPI 12 4.2 IMPORT AGAINST UNEMPLOYMENT 13 4.3 IMPORT AGAINST INTEREST RATE 13 4.4 IMPORT AGAINST EXCHANGE RATE 14 4.5 IMPORT AGAINST B.O.P 14 4.6 EXPORT VS REAL GDP 15 4.7 EXPORT VS CPI 15 4.8 EXPORT VS UNEMPLOYMENT 16 4.9 EXPORT VS INTEREST RATE 16 4.10 EXPORT VS EXCHANGE RATE 16 4.11 EXPORT VS B.O.P 17 4.12 IMPORT VS OTHER FACTORS 18 4.13 EXPORT VS OTHER FACTORS 18 5.0 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF GERMANY 19 5.1 Exporting German Troubles 19 5.2 Industrial Competitiveness 19 5.3 Paying for Europe 20 6.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 21 6.1 RECOMMENDATION 21 6.2 CONCLUSION 21 References 22 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF GERMANY Germany which is otherwise called the federal republic of Germany which is additionally the parliamentary republic in the western-focal piece of Europe which comprises of 16 bodies electorate and which has held its predominance. Its capital is Berlin and its landmass covers a zone of 357...
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...INTRODUCTION Macroeconomic Variables Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behaviour, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies. Macroeconomic is a factor that is pertinent to a broad economy at the regional or national level and affects a large population rather than a few select individuals. Macroeconomic factors are key indicators of economic performance and are closely monitored by governments, businesses and consumers. Macroeconomic factors are the factors which affect the wider economy. In other words these factors seem to summarize the picture of economy. Macroeconomic variables include economic output, unemployment, inflation, interest rates, money supply, exchange rate, foreign reserves, savings and investment. Variables used in study: • Consumer Price Index (CPI) Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the CPI) over time. A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the...
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...British Commonwealth. Sierra Leone Peoples Party led by Sir Milton's of the led helped the country gain independence and the first general election under universal adult franchise in May 1962. In present day, The total area of Sierra Leone covers 71,740 km, with an estimated population of 5.4 to 6.4 million, growing at rate of about 2.6 percent per annum. Over two-thirds of the population lives in absolute poverty. Rural life, with the exception of the diamond and gold mining areas, is generally at a subsistence level. The average Life expectancy is very low, estimated at 42 years; and infant mortality is among the highest in the world, also primary school enrollment is among the lowest in Africa. Although Sierra Leone is blessed with abundant rainfall, substantial mineral resources, some fertile soils, and extensive marine fisheries, Sierra Leone is classified as one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world. Sierra Leone has good relations with the West, including the United States and has maintained historical ties with the United Kingdom and other former British colonies through membership of the Commonwealth of Nations. The United Kingdom has played a major role in providing aid to the former colony, together with administrative help and military training since intervening to end the Civil War in 2000. Poor economic performance is largely due to the war in Sierra Leone. The civil war has disrupted any improvements to the country’s...
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...INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS E202 $ ¥ Dr. David A. Dilts Department of Economics Doermer School of Business and Management Sciences Indiana-Purdue University-Fort Wayne June 1, 1993 Revisions: May 1994, December 1995, July 1996, November, 2000, May 2003, May 2006 PREFACE This Course Guide was developed in part because of the high cost of college textbooks, and in part, to help organize students’ studying by providing lecture notes together with the reading assignments. This Guide is provided to the student online at the Department of Economics website. Jayla Heller, the Department’s secretary has been kind enough to go through all of the frustration and hard work to put the guide in the appropriate format and put it online. To her goes my gratitude. The department, neither school, nor the professor make anything whatsoever from this Guide. In fact, the department’s budget and the professor’s own resources are used in the writing of the Guide, and the numerous draft copies that are produced in the revisions of this document. Like the sign in the Mom and Pop bait shop on Big Barbee Lake says, “This is a non-profit organization, wasn’t planned to be – it just worked out that way.” Well, actually it was planned to be a non-profit enterprise in this case. The professor also wishes to acknowledge the fact that several students have proposed changes, improvements, caught errors, and helped to make this document more useful as a learning tool. Naturally, any errors of omission...
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...Block IV MACROECONOMICS – II UNIT 17 Inflation 1-14 UNIT 18 Banking and Money Supply 15-31 UNIT 19 International Trade and Balance of Payments 32-50 UNIT 20 Economic Indicators 51-62 UNIT 21 Business Cycles 63-71 UNIT 22 Economic Growth, Development and Planning 72-84 Economics for Managers Expert Committee Dr. J. Mahender Reddy Vice Chancellor IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Prof. Y. K. Bhushan Vice Chancellor IU, Meghalaya Prof. Loveraj Takru Director, IBS Dehradun IU, Dehradun Course Preparation Team Prof. Ramalingam Meenakshisundaram IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Ms. Pushpanjali Mikkilineni IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Mr. Pijus Kanti Bhuin IU, Sikkim Ms. Preetaq Dutta Rai IU, Jharkhand Ranchi Prof. S S George Director, ICMR IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Dr. O. P. Gupta Vice Chancellor IU, Nagaland Prof. D. S. Rao Director, IBS, Hyderabad IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Ms. Hadiya Faheem IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Mr. Mrinmoy Bhattacharjee IU, Mizoram Aizawal Prof. Tarak Nath Shah IU, Dehradun Mr. Manoj Kumar De IU, Tripura Agartala © The ICFAI University Press, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise – without prior permission in writing from The ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad. Ref. No. Eco Mgrs SLM – 09...
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