...Historians have divided and often conflicting views about the fateful collapse of the Tsarist regime in early 1917. Some historians, known popularly as ‘optimistic’ historians believe that Russia between 1905 and 1917 was on the road to follow a western path of modernization and liberalization. And even creating a constitution had it not been for the war, which in their opinion created problems for the regime and led to its eventual downfall. On the other side of the coin, there are the ‘pessimistic’ historians who argue that the First World War was simply a catalyst or a speeding up of events that were inevitable, and unavoidable in the long run as there were severe socio-economic grievances that were being harbored since the 1905 revolution. The optimistic view agrees entirely that the First World War to a large extent was culpable to the fall of Tsarism, the reason behind this argument is that before WW1 was to start Russia was stable and significantly moving towards political reform and then from there eventually to a constitutional monarchy, this is backed by the October Manifesto of 1905 which gave the population a voting and electoral process to set up the State Duma, however this reform was almost cancelled out by the advent of the Fundamental Laws in 1906. The Fundamental Laws were in actuality a regain of any and every control back to the government of the Tsar which was granted previously. Here we discuss another important factor other than the war involving the collapse...
Words: 1122 - Pages: 5
...How accurate is it to say that Lenin’s leadership was the most important reason for the Bolsheviks’ success in the revolution of October 1917? (20 Mark) It is accurate to say that Lenin’s leadership was one of the most important reasons for the Bolsheviks’ success in the revolution of October 1917, due to Lenin taking control over the Bolsheviks and beginning to make preparations for seizing power. The whole idea of the revolution only came about because of Lenin returning to the Bolsheviks. However, it cannot be ignored that there were other factors that contributed to the success of the October revolution such as the failings of the Bolsheviks political opponents. Lenin contributed to the Bolsheviks’ success in October 1917 mainly in three different ways. The first contribution Lenin had made in the success of the October Revolution was on the return from exile in April 1917 where he persuaded and took control over the Bolshevik party and made them adopt the idea of seizing power. This was a difficult task as many of the members of the Bolshevik party shared the Menshevik view which predicted that the overthrow of capitalism was far off. Lenin had to work hard to persuade the Bolshevik party to understand his interpretation. Lenin’s success was largely based on his force of personality, but it also owed something to the support he received from new entrants in the Bolshevik party. Secondly, Lenin raised the Bolsheviks’ political profile as he recognised that the Bolsheviks...
Words: 988 - Pages: 4
...How far do you agree that Lenin’s leadership was the main reason for why the Bolsheviks were able to seize power in 1917. Lenin was a very significant figure during the Russian revolution, under his strong leadership and the advice of some of his advisors, Lenin helped the Bolsheviks come to power. However I would not agree that his leadership was the main reason to why the Bolsheviks were able to seize power as factors such as the weakness of the provisional government, the home front and most importantly Trotsky role all played a significant role to why the Bolsheviks were successful. Lenin’s leadership played a significant role to why the Bolsheviks were able to seize power in 1917 due to his clear and persuading aims. Lenin was an influential figure in the eyes of the proletariat. Due to the April thesis clear aims resulted in that he was able to gain greater support and he succeeded in having 200,000 members. The vast amount of members meant that the Bolsheviks had greater support when it came to seizing power. The main aims of the April theses were, Peace, Land and Bread and power to the soviets. Many supported the idea of Peace, Land and bread as they were fed up with the affect the war was having on them and wanted to bring it to an end, people were also starving due to the war and therefore welcomed the idea of Peace, Land and bread. Lenin also promised the confiscation of landed estates from landowners and the aristocracy. The slogan all power to the soviets played...
Words: 1325 - Pages: 6
...The Provisional Government was reluctant to act effectively of the problems of Russia in 1917, allowing the growing popularity and strength of the Bolsheviks as they played on these mistakes. With the Bolshevik under the leadership of Lenin, they managed to create the October Revolution. Figures like Leon Trotsky and the weaknesses of Kerensky were both significant factors that led to the Bolshevik Revolution. Lenin’s role in the revolution was vital but he would have not taken power were it not for the failures of the Provisional Government, which was the most crucial factor that caused the revolution and led the Bolsheviks to power. Word count: 104 One of the key element to the success of the Bolshevik revolution was Lenin’s orating and leadership skills, personality and his determination to take power. Lenin’s April theses where he spoke of ‘Peace, Bread and Land’ increased the popularity of the Bolshevik as it reached out to the peasants who made up most of the population. The April theses was effective because it highlighted the feelings and aspiration of the workers and soldiers. The Bolsheviks pacifist stance from the very start of the war and Lenins’ promise of ‘peace’ proved a popular idea and this gained them thousands of followers. With inflation causing prices, of the food that was available, to increase Lenin’s offer of food was an immense attraction. Lenin realised the importance of the peasants for support so he promised them land to get their support. The April...
Words: 2082 - Pages: 9
...To an extent it is valid to say that Lenin's skill and determination as leader of the Bolsheviks was the main reason for the overthrow of the Provisional government. Although, there are significant other factors that contributed to the downfall of the government, such as the weakness the government it in itself possessed, the misjudgment and mistakes it made, and other contributing factors, such as the influential role of Trotsky, which helped impact on the eventual overthrow of the government. Evidence suggests that one of the main reasons for the fall of the Provisional government, was the weaknesses it in itself possessed. For example, the dual authority government can be seen as a weakness because it was not an elected body, and came into being as a rebellious committee of the old duma, refusing to disband at the Tsar's order. This meant it consequently lacked legitimate authority as a result. It had no constitutional claim upon the loyalty of Russian people and no natural fund of good will to rely on, meaning it was judged entirely on how it dealt with the nations problems, making it vulnerable from the start. Its second major weakness was that its authority was limited by its unofficial partnership with the Petrograd Soviet. To begin with there was considerable co-operation between the two, with some people (e.g.- Kerensky) being members of both bodies. The soviet did not set out to be an alternative government, and regarded its role as supervisory, checking that the...
Words: 2202 - Pages: 9
...Why did Tsarism survive the revolution of 1905 but not that of March 1917? There were a lot of different factors in 1917 which were not there in 1905 some of these factors strongly suggest why Tsarism was abolished in 1917 but not the years before. Some of the events that occurred where World War One which had a catastrophic impact on Russia at the time, the lack of Faith in the Tsar as he had lost one war before and was losing another, the lack of faith in reforms such as the October Manifesto as that was revoked after only a few years and the lack of military conduct as the Cossacks the Tsars most loyal and ruthless troops left him as they wanted change like everybody else. World War One was defiantly one of the main factors that caused the fall of the Tsar as it truly showed to everyone that he was a terrible Country leader as people were dying in the city’s, because they had no food, fuel in 1905 life never got that tough for the people as they had enough to survive but as all the transport links where being used for moving the military so food was left on the docks to rot, as the people in the city’s had no food people started to start Bread riots to try to get the Tsars attention as they really had no food and it was there last resort. Furthermore people had no clean Living and working conditions a lot worse than before. These Factors started to turn everyone against the Tsar as they could see how terrible he really was and how much he wasn’t helping the country or...
Words: 898 - Pages: 4
...Based on events in history the main cause of the Russian Revolution was that the people were unhappy. "The revolution was the cumulative of a long period of repression and untrust"("Russian Revolution"). Most of the people living in the Soviet Union were unhappy, hungry, and they all had very little freedom. At one point the people were so unhappy that all of the petrograde workers went on strike and they were so strong that the military stopped fighting them ("Russian Revolution" History.com). The Bolshevik forces and the corrupt government were largely responsible for the Russian Revolution. The government being corrupt was due to the fact that Czar Nicholas II kept dissolving the Duma ("Russian Revolution" History.com). The Bolsheviks had a part in this because their leader Lenin became a...
Words: 537 - Pages: 3
...How far do you agree that the March Revolution of 1917 was due to the failures of Nicholas 2? The March Revolution of 1917 brought autocracy in Russia to an end, when ministers of the last Duma forced the Tsar Nicholas 2 to abdicate. The Revolution happened due to the Nicholas's 2 failures due his reign, however there was a number of problems which appeared before Nicholas 2 or happened without the will of Nicholas 2. When Nicholas 2 came to power in 1894, his main objective was to keep all power in his hand, in another words, Nicholas wanted to remain as an autocrat and be the only ruler of Russia. On the other hand, Nicholas 2 wasn't as reactionary as his father, because Nicholas was not prepared to be extreme in dealing with the social and political unrest in the same manner as his father. His weak leadership led to the policies which after worked against the Tsar. The first social reform was done by Nicholas 2 in 1897. It was reform which limited the working to 11,5 hours from Monday to Friday and to 10 hours on Saturday. However, these policy didn't change the attitude of workers against the Tsarist regime, because people still wanted more liberal social system and a new government which Nicholas was not intend to change. This unhappiness caused by the lack of changes or reforms led to the strike in Saint Petersburg by factory workers who were led by Father Gapon in 1905. The strike finished really dramatically, because a lot demonstrators were killed by...
Words: 1372 - Pages: 6
...the French, Russian and the Chinese Revolutions. An overview of how the tables have turned and how History has contributed in several ways to major political and social structuring that is taking place all around the globe in today’s world is a must in order to be able to link History with current affairs and better understand how and why certain historical events took place and had enough significance to challenge the existing system. The French, Russian and the Chinese revolutions are a perfect example of how totalitarian rule faced a strong challenge and with time was unable to resist this gradually fell apart. The revolutions paved way towards emancipation of the masses. The French revolutions success had a domino effect, the Russian followed in its footsteps and so did the Chinese. These revolutions may have not been exactly the same in nature but they did have similarities as far as causes and effects are concerned. This paper will work out an explanation of the causes and outcomes of the French Revolution of 1787-1800, the Russian Revolution of 1917-1921, and the Chinese Revolution of 1911-1949 and a detailed analysis of the three revolutions and historical references that will help understand the uprisings in a more credible manner and how although these revolutions took place at different times but their underlying goal was in many ways similar and to this day we see revolutionary leaders using the above mentioned revolutions as references to motivate the crowds...
Words: 3485 - Pages: 14
...To what extent was the impact of the First World War responsible for the downfall of Tsarism in March 1917? In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicated and brought Tsarist’s three hundred year reign to an end. The issue of the Tsar’s downfall divides historians with two different viewpoints. The first perspective is that Russia was making progress, however it was solely undermined by the First World War in which the war caused massive losses, poor leadership and unloyality of the troops. The alternative view is that long term social, economic and political factors already existed because of the challenges of modernising the country. Together these problems contributed to the Tsar’s inability to maintain monarchy and support of civilians and led to the downfall of Tsarism. The first reason for the First World War being responsible for the downfall of Tsarism is that Russia suffered massive defeats very early on. The Tsar believed they could win the war against Germany really easily. However, they did not realise how powerful the German army was. In the Battle of Tattenburg tens of thousands were dead or wounded and within a week at the Battle of Masurian Lakes the Russian army lost another 100,000 soldiers. Morale decreased visibly, worsened not only by the shortages or bad transport system but by bad news from the front. Despite the occasional victories, Russia emerged in the war as ill-equipped, with the soldiers under-fed. The morale was so low that there were Russian soldiers...
Words: 1694 - Pages: 7
...The Consequences of the Russian Revolution There were many consequences of the Russian Revolution. The first and most important consequence, since it leads to all other consequences, was the abdication of Nicholas II. After three hundred years of Romanov dynasty, the Tsar finally came to an end. After his abdication, many arguments took place on whether Russia should back out of the war or not and who should take the Monarchs place. The Monarchy was replaced by the liberals in the Duma, “they were faced with a republic after all”. (1) The provisional government lead by Alexander Kerensky, decided to carry on fighting in World War One, regrettably to “preserve Russia’s honor” (2). The decision to remain in WW1 was proven to be futile, it cost him both the support of civilians and soldiers. WW1 was the main cause of the revolution in the first place; the public of Russia felt no hope and protests carried on. Conditions worsened and throughout 1917 there was constant procrastination. Russia’s situation after the Tsar had abdicated went from bad to worse. Lenin is an important consequence as he transformed Russia into a communist country. Lenin spent his time from 1900 to 1917 abroad; he had previously been threatened by the Monarchy and thought it was in his best interests to leave Russia. When the provisional government formed, after the abdication of Nicholas II, Lenin saw the opportunity for the Bolsheviks to seize power (the Bolsheviks were a political faction...
Words: 1049 - Pages: 5
...progress of the war in 1918 and broke the stalemate. However, American was not the reason why German lost the war itself. Other factors, such as British blockade and two front war, were equally important with American’s entry to the war. Agitated by the Zimmerman cable, sent from Germany to Mexico, American government found an excuse to enter the war and broke the isolationism, which was the idea that kept American away from the European affair. The American government cut down the debts that were owned by British government toward American companies. They send supplies and troops to the British and French army on the Western Front, which were exhausted by trench warfare and attrition tactic. One of the German tactic was the attrition that aimed to “bleach French white”. Severe battles like the Battle of Somme caused over 400,000 casualties to Britain and Imperial force and nearly 700,000 casualties to German army. After fighting the war for three years, both Allies’ government and German government was nearly bankrupted. Since both sides suffer similar losses, the balance of power and the stalemate was maintained between 1915 to 1917. However, due to the isolationism, American didn’t interfere the war until 1917. Therefore, America was capable of producing adequate supplies and weapons. Under this condition, which ever side that get the help from America would gain a huge advantage. In 1917, Allies force gained this advantage. The supplies from American alleviated the condition...
Words: 802 - Pages: 4
...Why was the 1917 revolution successful? The underlying causes of the Russian Revolution are rooted deep in Russia's history. For centuries, autocratic and repressive tsarist regimes ruled the country and most of the population lived under severe economic and social conditions. During the 19th century and early 20th century various movements aimed at overthrowing the oppressive government were staged at different times by students, workers, peasants, and members of the nobility. Two of these unsuccessful movements were the 1825 revolt against Nicholas I and the revolution of 1905, both of which were attempts to establish a constitutional monarchy. Russia's badly organized and unsuccessful involvement in World War I (1914-1918) added to popular discontent with the government's corruption and inefficiency. In 1917 these events resulted in the fall of the tsarist government and the establishment of the provisional government and the Petrograd soviets who ran the country together until, the Bolsheviks in October staged a coup thus overthrowing the unpopular provisional government. The immediate cause of the February Revolution of 1917 was the collapse of the tsarist regime under the gigantic strain of World War I. The primary cause was the backward economic condition of the country, which made it unable to sustain the war effort against powerful, industrialized Germany. Russian manpower was vast. Russian industry, however, lacked the capacity to arm, equip, and supply the some 15...
Words: 1659 - Pages: 7
...How far was it the Tsar’s personal inadequacies that caused the revolution in February 1917? Tsar Nicolas II of Russia had many personal inadequacies and made many mistakes in the run up to the revolution in February 1917. These have been blamed as the cause to the revolution, as as leader of the country it was his job to prevent revolution by making sure the people were happy and that the country was being ran well, but he blatantly failed in this role as the revolution went ahead. However there were also many other factors that contributed to the revolution. Another big factor that is thought to have caused the revolution is the First World War, which was in full force when the revolution took place. The war badly affected morale, and also caused shortages of necessities and this all made the people upset, causes demonstrations that helped to spark the revolution. There were also still great amounts of Russification, for example towards the Turks, which made all kinds of Nationalities unhappy and turn against the Tsar. The peasant hunger and land question also had had not been solved, and millions of peasants had been sent to war. Adding to the general unrest and possibly sparking the revolution was also the political opposition the Tsar now faced. There are also arguments that the revolution was completely spontaneous, simply sparked by the Woman’s Day Parade, which was joined by unhappy workers, who went to demonstrate due to their unfair working conditions. All these...
Words: 2903 - Pages: 12
...How far do you agree that Kerensky’s mistakes were the main reasons for the collapse of the Provisional Government? The abdication of the Tsar on March 2nd 1917 meant that Russia was left in control of the governing body, which became known as the Provisional Government. This occurred as a consequence from the February Revolution, consisting of mass demonstration and outbreaks of violence, demanding the Tsar to step down. This left the provisional government, which consisted of mainly Kadets and Octobrists, despite them not having much support throughout Russia, as problem that the new government faced was that they did not represent everyone’s political view, due to the fact that neither the Bolsheviks nor Mensheviks who were quite popular within Russia, were represented by the Provisional Government. Also the Provisional Government never really had total control to govern to rule Russia, due to the Petrograd soviet. These issues were exploited by key events during the reign of the Provisional government as factors such as Kerensky’s mistakes, which the assertion gives along with aspects such as the return of Lenin, the June Offensive, having to share power with the Petrograd Soviet and the July Days. Alexander Kerensky played a great part in the collapse of the Provisional Government due to his actions after becoming Prime Minister in July 1917. Mass desertions from the Russian army caused by the failed June Offensive, lead to the replacement of Prince Lvov by Kerensky, right...
Words: 1358 - Pages: 6