...made surprise observation. As he was setting up the materials, he noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when the electric current from the battery he was using switched on and off. This deflection convinced him that magnetic fields radiate from all sides of wire carrying an electric current, just as light and heat do, and that it confirmed a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism. He published his findings, proving that an electric current produces a magnetic field as it flows through a wire. The CGS unit of magnetic induction is named in honor of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism. The magnetic field encircles this straight piece of current- carrying wire, the magnetic flux lines having no definite “north” or “south” poles. While the magnetic field surrounding a current- carrying wire is indeed interesting, it is quiet weak for common amounts of current, able to deflect a compass needle and not much more. To create a stronger magnetic field force (and consequently, more field flux) with the same amount of electric current, we can wrap the wire into a coil shape, where the circling magnetic fields around the wire will join to create a larger field with a definitemagnetic (north and south) polarity; the amount of magnetic field force generated by a coiled wire is proportional to the current through the wire multiplied by the number of “turns” or “wraps” of wire in the coil. This field force is called magneto motive force (mmf)...
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...the current, length of the wire, strength of the magnetic field, and the angle between the field and the wire. Apparatus SF-8607 Basic Current Balance (Main Unit, 6 Current loop PC boards, Magnet Assembly with 6 magnets), DC power supply, DC ammeter, Balance, Lab Stand, hook-up wires with banana plug connectors Theory A current-carrying wire generates a magnetic field surrounding the wire. When this wire is placed in an external magnetic field, it experiences a force due to the poles of the two magnetic fields interacting. The magnitude and direction of this force depends upon four variables: the magnitude of the current (I) in the wire; the length of the wire (L) that is placed in the external magnetic field; the strength of the external magnetic field (B); and the angle between the direction of the wire and the direction of the magnetic field ((). This magnetic force can be described mathematically by the vector cross product: Fm = I L X B, (1) for which the magnitude is: Fm = I L B sin (θ). (2) With the SF-8607 Basic Current Balance, you can vary the three quantities in (2), namely: I, L, and B. The resulting magnetic force between wire and field can then be determined through the simple calculation. By adding the SF-8608 Current Balance Accessory, you can also vary the angle between the wire and the magnetic field, thereby performing a complete investigation into the interaction between a current carrying...
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...PHET 9 Magnets and Electromagnets Name MIchelle Carvajal Course PHY 102 Date 11/16 Learning Goals * Predict the direction of the magnet field for different locations around a bar magnet and electromagnet * Compare and contrast bar magnets and electromagnets * Identify the characteristics of electromagnets that are variable and what effects each variable has on the magnetic field's strength and direction * Relate magnetic field strength to distance quantitatively and qualitatively To understand the direction of field in magnet: Electric current is moving charge. Magnetic fields are created by electric currents. The current creating the magnetic field could by the current in a wire or it could be the current created by the motion of electrons in atoms. In a permanent magnet, the electron currents in the atoms are aligned so that the net effect of all the microscopic electron currents is to make a macroscopic current which is just like the current in a solenoid. So you should think of a bar magnet as a bar-shaped solenoid of current. The magnetic field of a bar magnet is exactly the same as the magnetic field of a solenoid since the currents are the same. · The Earth’s north geographic pole (where Santa lives) is near the earth’s south magnetic pole. This is why a compass needle’s north end points to the north geographic pole (because compass’s north end points in the direction...
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...high speed, with only electricity being its main source of energy. The train propels forward without any friction from moving mechanical parts. It has many advantages with minor drawbacks. The basis of maglev trains mechanisms are magnetic levitation. This is achieved with the principal of repulsion and attraction between two magnetic poles. When two magnets have the same poles, it will repel with each other and when it has different poles, the result would be otherwise. There are currently three known maglev suspension systems. In this project report, we will be covering the basic principals of Electrodynamic Suspension Systems (EDS), Electromagnetic Suspension Systems (EMS) and Inductrack. The three suspension systems each have different characteristics and special features. While EDS and EMS both use only the interaction of magnets and superconductors, Inductrack uses coils on the track underneath the train body. All three suspension systems work under the same principal of magnetic levitation covered in this project report. The maglev propulsion systems uses the interaction of stators, superconductors and magnets between the railway and the train. It has controls for speed and direction, which are based on electricity. Working of Maglev Train : The full form and the basic working principle of MAGLEV is called Magnetic Levitation. Magnetic Levitation The principle of magnetic levitation is that a vehicle can be suspended...
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...Induction – Magnet through a Coil Activity P30 Purpose: Electromotive forces can be induced in a coil by changing the magnitude of the magnetic field within the coil, changing the area of the coil, or changing the angle between the magnetic field and the area of the coil. This lab used the first method of changing the magnitude of the magnetic field by dropping a magnet through a coil in order to induce an electromotive force. The EMF was measured as the magnet fell. The integral of EMF versus time gives the magnetic flux according to Faraday’s Law of induction. Faraday’s law of induction essential states that EMF is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux. Some aspects of Lenz’s law were also investigated. Lenz’s law states that the direction of the current in a coil moves in the direction that causes a magnetic field that opposes the change in the magnetic field of the magnet. Procedure and Materials: The computer was set up by connecting the Voltage Sensor and the interface. A new activity was opened in Data Studio with a graph of Voltage versus Time. Automatic recording was set to begin recording once 0.05 volts was reached and stop at 0.4 seconds of elapsed time. The alligator clips were connected to the circuit board springs next to the induction coil. Data was recorded for three variations of the experiment. First, a single bar magnet was dropped through the coil starting with the south end approximately 2 cm above the coil. Then two magnets were dropped with...
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...NAME Cyber Intro to Conceptual Physics PHET Magnetism Lab Go to http://phet.colorado.edu Click Play with Sims and on electricity section Select the simulation “Magnets and Electromagnets.” Part I: Bar Magnet – Select the Bar Magnet Tab 1. Move the compass slowly along a semicircular path above the bar magnet until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the bar magnet. Describe what happens to the compass needle. 2. What do you suppose the compass needles drawn all over the screen tell you? 3. Move the compass along a semicircular path below the bar magnet until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the bar magnet. Describe what happens to the compass needle. 4. How many complete rotations does the compass needle make when the compass is moved once around the bar magnet? 5. Click on the “Show Field Meter” box to the right. What happens to the magnetic field reading as you move the meter closer to the bar magnet? 6. Click on the “Show planet Earth” box to the right. What type of magnetic pole (north or south) is at the geographical north pole of the Earth (Near Canada)? PART II: Electromagnet –Select the Electromagnet Tab: 7. Click on the electromagnet tab. Place the compass on the left side of the coil so that the compass center lies along the axis of the coil. (The y-component of the magnetic field is zero along the axis of the coil.) Move the compass along a semicircular path above the coil until...
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...There are two types of magnetic forces; push and pull. A magnetic field is the region around a magnet where the magnetic force works. The ends of a magnet are called poles. Like poles repel and unlike/opposite poles attract. The term ferromagnetic refers to the ability of a material to be magnetised. Magnets attract materials containing iron. Steel is a compound of iron with other metals. Therefore iron and steel are said to be ferromagnetic. There are two types of magnets; permanent and temporary. A permanent magnet is one that does not loses it magnetism easily. Permanent magnets are mainly made from compounds of iron with cobalt or nickel. E.g Steel, alcomax Uses of permanent magnets | * Used on the back of decorations to hold them to steel or iron surfaces such as a fridge or a board. * Keep doors locked; refridgerator, security safes. * Bicycle dynamo | A temporary magnet is one that loses its magnetism easily. Soft iron, electromagnet Electromagnets An electromagnet is a device that is created when electricity flows through a metal wire or coil. The Strength of magnetic filed of an electromagnet can be increased by: * Increasing the number of turns on the coil * Increasing the current flowing through the coil * Putting an iron core inside the coil Uses of electromagnets An electric bell – when the doorbell is pushed, the current flows and the iron bar become an electromagnet. This pulls the other iron bar toward it and the hammer...
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...The Effect of Magnet Size in Producing Electricity Ma. Cariza P. Francisco Linette Verdillo Joan Grace Gumasing Mia Madellaine Mendoza Emmanuel Rivera In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Physics Liceo de Buenavista Mrs. Nerisa Gonzales March 7, 2011 Table of Contents ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………..i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………….ii I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………1 * Background of the Study……………………………………………...1 * Statement of the problem……………………………………………..1 * Hypothesis……………………………………………………………..1 * Research Paradigm……………………………………………………2 * Significance of the study………………………………………….…..3 * Scope and Delimitation………………………………………………..3 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………….4 * Definition of Term……………………………………………….…....7 III. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………….…...8 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………….12 V. CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATION…………………………………...13 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the potential of magnet size in producing electricity. This magnet producing electricity was conducted to make a substitute light in case of urgent situation as a replacement for using flashlight that needs batteries. The researchers assembled the electric generator by inserting magnet in hollow ended-box. Poke a hole in center of the box using a nail. At this point you should let four magnets clamps themselves around the nail. Coil the...
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...They saw the enormous potential for a train like this. The research on magnetic train which called maglev train was started in the beginning of the 1990 century. This concept lay dormant for about60 years. Then Japanese started their research on maglev train in the beginning of 1970 & constructed their first test line in 1997. German also started their research on maglev train in early 1970. It took them ten years to complete their first test line. The train works on the principle of electromagnetic effect. In this there is no friction between the train and track. The electromagnet on the underside of train pulls it up to the ferromagnetic stator on the track & levitates the train. The magnet on the side keeps the train from side to side. A computer changes the amount of current to keep the train 1 cm from the track. This means there is no friction between track & train. As it is high speed train compare to other types of train also noise level due to this train very less & energy consume is less, it is very convenient & beneficial to use. CHAPTER 1:-INTRODUCTION 1.1 History:- Magnetic levitation is the latest in transportation technology and has been the interest of many countries around the world. The idea has been around since 1904 when Robert Goddard, an American Rocket scientist, created a theory that trains could be lifted off the tracks by the use of electromagnetic rails. Many assumptions and ideas were brought about throughout the following years...
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...Episode 412: The force on a conductor in a magnetic field Having reminded your students that magnetic fields can be found near permanent magnets and in the presence of an electric current, the next step is to show how the ‘field’ can be quantified. Again, students should know that a conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field will experience a force and will probably remember that Fleming's Left Hand Rule can be used to find the direction of that force. Summary Demonstrations: Leading to F = BIL. (15 minutes) Discussion: Factors affecting the force. (15 minutes) Discussion: Formal definitions. (20 minutes) Student questions: BIL force calculations. (20 minutes) Demonstrations: Leading to F = BIL Several quick experimental reminders are possible. Tap 412-1: Forces on currents TAP 412-2: An electromagnetic force These lead on to a further experiment in which the relationship F=BIL can be established. TAP 412-3: Force on a current-carrying wire Discussion: Factors affecting the force The experiments above lead to the conclusion that the force F on the conductor is proportional to the length of wire in the field, L, the current I and the ‘strength’ of the field, represented by the flux density B. (There is also an 'angle factor' to consider, but we will leave this aside for now.) Combining these we get F = BIL (It can help students to refer to this force as the ‘BIL force’.) Students...
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...(Group Report) Illustrate the relationship between Electric Current and Magnetic Field. Md Hisham (13) Md Farith (14) Casper Teng (2) Md Ruzaini (20) Daniel Deskar (6) Tijany Sulaiman (28) 1. What is electric current? A movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes. An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma. Electric current can consist of a flow of charged particles in either direction. The conventional symbol for current is I 1. Working principles of Electric Current....
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...quiz/prelab PI principal investigator points PG personal grade Introduction: The purpose of the lab is to study the effects due to magnetic fields in motion and also to determine the qualitative features of electromagnetic induction. Procedure: 1. For the Part 1 of the lab, a solenoid was connected to a galvanometer, as shown in the data and calculations. First, the North pole was inserted into the coil, then in the opposite direction, with the South Pole first. Then, the magnitude and sign of the deflection on the galvanometer was recorded in μAmps. Also, an exact sketch is made of the solenoid, the direction of the velocity, the induced magnetic field, the induced current and the magnetic polarity of the solenoid induced in provided in the data and calculations portion of the report. 2. The magnet was inserted again following step 1, but with a faster speed and everything sketched again. Then, The South pole was inserted first and step 1 followed again for both, slow and fast speed. 3. For Part II of the lab, an electromagnet was constructed with the power supply off. In this set up the primary coil had a larger diameter wire and...
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...How works a Maglev train? A brief review of magnets will help explain how maglev (magnetic levitation) trains work. Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole. Similar poles of two magnets repel each other; opposite poles attract each other. These principles govern the levitation of maglev trains. Permanent magnets are always magnetic. Electromagnets are magnetic only when an electric current flows through them. The north and south poles of an electromagnet are related to the direction of the current. If the direction of the current is reversed, the poles are reversed. In maglevs that levitate by magnetic repulsion, the train lies over the guideway. Magnets on top of the guideway are oriented to repel similar poles of magnets in the bottom of the maglev. This pushes the train upward into a hovering position. This system is designed for maglevs that contain groups of extremely powerful superconducting electromagnets. These magnets use less electricity than conventional electromagnets, but they must be cooled to very low temperatures—from −269 degrees Celsius to −196 degrees Celsius. In maglevs that levitate by magnetic attraction, the bottom of the train wraps around the guideway. Levitation magnets on the underside of the guideway are positioned to attract the opposite poles of magnets on the wraparound section of the maglev. This raises the train off the track. The magnets in the guideway attract the wraparound section only strongly enough to raise the train a few centimeters...
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...Making Water Turbines Most Energy Efficient How does a wind turbine’s output vary with wind pressure (height of water), the flow rate, size of the motor, and type of blade? Introduction There are many types of energy used today: Fossil fuels, coal, nuclear energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, hydroelectric energy, wind energy, and biofuels and biomass. Non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels and coal are diminishing since it cannot be recycled, unlike wind energy (renewable). Also, use of non-renewable energy like coal causes environmental issues. It can be dangerous to retrieve and also heavily pollutes the environment from use of it. The more we use non-renewable energy, the less there is, meaning the prices go up. Oil spills from off shore drilling such as the BP oil spill the Gulf of Mexico polluted sea water. Although nuclear energy is a renewable energy, it could cause a disaster to human beings if the nuclear energy plant is damaged, such as the Japan nuclear power plant disaster. It is desirable to use and develop renewable, clean and safe energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, and hydrogen energy to decrease and prevent any risk of casualties or complications. Washington State produces the energy in the nation, and producing for itself 70 percent of electricity that is consumed. On a slightly bigger scale, 75 percent of America relies on water energy to power our homes and other facilities. Globally, hydroelectric...
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...reluctance motor and specially permanent magnet assisted switched reluctance motor.We study one particular implementation of a permanent magnet assisted switched reluctance machine. Known generator adaptable for use in aircraft engines include flux switch generators, permanent magnet generators, lundell permanent magnet generators, wound rotor synchronous generators, Homopolar generators, hybrid homopolar generators, slave regulated generators and switched reluctance machines. Switched reluctance (SR) machines conventionally have multiple poles both stator and rotor; that is they are doubly salient. In switched reluctance machines, there is a concentrated winding on each of the stator poles, but no winding or magnets on the rotor. Each pair of diametrically opposed stator pole windings is connected in series or parallel to form an independent machine phase winding of the multiphase SR machine. Torque is produced by switching current in each machine phase winding in a predetermined sequence that is synchronized with angular position of the rotor, so that a magnetic force of attraction results between the rotor poles and stator poles. Current is switched off in each phase before the rotor poles rotate past the aligned position. The torque developed is independent of the direction of current flow, so that unidirectional current pulses synchronized with rotor movement can be applied to the stator pole winding by an inverter using unidirectional current switching elements, such as transistors...
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