...4.65 percent of the U.S. population in 2001–2002, producing severe economic, social, and medical ramifications” (Sloan, Sayarath and Moore). As many know, genetics plays a strong role in the component of alcoholism. As more genes are linked to the development of an alcohol addition, the finding will be proven useful in developing the necessary tools to better identify those who are at risk (Perry). For the last 25 years, a variety of human studies have supported the “theory of a genetic component in the susceptibility to alcoholism” (Begleiter). Researchers now estimated that between 50 and 60 percent of alcoholism risk is determined by genetics (Sloan, Sayarath and Moore). “It has sparked numerous linkage and association studies to include, investigating the roles of chromosomal regions and genetic variants in determining alcoholism susceptibility” (Sloan, Sayarath and Moore). There have been multiple studies to identify the gene that could potentially lead to a higher risk for alcoholism. For example, family studies have been conducted to measure the frequency of alcoholism as well as related conditions consistently found that “biological relatives of people who abused or were dependent on alcohol were at a significant risk of developing the disorder themselves” (Begleiter). However, “the complex etiology of alcoholism lends itself to further investigation that takes into account the multiple layers of...
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...CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Infectious diseases represent a serious health problem today and account for one third of all deaths worldwide (Perumal et al., 2012), and herbal medicine has been used in many parts of the world as a rich tradition for the treatment of these infectious diseases (Titilope et al., 2012), both infectious and non-infectious. Attah et al. (2012) makes similar claims with the evaluation and development of compounds from similar claims with the evaluation and development of compounds from medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases which is one of the areas that is gaining grounds and acceptability world-wide (p.1). According to the World Health Organization, medicinal plants would be the best source to acquire different effective drugs and, therefore, those plants should undergo investigation to have a better understanding of their properties, safety and efficacy (Rajeh et al., 2010; Nascimiento et al., 2000). There are some published reports describing the antimicrobial activity of various crude plant extracts (Igoli et al., 2005; Alzoreky et al., 2003). It is estimated that there are about 2.5 million species of higher plants and the majority of these have not yet been examined for their pharmacological activities (Ram et al., 2003). In relation with the applications of herbal plants, weed, which is a plant that grows out of place and is competitive, persistent and pernicious (James et al., 1991), have been a part of civilization and...
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...peroxisomes. Catalase is found all over the human body. When catalase turns alcohol into acetaldehyde the hydrogen which is released is bound to hydrogen peroxide molecules which then become water. Although catalase is active everywhere in the body, catalase is of particular interest to researchers because it metabolizes alcohol in the brain. The acetaldehyde released into the brain by the metabolism of alcohol by catalase has been suggested to play a role in the development of tolerance to alcohol, to voluntary ethanol consumption and to the positive reinforcing actions of ethanol, perhaps via interaction with catecholamines to produce various condensation products.[54] d....
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...progressively abused. This study’s central concern is the ethical dilemma plaguing advertisements in Lebanon. It focuses on how Lebanese people, especially the youth, are manipulated and influenced by the ethical digression exposed in advertisements. The three aspects examined were the portrayals of sexual appeals, alcohol and tobacco since they represent the most mistreated issues. The study used an electronic survey consisting of ten questions intended to depict the opinions of Lebanese people on current advertisements. It was found that the male and female participants mutually find present ads to be inappropriate when considering these aspects. Alcohol, tobacco and sexual portrayals pose a concern to the participants rendering them unethical. A general consensus proposed stricter regulatory measures to be taken against such advertisements. Lebanese advertisers must venture for opportunities and methods to publicize ideas and products without submitting them to immoral standards. Further recommendations and research gaps are presented in the study. Introduction: The Ethical Predicament of Advertisements: An in-depth study of publicizing tobacco, alcohol and sexual appeals. Imagine a world where humans are mentally captivated, fed through prescribed tubes and artificial packages and continuously exposed to selected dogmas, images and understandings. A situation seeming unbearable, torturous or even anachronistic, unfortunately describes the situation of our world...
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...practice research has provided many measures that can be taken to prevent or manage osteoporosis which include diet, exercise, and modifying behaviors that increase risk and susceptibility. Weight - bearing and resistance exercise, limiting alcohol and caffeine intake, smoking cessation, and fall prevention strategies are part of a bone - healthy life style used to manage postmenopausal osteoporosis. Health care providers such as pharmacists and nurses may have the ability improve and optimize the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women by counseling them on a bone - healthy lifestyle and making recommendations for calcium and vitamin D supplements and osteoporosis medication to prevent or treat the disease (. The question here is, “Will educating and counseling of midlife women encourage them to make positive changes to their lifestyle resulting in decreased susceptibility to osteoporosis?”. According to the current level of knowledge promoting education and prevention teaching strategies to patients is the most sensible and effective way to prevent osteoporosis. Educating individuals on risk factors such as a family history of osteoporosis, diet low in calcium and vitamin D, smoking, alcohol use in addition to testing their post learning knowledge, has the potential to decrease susceptibility to the disease (Dunniway, 2012). In Dunniway’s study, “FRAX counseling for bone health behavior change in women 50 years of age and older’, a FRAX assessment tool, self-administered...
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...Hispanics are more likely to experience negative alcohol-related consequences, this study used college students to research the maladaptive problems associated with this risky behavior. Characterized by freedom and exploration, emerging adults experience acculturation, presenting the unique opportunity to identify: (a) heterogeneity in acculturation among Hispanic college students and (b) how within-group variations in acculturation are associated with involvement in alcohol-related risk behaviors (Des Rosiers, Schwartz, Zamboanga, Ham, & Huang, 2012). Using such a population gives the special opportunity to examine culturally based predictors of alcohol expectancies and expectancy valuations, due to their increased susceptibility. Hispanic...
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...Psychiatric Genetics: September 2002 - Volume 12 - Issue 3 - pp 173-176 Brief Reports No association between the dopamine D3 receptor gene and Korean alcohol dependence Lee, Min-Seoab; Ryu, Sung-Hob Abstract The genes encoding dopamine receptor (DR) subtypes have received considerable attention for the past several years as a potential candidate that may affect susceptibility to addictive disorder, including alcoholism. The many association studies that compared the frequencies of alleles of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene between alcoholics and control groups have produced results, but some have been equivocal. Dopamine D3 receptor genes (DRD3) are in the same class as DRD2 but with different pharmacological properties. So we compared the distribution of genotypes and frequencies of Bal I polymorphism of the DRD3 gene in alcoholics and controls to assess the role of the DRD3 gene in Korean alcoholism. For this study, 67 male probands from alcoholics and 67 age-matched normal male controls were engaged. No evidence for an allelic association was found between the A1 allele of DRD3 and alcoholism in a Korean population. These results suggest that any role played by this receptor may account for only part of the variation in susceptibility to alcoholism. Keywords: * sediment compression; * geotechnical; * elevation correction; * index point correction; * decompaction; * Forth valley; * Scotland Abstract Fine-grained sediments usually suffer post-depositional...
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...Every year alcohol is responsible for 1/2 of all murders, accidental deaths, and suicides; 1/3 of all drowning, boating, and aviation deaths; 1/2 of all crimes; and almost 1/2 of all fatal automobile accidents (Overview 1). Alcohol is a potent nonprescription drug sold to anyone over the national legal drinking age, 21. Unlike carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which can be manufactured by the body, alcohol is a substance that is not made within the body. It is a food, because it supplies a concentrated number of calories, but is not nourishing and does not supply a significant amount of needed nutrients, vitamins, or minerals. These are empty calories that result in an unattractive “beer belly.” Most foods are prepared for digestion by the stomach so that their nutrients can be absorbed by the large intestine. However, 95% of alcohol is absorbed directly through the stomach walls or the walls of the duodenum (part of the small intestine nearest the stomach)and small intestine (Overview 2). Various factors effect the speed of alcohol’s absorption into the body. - Watery drinks such as beer is absorbed more slowly. - Foods (especially fatty foods) delay absorption - Carbonated beverages speed up the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine where alcohol is absorbed more quickly. - The drinker’s physical and emotional state (fatigue, stress), and individual body chemistry affect absorption. - Gender: Women have less dehydrogenates (a chemical that breaks down alcohol in the...
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...Alcohol produces its effects by altering the release of two major types of neurotransmitters - GABA and glutamate. GABA is the most prevalent of the neurotransmitters that decrease activity in the brain, while glutamate is the most common activity-increasing neurotransmitter. Alcohol suppresses glutamate release and increases GABA levels. These effects combine to produce a general decrease in the brain's activity, and they are responsible for many of the experiences associated with binge drinking. Areas of the brain affected (and common experiences that result) include those responsible for attention (being inattentive), memory (blacking out), judgement (making foolish decisions), coordination (swaying and stumbling), and anxiety (feeling relaxed). Alcohol also affects the brain area which controls basic functions that are necessary for you to live, such as breathing and heart rate. If you drink too much alcohol, the brain activity related to these functions can decrease to a point where your breathing and heart stop. You might think you would pass out before drinking enough to kill yourself, but alcohol remains in your stomach and continues to be absorbed into your blood while you sleep. The likelihood of death increases when large amounts of alcohol are consumed in a short time. Drinking techniques that encourage rapid consumption include Jello cubes, beer bongs, and keg stands. Dangerous styles of drinking include chugging and having multiple shots in a row. It's true...
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...Effects of Drugs A Term Paper Presented to the Faculty Of the English Department Of Hope Christian High School By: Aldrin Aaron M. Agulan High 4 - Purity February 27 2013 Table of contents……… Acknowledgement……………………………..…. Introduction …..………………………………..…….1 Definition of terms …………………………….…....2 Effects of Drugs ...……….……………………..….3 Complication of addiction ....……….………………14 Conclusion …………………………………………15 Findings …………………….………………………21 Bibliography………………………………………...23 Appendix……………………………………………24 Acknowledgments I would like to thank God for his unyielding guidance on my path through this term paper. I would also like to extend my gratitude to all my family members who have supported me through the long hours. This paper would not be possible if not for the endless mentoring of my teacher Dr. Bella Divina Lastly, I would like to give thanks to my one and only almamater who have been my home since the start of my education and the wealth of knowledge she has given me. -Aldrin Introduction Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their...
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...drug really is. (Sabet, 2013) If the drug offer no scientific evidence of beneficial properties, than and they cannot offer any substantial information on how harmful the drug really is, than why not legalize it for adult consumption. Here is one piece of evidence of beneficial properties that the report does not show, there has yet to be a single case where a person has overdosed from the consumption of marijuana. This fact alone shows that the use of marijuana over conventional alcohol has its benefits. Although, marijuana use does have some sort term dangers. Some discomforts from the use of smoking marijuana include dry mouth, dry eyes, increased heart rate and visible sign of intoxication. Others problems include impaired short term memory, difficult thinking and problem solving, anxiety, paranoia, impaired muscle coordination, increased susceptibility to infections, and cardiac problems for those with heart disease. These symptoms and other problems are not much different from the use of alcohol except for the lack of death from use. ("Marijuana", YYYY) This article also stated that with the use of marijuana comes the risk of addiction. I can say that that a few years ago, I had to quit the use of marijuana for reasons other than personal. I had...
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.... Teratogens, such as drugs it can it are just as harmful to the fetus and the as alcohol. Different drugs have it can be it different effects on the does it do what mothers and the fetuses it can as well. Teratogens can vary to way very from drugs that of to alcohol. Any foreign body if it what that enters the mother fetus from healthy that is not beneficial and unhealthy the or healthy to the fetus it is not the is categorized as a teratogen. Some of the harsher if not possible teratogens that affect do right the fetus in more extreme cases and what is ways are illicit do not it goes too drugs such as cocaine what it and heroin. Berk, L. E. & Meyers, A. B. (2016) suggested that about 25 percent doing bad of U.S.). In most cases, the it was mothers who were not that much...
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...Differential Association in Our World Old Dominion University Abstract This paper will discuss the theory of differential association by Edwin Sutherland and how it is applied in sociology and criminology in society today. It will show how the theory is applied to the everyday lives of some criminals and how it can be applied to acts that may not be considered criminal. We will further explore Sutherland's nine key points that were used to detail what the building blocks of the theory are, and how those points have been applied to other studies. Research by other sociologists will be discussed in regards to differential association and how those researchers chose to interpret Sutherland's theory and use it to further explore instances of crime and deviance in their own research. Finally I will discuss how true the researchers stayed to the original theorists and reflect on my own opinions about the theory of differential association. Introduction The theory of differential association is one that has been used to attempt to identify why people commit crime for years. Since Edwin Sutherland created the theory in 1947 it has been looked to by numerous researchers both using the theory for inspiration and criticizing its legitimacy. This paper will discuss Sutherland's theory in its entirety including it's creation and what the theory itself states, its applications in our society as well as how other researchers have applied it to their own research, and the findings that...
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...Concerns over those individuals who drink alcohol excessively and have become heavily dependent on it go back to many centuries and today are still being aimed at the effect that alcohol has on the individual and on the society as a whole. “Alcoholism has conventionally been distinguished as a persistent and chronic disorder” (Fingarette,2005). Given the distinctiveness of the analytical understandings of alcoholism and the people affected by it, it is not startling that there are diversified treatments for it. There has been an immense number of behavioural techniques developed to treat those who are dependent on alcohol, but reasonably chemical aversion therapy is the best known treatment linked with behavioural theory” (Van Zyl & Joubert,2015),...
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...Physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses an individual is likely to experience in response to a newly diagnosed condition with a poor prognosis in the 1st week after diagnosis. Receiving a medical diagnosis is stressful. Regardless of the diagnosis, or how the patient perceives it, the patient usually and immediately feels uncertainty: Life may never be the same (McClain, Buchman, 2010). There are physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses a patient is likely to experience in response to a newly diagnosed condition with a poor prognosis. For example; when a patient has been diagnosed with cancer it can be hard for doctors to give prognosis to the patient. It can be hard to understand what the prognosis means and also hard to talk about, even for doctors. Doctor may tell the patient that the cancer is likely to respond well to treatment or may tell the patient that the cancer is harder to control. There are many factors that can affect prognosis; some of the factors that affect prognosis include: the type of cancer and where it is in your body, the stage of the cancer; which refers to the size of the cancer and if it has spread to other part of your body, the cancer’s grade; which refers to how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope, your age and how healthy you were before cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2014). The feelings of the diagnosed patient can change from day to day, hour to hour, or even minute to minute (National Cancer...
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