...Employment Sector Employment Working Paper No. 74 2011 Global economic crisis, gender and employment: The impact and policy response Naoko Otobe Employment Sector Copyright © International Labour Organization First published 2011 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Otobe, Naoko Global economic crisis, gender and employment : the impact and policy response / Naoko Otobe ; International Labour Office, Employment Sector. - Geneva: ILO, 2011 1 v. (Employment working paper) ISBN: 9789221241690; 9789221241706 (web pdf) ISSN 1999-2939 (print); ISSN 1999-2947 (web pdf) International Labour Office; Employment Sector women workers / men workers / employment / unemployment / gender equality / employment policy / social policy / economic recession / developed...
Words: 23195 - Pages: 93
...Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender equality and economic development and growth. Key Words: gender, inequality, development, household economics, macroeconomic policy, Caribbean. 1 Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region I. Introduction Since the 1970s, developing countries have faced substantial challenges to improving living standards. With the...
Words: 10874 - Pages: 44
...globalization has to do with equal exchange and sharing of goods and services between countries and cultures, the reality of a globalized world is much different. Globalization is a phenomenon that crosses and erases geographical and political borders and makes all countries start to look the same. As a result of globalization, local products, services, and cultures disappear into a global culture, a culture defined not by the global citizenry but rather the world's economic and political superpowers - mostly North America-owned corporations. How does economic globalization work? Economic globalization is fueled by international trade agreements signed between nations. The goal of these agreements is to get rid of barriers to trade by allowing companies to move their factories to countries with the lowest labour and environmental standards, countries where they can produce their products the cheapest and therefore sell them for the lowest price, earning them the highest profits. What free trade means in real terms is that whichever country can produce the cheapest product, wins. Through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), factories in Canada and the United States move to Mexico because they can produce cheaper goods Globalization also encourages cut-backs to government...
Words: 3698 - Pages: 15
...growing nations. Through this manner, the 8-10 million families that take credit from micro-credit schedules are not directly reliant on international sources of money. Remittances from migrant employees create a considerable basis of foreign exchange in nations such as Philippines and Bangladesh. Accepting this appreciating of international fund like a firmly woven mesh of macro, meso, and micro stipulations, this essay studies the way international fund affects, and is affected through the distinguished economic ranks of women and men (The World Bank Group, 2013). In this essay, four sex biases of international fund are handled, which are: * The low number standing for females in monetary resolution making; * High sex gaps in the economic ranks of females and males; * The sex-founded instability of monetary markets; and * Ineffective resource allotment in monetary markets because of sex bias Civil community has protested against pessimistic impacts of international fund...
Words: 3235 - Pages: 13
...accurately forecast future demand and supply for a range of occupations. The Outlook seeks to identify significant trends for the labour market of the future that can inform decisionmaking, based on statistical data, assumptions, and consultation with industry and other stakeholders. However, within particular occupations and regions there may be unique conditions that are not captured in this analysis. Assumptions and conditions may also change over time. Thus, despite best efforts, actual conditions may differ from those presented in the B.C. Labour Market Outlook. forecasting economic growth.1 These sources suggest that the B.C. economy is expected to grow at close to historical rates in the medium term (2013 to 2015). However, uncertain global economic conditions continue to pose substantial downside risks to...
Words: 7933 - Pages: 32
...BOFIT Discussion Papers 15 • 2011 John Knight and Wei Wang China's macroeconomic imbalances: Causes and consequences Bank of Finland, BOFIT Institute for Economies in Transition BOFIT Discussion Papers Editor-in-Chief Laura Solanko BOFIT Discussion Papers 15/2011 20.06.2011 John Knight and Wei Wang: China's macroeconomic imbalances: Causes and consequences ISBN 978-952-462-711-5 ISSN 1456-5889 (online) This paper can be downloaded without charge from http://www.bof.fi/bofit. Suomen Pankki Helsinki 2011 BOFIT- Institute for Economies in Transition Bank of Finland BOFIT Discussion Papers 15/ 2011 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ iii Tiivistelmä ........................................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. China’s macroeconomic imbalances ................................................................................. 2 3. China’s external imbalance ............................................................................................. 14 4. Reviewing the export surplus .......................................................................................... 22 5. The external surplus and foreign exchange reserves .......
Words: 13756 - Pages: 56
...Globalization impact on healthcare Globalization is the process of promotion of economic integration, communication exchange, cultural diffusion and travel, which facilitate the exchange and connection between nations, commerce and individuals. The effect of globalization on healthcare and individuals is complex. The globalization of healthcare has provided opportunities for many organizations to rapidly develop their products and to expand their network of customers also global transportation and the communications revolution enabled rapid response to epidemics and catastrophes. On the flip side, the rapid mobility of people across borders, the spread of infectious diseases is a great threat to everyone, particularly in poor developing countries. “Today, no microbe in the world is more than 24 hours away from the gateways of every industrialized country, and what incubates today in the tropical rain forest can emerge tomorrow in a temperate suburb.” --Nils Daulaire (Kelley, 2005) The link between globalization and global warming and environmental change has a negative impact on wellbeing healthcare. Also as globalization has no rules that guarantee the fair or balanced distribution of benefits, the economic benefits of globalization tend to go to countries and populations that are already well off, leaving others further and further behind. Poverty has severe impact on healthcare. In the research paper I will indentify some...
Words: 2745 - Pages: 11
...PROGRAM ON THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY OF AGING Working Paper Series Population Dynamics in India and Implications for Economic Growth David E. Bloom January 2011 PGDA Working Paper No. 65 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/pgda/working.htm The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Harvard Initiative for Global Health. The Program on the Global Demography of Aging receives funding from the National Institute on Aging, Grant No. 1 P30 AG024409-06. 1 Population Dynamics in India and Implications for Economic Growth1 David E. Bloom Harvard School of Public Health January 2011 Keywords: Age structure China-India comparison Conditional convergence Demographic dividend Demographic transition Economic growth Economic growth in India Policy reform Population health Population of India Abstract Demographic change in India is opening up new economic opportunities. As in many countries, declining infant and child mortality helped to spark lower fertility, effectively resulting in a temporary baby boom. As this cohort moves into working ages, India finds itself with a potentially higher share of workers as compared with dependents. If working-age people can be productively employed, India’s economic growth stands to accelerate. Theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of demographics on labor supply, savings, and economic growth underpins this effort to understand and forecast economic growth in India. Policy choices...
Words: 12409 - Pages: 50
...Introduction The following investigative document presents an overview of the textile industries in two emerging countries: Guatemala and India. The document analyses, compares and contrast the differences in the institutional structures of both countries and offers specific details and analysis of the textile industries for local and international businesses. Guatemala Republic of Guatemala is located in Central America bordered by Mexico to the North, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, and Belize to the North East Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. The country is mountainous with small desert and sand dune patches, having many hills filled with people, except for the south coastal area and the vast northern lowlands of Petén department. Two mountain chains enter Guatemala from west to east, dividing the country into three major regions: the highlands, where the mountains are located; the Pacific coast, south of the mountains; and the Petén region, north of the mountains. All major cities are located in the highlands and Pacific coast regions; by comparison, Petén is sparsely populated. These three regions vary in climate, elevation, and landscape, providing dramatic contrasts between hot and humid tropical lowlands and colder and drier highland peaks. Volcán Tajumulco, at 4,220 meters, is the highest point in the Central American states. Demographics Guatemala is a country of youth; 70% of its population is less than thirty years old. The capital...
Words: 4120 - Pages: 17
...building their nations. It took some time for these countries to integrate themselves in the world economy. Meanwhile they continued to grow rapidly in terms of population, a factor that they could later leverage when they would start to open up. Slowly even with relatively lower per capita GDP but a big enough population and favourable age structure their overall impact in world economy could no longer be ignored. In the meantime, Developed countries were at their peak. The way in which business would be done was changing world over. Spurred by the information technology (IT) revolution, trade liberalization and other economic reforms, the entry of an estimated 2 billion people into the labor force as a result of the breakdown of the Soviet bloc and the opening of China, and the freer movement of capital and technology from developed countries to developing countries, the size of the global economy doubled over the decade preceding the 2008-2009...
Words: 8495 - Pages: 34
...wealth, income, and opportunity. Despite impressive increments in economic growth and output, the number of poor has risen sharply. Most of the poor are concentrated in the rural areas or in the country's large cities or metropolitan areas. Poverty, measured by the local minimum wage, declined from over 52% of the population, in the beginning of the nineties, to about 38% in 2005, meeting the Millennium Development Goal. Extreme poverty, defined as income of less than a dollar a day (in purchasing power parity), declined from 8.8% to 4.2% in the same period. [2] Trade In 2004, exports reached US$ 100 billion, an all-time record for the period. Trade surplus also reached a record high of US$ 33,6 billion. In 2003, Brazilian exports had reached a Record US$ 73 billion, a 21% increase compared to the same period in 2002. This performance is more impressive if compared to the growth expectation for world trade this year, of only 2.9%. If at the beginning the...
Words: 2183 - Pages: 9
...Global Employment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jobs crisis INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE • GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Global Employment Trends 2012 / International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2012 1 v. ISBN 978-92-2-124924-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-124925-2 (web pdf) International Labour Office employment / unemployment / labour force participation / economic recession / developed countries / developing countries 13.01.3 Also available in French, Tendances mondiales de l’emploi 2012 (978-92-2-224924-4), Geneva, 2012, and Spanish, Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo 2012 (978-92-2-324924-3), Geneva, 2012. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed...
Words: 63253 - Pages: 254
...TERM PAPER Topic: - PEST analysis of Pakistan Submitted by Mohd. Asif ROLL NUMBER – AUD0637 BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION- 3C AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI CAMPUS MARCH 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Mrs.Priyanka Chandanani for her advice and guidance. I appreciate their effort of providing necessary information regarding the paper & also for their support in completing the paper. I would also like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their encouragement and support. Lastly, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all those at Amity University Dubai who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. PEST Analysis of Pakistan Political If we observe the political situation of Pakistan, much of the politics is based on different ethnic groups. It’s fair to say that the current political situation of Pakistan is in dire need of substantial changes if we compare it to the political systems of leading nations in the world. Pakistan...
Words: 4820 - Pages: 20
...of the US government, backed by its military strength, has unprecedented global influence now that the America is the world’s only superpower-its first ‘hyperpower’. America lead all the ways whereby it exports its value systems, defining what it means to be civilized, rational-indeed, what actually it is to be human. Apart from that, America itself is impervious to outside influence, and if most Americans think of the rest of the world at all, it is in terms of deeply ingrained cultural stereotypes. Many people do hate America from Middle East to the developing countries as well as in Europe. Along with the happening of tragedy 9-11, public has focused on the question-‘Why do people hate America?’ This is a loaded question and not simply a statement. However, it would not be weird if people hate America as they often oppressed many other weaker countries especially countries from the Third World. The oppressions done by America can be grouped into three major ways that are politically, economically, and from the social aspect too. Politics The brand of external interventionism adopted by the US towards others country has been running since a long time ago. The oppression by America onto other countries can be clearly shown in the aspect of politic. The main cause of this phenomenon is due to the nature of double standard of America. Display of such double standard has made America a global figure of hate. People from all over the worlds such as from Brazil to...
Words: 5540 - Pages: 23
...industries by using advanced technology and skills (World Population Review, 2015). While the rise of a new business has been happening in Morocco, the population living below the poverty line remains high at 12%. It means that four million out of Morocco's 33 million people live below the poverty line, and almost three million of them in rural areas. As Figure 1 shows, Morocco has the highest Gini Index, 40.9, among the North African countries. The household income of the poor people accounts for only 2.7% of the country’s wealth, while the rich people have 33.2% of the country’s wealth (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). The distribution of wealth in Morocco is manifested through the obvious gap between the upper and lower class. The sex ratio of the total population was 0.976 (976 males per 1000 females), which means genders are distributed equally in Morocco (World Bank, 2014). However, the female-to-male ratio of wage for similar work is around 0.52 (Wrold Economic Forum, 2015). It is clear that Morocco’s workplace gender gap exists, so all businesses in Morocco should fight against gender...
Words: 3507 - Pages: 15
