...Abstract Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and serious mental disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) and can cause great dysfunctionality in the daily lives of its sufferers, including co-morbidity and suicidality. It is important to establish the best treatment offers for depressed individuals in order to give them the best chance at recovery. Many studies have looked at the effects of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and combination therapy to determine which is best for treating depression. Presented in this paper are two studies who researched the differences. Results were similar to previous studies in that each treatment is equally effective at improving depression in individuals (Iftene, Predescu, Stefan, & David, 2015;...
Words: 1553 - Pages: 7
...reviews concepts of depression, including history and classification. The original broad concept of melancholia included all forms of quiet insanity. The term depression began to appear in the nineteenth century, as did the modern concept of affective disorders, with the core disturbance now viewed as one of mood. The 1980s saw the introduction of defined criteria into official diagnostic schemes. The modern separation into unipolar and bipolar disorder was introduced following empirical research by Angst and Perris in the 1960s. The partially overlapping distinctions between psychotic and neurotic depression, and between endogenous and reactive depression, started to generate debate in the 1920s, with considerable multivariate research in the 1960s. The symptom element in endogenous depression currently survives in melancholia or somatic syndrome. Life stress is common in various depressive pictures. Dysthymia, a valuable diagnosis, represents a form of what was regarded earlier as neurotic depression. Other subtypes are also discussed. © 2008, LLS SAS rior to the late 19th century, although detailed systems of classification abounded, the main problem for psychiatric nosology was the establishment of the broad major disorders. Melancholia was recognized as early as the time of Hippocrates, and continued through Galenic medicine and medieval times. The earlier connotation of the term was very wide, and included all forms of quiet insanity. It was linked with the humoral theory...
Words: 8469 - Pages: 34
...Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Argosy University Abnormal Psychology Brandy Rhodes 12/08/11 Abstract: Major depression disorder is a wide and complex disorder than many Americans suffer from. This paper will review the research and material of major depression disorder and the effective treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used and thought to be very effective in treating the disorder. First the paper will review what the disorder is and the criteria needed to diagnosis one with major depressive disorder and then we will take a look at how CBT helps the client overcome the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Lastly the paper will follow up with why CBT is thought to effective with treating major depressive disorder. Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Many clients’ that are seen in today’s clinics suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) which is one of the most common disorders. “Major depressive disorder has a life time prevalence of 15.8 % (Mor and Haran, 2009). Many times MDD is characterized by early onset with development occurring throughout the life span. MDD is a disorder characterized by extreme depressed mood that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and indecisiveness;...
Words: 1977 - Pages: 8
...Keller et al (1995) recommend that depression can be categorised under the DSM-IV-TR as a mood disorder. Mood disorder affects a person’s emotional state. These mood disorders include major depressive disorder depression and bipolar disorder. Major depressive disorder is also known as unipolar depression or simply major depression. It is a severe clinical mood disorder in which feelings, frustration, loss or anger inhibits with a person’s activities of daily living for long period of time (Beck 1967). Unipolar depression demonstrates itself as an episode of depression that can occur unexpectedly and bipolar depression substitutes between two mood extremes mania and depression (Beck 1967). Moreover unipolar involves neurosis manifestation and bipolar involves psychosis features. The aetiology of unipolar is unknown however research suggests a link to chemical changes in the brain and differences in gene make up. It is genetic but can also manifest in those with no family history (Jacob et al 1987). Contributory factors are alcohol and drug abuse, types of cancers and other medical conditions. Life changing issues such as job loss, divorce, death, illness, and social isolation, physical and emotional abuse can trigger unipolar depression. Jacob et al (1987) suggest that people with unipolar depression are more likely to use alcohol or illegal substances additionally these patients are at increased risk of other mental and physical health problems. Unipolar patients are more...
Words: 1989 - Pages: 8
...the primary diagnosis for Jim would be double depression, since both symptoms of persistent depressive disorder as well as major depressive disorder are presented in the patient’s case. As stated in the DSM-V a persistent depressive disorder is described as a state of “depressed mood for most of the days, for more days than not, … for at least 2 years,” which is present in Jims case for around four years. Some other symptoms of persistent depressive disorder stated in the DSM-V, that were visible in Jim were insomnia, his complaints regarding low energy levels and fatigue, feeling hopeless as well as his low self-esteem and poor concentration. His symptoms clearly cause distress and impairment in...
Words: 1676 - Pages: 7
...coexist and their susceptibility can run in families (Merikangas and Gelernter 1990). In addition , other studies carried out by Merikangas et al 1994 patients often use alcohol as a form of self medication for an affective disorder. In other words, depression may develop as a result of alcoholism; in this case alcoholism is the primary disorder and depression is considered an organic mood disorder (ie mood disorder with a physiological cause). Conversely, is was argued in other studies that there was no unequivocal effect on mood. ( Tilburg and Vingerhoets 2001). While come studies found that drinking was associated with inducing positive feelings of pleasure or reduction in negative feelings like uncertainty and tension ( ref 3,4) others have reported reported an increase in negative emotions (ref 5,6) or no direct effects on the mood at all ( ref 7,8) . Perkins at al (7) observed that alcohol intake decreased self- report Heavy alcohol use or alcohol misuse and major depressive disorder or depressive symptoms commonly co-occur in late life (Grant and Harford, 1995; Friedmann et al., 1999; Graham and Schmidt, 1999; Merrick et al., 2008; Sacco et al., 2009). A few studies also report a relationship between alcohol misuse and major depression or depressive symptoms in older adults of both genders (Grant, 1997; Brennan et al., 2001; St. John et al., 2009). In...
Words: 1680 - Pages: 7
...Antidepressants Work, so what’s the Problem Kurt Anderson Utah Valley University Course: Online English 2020 Instructor: Robert Crane Abstract Efficacy of antidepressants is under such scrutiny by the general public, because of a few scientists. Antidepressants are the most researched substance worldwide. The long history of research analysis proves the efficacy of antidepressants, but there are those who will falsely interpret clinical trials, or pool together selected studies to justify their claims. Scientists will agree that there are many flaws with antidepressant research, but with ever increasing new ways to re-test old research, the evidence of positive improvements are becoming harder to deny. This report shows that even though scientists are trying to disprove the effectiveness of antidepressants, the evidence of the scientific facts prove that antidepressants work for depression. Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables iv Glossary of Terms v General Information vii Thesis Statement vii Report Audience vii Author’s Purpose vii Argumentative Requirements Fulfillment Statement vii Introduction 1 Americans and Depression 2 Background of Depression and Antidepressants 4 Depression 4 Antidepressants 5 Depression Scale 5 Clinical Trials 6 Claims..................... 6 The Truth ......................................................................................................................................6 Prescribing methods...
Words: 4354 - Pages: 18
...depression in its patients and serve as the predecessor to Prozac. The NAT begin its evaluation by focusing on Eli Lilly’s five assets. The five assets were drug products that could be developed into the predecessor. The NAT decided to conduct research on the five assets to determine, which one could be developed into its next flagship depression drug. Asset 1 is R-fluoxetine, which Eli Lilly entered into a licensing agreement with Sepracor to further develop and market this drug but clinical trial stopped due to patient inability to stomach the drug. Asset 2 is olanzapine-fluoxetine combination (OFC), included Zyprexa and ingredient in Prozac. OFC was approved by FDA to treat bipolar, which is a smaller market compared to major depressive disorder (MDD). Asset 3 is 5HT2 antagonist SSRI drug study was stopped due to its harmful effects found in animals. Asset 4 are business development opportunities, which developed into 13 opportunities but Eli...
Words: 1430 - Pages: 6
...with depression. Some that be in denial that they suffer from depression. In this present case study we have a client named Bill who is a 14-year-old white male. Bill has very poor attendance in school, and his physical appearance is very modest. While examining Bills characteristics and troubles I have found that his primary problem is that he suffers from some form of depression. Based upon Bills symptoms it is hypothesized that he suffers from Major Depressive Disorder. This disorder that bill suffers from causes you to be in a bad mood, not getting any pleasure from activities, and having no interest in anything that he does. Symptoms include sleeping and eating disorders, not being about to think or concentrate. It also can cause problems making decisions, and often thinking about suicide. These symptoms can be caused by biological factors, which are genetic, chemical, neurological and physiological factors that may affect or put Bill at risk for developing a mood disorder such as depression or in this case major depressive disorder. Bill’s parents both suffered from depression in which was perhaps genetically passed down to Bill due to genetic factors. Bill was molested by a stranger at six years old, this may have increased his willingness to participate in sodomy with his older brother and caused him to be sexual activity at an early age. He willingly had sodomy because he thought he was doing the right thing due to his passed experience of being molested. What he went...
Words: 1373 - Pages: 6
...common but serious mood disorder, depression causes sadness, insomnia, feelings of worthlessness, and in its extreme form, suicidal thoughts, for an extended period of time, interfering with a person’s daily life (Andrews and Thomson, Jr.; “What Is Depression?”). While research primarily focuses on depression’s costs to the individual suffering from it, as well as his or her family and friends, some studies have found that depression does cause beneficial things to happen, such as greater success at analyzing complex problems and solving social dilemmas (Andrews and Thomson, Jr.). Depressive disorder comes in several forms, including major depression, in which severe symptoms interfere with one’s daily life and activities including eating, sleeping, and simply enjoying one’s life; persistent depressive disorder, which is depression that lasts two or more years; psychotic depression, which involves a break with reality or seeing or hearing hallucinations; postpartum depression in which women experience depression after giving birth; seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in which one suffers depression during winter months; and bipolar disorder, in which one cycles between manic and depressive stages (“What Is Depression?”). Women more than men are most likely to suffer from a depressive disorder , and even how women experience depression is different from how men experience it (“What Is Depression?”). Causes of Depression Considered a complicated disorder of the brain, a combination...
Words: 1232 - Pages: 5
...PSY-101-OL May 2008 1a. Define the fundamental attribution error and explain how it distorts social perception. The fundamental attribution error is “the tendency for people to over-emphasize dispositional, or personality-based, explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing situational explanations” (Wikipedia, 2001). People have the tendency to choose the dispositional explanation instead of the situational explanation of and event. For example your boss walks up to you in the morning and says “your fired” most people would say this was caused by the fact your boss does not like you. They would not base it on the fact that they have not been to work on time in two months and have had numerous verbal and written warnings. The fundamental attribution error effects social perception as well. People have an instinct to assign certain characteristics to those they come across. This social perception bias can be observed everywhere in society. It has become instinctive to form expectations of people the first time they are encountered. 1b. Describe the effect of cognitive dissonance on behavior and attitude change. Numerous experiments and studies have shown that cognitive dissonance has the power to change attitudes and behavior. Leon Festinger’s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory proposes, “people have a fundamental cognitive drive to reduce this dissonance by modifying an existing belief, or rejecting one of the contradictory ideas” (Wikipedia, 2001)...
Words: 1474 - Pages: 6
...Depression in Adolescents: A Look at Effects, Causes, and Treatments Christopher Marshall Jaffe Vanderbilt University Abstract This paper describes and analyzes the very general term of depression, specifically keying on depression in adolescents. The paper is split into four main sections, the first being the definition of the problem. This section will discuss what the problem is and how it is defined in the scientific world. The second section will outline and present the effects and importance of depression on the individual, family, and society as a whole. The third section will discuss the causes of depression using theories such as the Hopelessness Theory of Depression, the Response Style Theory of Depression, and Beck’s Cognitive Theory of depression. And lastly the fourth section of this paper will discuss different treatments to the problem and their effectiveness. Definition Depression Depression has been around before the ancient Greeks and even before it got deemed “depression” the famous, “Greek physician Hippocrates, called it melancholia” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). It is so common in the psychological world now that some refer to it as the common cold. Depression can be described simply as, “A mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life” (Encyclopedia Britannica...
Words: 2947 - Pages: 12
...case study questions that you must respond to are found on page 178. The review of each team case should not exceed 12 double spaced pages, not including your APA cover page and a reference page. All type must be Times Roman 12 point pica. Use the APA style for citing all sources The team management paper (e.g., case analysis) accounts for 25 points, or 25 percent of your grade Background: The black box of depression can potentially have an unpredictable impact on the life of an individual. Those who struggle with this diagnosis on a day to day basis at times cannot predict the outcome of the situation if left untreated. That National Alliance of Mental Illness reports nearly 15 million Americans averaging one and ten adults experience some form of depression annually. The statistics amongst women are considerably startling because one out of every eight woman are the ones who are affected and suffer with the onset of major depression. That women are twice as likely as men to have depression is a consistent finding in psychiatric epidemiology and is not simply a consequence of females being more likely to report, recall or seek help for depressive symptoms. Before puberty, boys are slightly more likely than girls to be...
Words: 2589 - Pages: 11
...0005-7967/95 $7.00 + 0.00 HOW DOES COGNITIVE THERAPY PREVENT DEPRESSIVE RELAPSE AND WHY SHOULD ATTENTIONAL CONTROL (MINDFULNESS) TRAINING HELP? J OHN D. TEASDALE, 1 ZINDEL SEGAL2 a n d J. MARK G. WILLIAMS3 ' MRC Applied Psychology Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, England, 2Clark Institute of Psychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, 3Department of Psychology, University College of North Wales (Received 12 November 1993; receivedfor publication 17 January 1994) S ummary--There is encouraging evidence that structured psychological treatments for depression, in p articular cognitive therapy, can reduce subsequent relapse after the period of initial treatment has been completed. However, there is a continuing need for prophylactic psychological approaches that can be administered to recovered patients in euthymic mood. An information-processing analysis of depressive m aintenance and relapse is used to define the requirements for effective prevention, and to propose mechanisms through which cognitive therapy achieves its prophylactic effects. This analysis suggests that similar effects can be achieved using techniques of stress-reduction based on the skills of attentional control t aught in mindfulness meditation. An information-processing analysis is presented of mindfulness and mindlessness, and of their relevance to preventing depressive relapse. This analysis provides the basis for the development of Attentional Control...
Words: 10431 - Pages: 42
...Adolescence……………………………10. The impact of Culture on Adolescent Depression…………………………………………...10. Abnormal behaviours associated with Adolescent Depression….…………………………..11. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...11. References…………………………………………………………………………………...12. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 3. This research paper will address depression in adolescents. Depression is often labelled as ‘the sickness of our time’ due to its prolific nature. Some of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of depression in adolescents as well as the contextualised issues, cultural implications and other abnormal behaviour associated with the disorder will be discussed. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 4. Background of Depression in Adolescence Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, a stage of major growth and development in which significant physiological, cognitive, psychological and behavioural changes take place. Understandably then, adolescence is a time of excitement and of anxiety; of happiness and of troubles; of discovery and of bewilderment; and of breaks with the past and yet of links with the future (Schmied & Tully, 2009). Research has revealed that depression is occurring earlier in life today than in past decades (NIMH, 2009). In addition,...
Words: 3461 - Pages: 14
