...Does Taste Aversion Therapy Produce Behavioural Change? AZA1019 Psychology: Introduction 1A Dionne Morris Nomalizo Thwala 26064332 1.Taste Aversion. (n.d.). In Alleydog.com's online glossary. Retrieved from: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition-cit.php?term=Taste Aversion This reference explains what taste aversion is and gives a better understanding of the term. Taste aversion is when a human’s taste buds associate the taste of a certain food or drink with that of a spoiled substance. When an individual has a taste aversion towards something, their brain will automatically develop a resistance towards a certain food or drink. This article also states the body forms a survival mechanism which warns the body for harmful food . An individual may acquire taste aversion due to circumstances. For example, when a type of food makes them sick at an early age, they will have a negative reaction towards it throughout their lives. 2.Kendra, C. (2015). What is aversion therapy? About education. Retrieved from: http://psychology.about.com/od/typesofpsychotherapy/f/aversion-therapy.htm This reference gives an understanding of what aversion therapy is and how it is performed. This therapeutic method is a form of treatment that utilizes behavioural principles to eliminate unwanted behaviour. Kendra discusses the different methods...
Words: 1097 - Pages: 5
...Psychological approaches make assumptions on how behaviours develop and the methods that they are studied. There are pros and cons for each approach and it is now accepted that one single approach is not entirely correct. Behaviourism states that behaviour is influenced by the environment and reinforcement. Positive and negative reinforcement of behaviours allows the child to adapt their responses to external stimuli. However, if the child is unable to adapt, or learnt incorrect responses, then unusual behaviours are present. Therefore, the approach aims to implement interventions to replace maladaptive responses with the correct ones. Interventions include aversion therapy, operant conditioning, behaviour shaping and token economies. The cognitive...
Words: 320 - Pages: 2
...Examining Classical Conditioning in A Clockwork Orange: Realizing its potential for good and bad Cory Latour St. Lawrence University Psychology blossomed as a relevant field of study in the 19th century, as emerging social constructs like individualism and romanticism encouraged scholars to evolve the study of human behavior (Carlson, Miller, Heth, Donahoe, & Martin, 2010). At the beginning of the 20th century, one question provoked notable research: how can learning be studied? Learning is defined as an enduring shift in behavior or knowledge due to experience, and Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike both designed experiments that measured how these long-lasting changes occurred; the pair’s research introduced the idea of conditioning into the field of psychology (Carlson et al., 2010). Pavlov and Thorndike differed in experimental methods, but their research ultimately concluded that one achieves learning through conditioning, which is a construct that modifies behavior through the operant and classical procedures (Carlson et al., 2010). Thorndikes’s investigation exemplifies operant conditioning, while Pavlov’s study highlights classical conditioning. Operant conditioning is a type of learning where responses are the result of consequences (Carlson et al., 2010). One example of the experiment placed a cat in a box where a latch was the only means to get out; whenever the cat successfully pulled the latch (the response), Thorndike rewarded it with food (eliciting...
Words: 2026 - Pages: 9
...and ideas? Is it always lingering in the bottom of our minds helping us judge our every move? Is it just a bunch of chemical reactions in our brain that we have no control over? Does have a greater or lesser effect upon opposite sexes? And if any of these are in effect, how does one deal with anger? In this text we will go over the five views of psychology and their takes on anger and also how to deal with it. Neuroscince is the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system and other biological functions. This view basically sees us humans mainly as highly evolved animals where are hereditary can be a major influence as to who we are. It believes that all behavior can be traced back and broken into biological components. So when dealing with anger, Dr. Mark Goulston asks, “What comes first in anger, a low level of functional dopamine and serotonin or an adrenaline surge?” First off, both dopamine and serotonin are actual chemicals transmitted through brain that have very positive effects. When you have a high level of these two chemicals you usually will feel more upbeat, care-free, happy, and not so easily angered. But when you have a low level of these two chemicals you feel groggy, irritable, and more stressed. Another factor comes into play that determines our anger and that is adrenaline. Adrenaline is also a chemical that is triggered by excitement and threat. In the case of excitement, it triggers a near (but not true) manic level...
Words: 1440 - Pages: 6
...One of my habits is smoking, and I developed this habit due to influence from my peer many years ago. The role models for the smoking habit were some of my friends who used to smoke cigarettes. When I joined a group of friends who used to smoke, I found myself smoking too, and it is now became a daily habit. They encouraged me and I started smoking slowly, but it became a habit. From the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2006), a habit is acquired behavior pattern being developed through constant repetition. Therefore, I kept smoking every day, and the smoking behavior became automatic. I now continue smoking because I am addicted to it. This is because smoking has caused some changes in my body and the way I act to them thus continuing to smoke. The changes in the ways I act have now developed over time, and these changes have become my smoking habit. For example, when I am stressed, I use cigarettes as an outlet for my frustrations. I am used to a smoking environment where my friends keep on smoking thus making me continue smoking. There has been a time I attempted to break this habit, to no avail. Kleinman and Messina-Kleinman (2000) argue that ignorance is one of the causes that contribute to persistent smoking. The government has tried to raise awareness on smoking, but the tobacco companies have increased advertisement of tobacco. Thus, it is difficult for people to break the habit of smoking. Moreover, tobacco has nicotine that makes one addicted thus making it hard for...
Words: 2464 - Pages: 10
...Definition: The chemical that enables brain cells and nervous cells to communicate together and is produced by the body is called Serotonin. If the body produces too little serotonin it will cause depression. However, excessive production of serotonin can lead to excessive nerve cell activity, causing serotonin syndrome. What are the Causes of Serotonin Syndrome? Generally, the condition takes place when you combine two or more medications, illicit drugs, or nutritional supplements that raise serotonin levels. For instance, you might take medicine to help with a migraine after already taking an antidepressant. Certain types of prescription medications, such as antibiotics, antivirals used to treat HIV and AIDS, and some prescription medications...
Words: 783 - Pages: 4
...is a view of abnormality that sees mental disorders as being caused by abnormal physiological processes such as genetics, brain damage and chemical imbalance. Abnormality according to this model is seen as an illness or disease. They treat mental disorders with the help of chemotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy and psycho surgery. According to Psychodynamic model, abnormal behavior is caused by underlying psychological forces of which the individuals is probably unaware. It focuses on unconscious mind primarily and according to Sigmund Freud, if a child does not successfully complete any of the psychosexual stages, it will cause abnormality. It is treated by talk therapies and test like the rorshack and free-word association. The Behavioral model has a view that abnormal behavior are maladaptive, learned responses in the environment which can be replaced by more adapted behaviors. These disorders emerge due to classical conditioning, operant conditioning or social learning. It can be treated with positive and negative reinforcement such as token economy. Lastly, the cognitive model has a view that stresses the role of cognitive problems such as illogical or irrational thought processes in abnormal functioning. According to Beck, talk therapies that restruct thoughts and according to Ellis, the Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy is a solution to abnormal behavior....
Words: 1256 - Pages: 6
...HurtingHealing & Rough Draft Peggy Matthews COM/172 6/9/2014 Mrs. Clarke Healing & Hurting Rough Draft Marijuana and opiates help when there’s pain you cannot naturally fight. But when abused they both get you higher than a kite. Medical Marijuana and opiates are used for pain relief, but are widely used for substance abuse. What is Marijuana? Is it an illegal drug? Or is marijuana a medical breakthrough? The United States Government contradicts itself everyday with this issue. The United States Government allows all states to pass bills if they so choose to, allow medical marijuana to be used as treatment for patients with chronic pain and recreational use. The other states are absolutely against the legalization of medical marijuana, saying “it is immoral”. What is the history behind Marijuana? I am going to take you on a journey ten thousand years ago in ancient civilization. Marijuana also called Cannabis was used for fiber. The humans in this time period also used the hemp seed for food. It was only natural that they discovered the medical properties of the plant. Cannabis was actually used for a list of reasons such as hemorrhoids, insomnia, headaches, pain, and even childbirth. But that was some time ago. In the 1970’s scientist were able to extract the THC from the plant. Thus making a synthetic version of the plant, and calling it Marinol. Marinol was approved from the Government and the FDA to be prescribed to patients. It was used to treat anorexia...
Words: 1397 - Pages: 6
...Jennifer Gay Okefenokee Technical College Psychology 1101 July 7, 2014 Abstract Transvestic fetishism is defined as sexual arousal which is brought upon by fantasizing and wearing clothing designed specifically for the opposite sex. This disorder more commonly affects men who prefer woman’s clothing, undergarments or other items. This is partly due to the fact that many men’s styles today are also appropriate for women. The difference is when a man chooses hosiery, makeup or high heeled shoes it becomes out of place in society. The disorder affects mainly heterosexual or bisexual men who usually prefer sexual relations with women. The disorder is not usually diagnosed unless the fetish begins to interfere with the person’s normal, everyday life. Transvestic fetishism is defined by the mental health professional’s handbook, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR), as a paraphilia. A paraphilia is a mental disorder characterized by obsession with unusual sexual practices or with sexual activity involving non-consenting or inappropriate partners (such as children or animals). The most prevalent features of transvestic fetishism is recurrent intense sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving dressing in clothing associated with members of the opposite sex. A commonly used term for transvestic fetishism is cross-dressing and people who frequently engage in cross-dressing are sometimes called transvestites...
Words: 1223 - Pages: 5
...Over-prescribing of ADHD Medication to Children Lesley M. Thomas University of Houston- Clear Lake What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? According to the National Library of Medicine, Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is defined as, “a problem of not being able to focus, being overactive, not being able to control behavior, or a combination of these.” (www.nlm.nih.gov) For a diagnosis of this disorder, generally referred to simply as ADHD, these issues must be out of the normal range for a person’s age and development. Although the majority of diagnoses are given to children and adolescents, there are also a vast number of ADHD cases diagnosed for adults. The purpose of my research paper is to offer background on this disorder, discuss the psychopharmacology of its treatment options, and to discuss whether ADHD medication is over-prescribed to children. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) states that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity has three different subtypes. Those subtypes are Predominantly Inattentive, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive, and a combination of the two. In order for the Predominantly Inattentive subtype to be used, at least six or more symptoms of inattention must be both present and persistent for at least six months. However, there must be fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity. For usage of the Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subtype to be used, there must be a persistent presence of at least six...
Words: 3100 - Pages: 13
...Mood and Addictive Disorders Kali LaDuke Psy/275 April 4, 2016 Kristi Collins Mood and Addictive Disorders Mood and substance abuse disorders are among the most common abnormal psychological afflictions. Mood disorders include those who suffer the symptoms of depression and mania. The depressive disorder unipolar depression, are those who only experience the lows of depression, while bipolar disorder is marked by both the low of depression and the frenzied high of mania. Substance use disorders are marked by recurrent use of substances, such as alcohol or drugs, that results in maladaptive behaviors (Comer, 2014). To explain the development if both mood and substance disorders there are biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Treatment for these maladaptive behaviors also use biological, psychological, and sociocultural methods. Finally, there are several gender and cultural differences in the development, frequency, and treatment in these disorders. Mood disorders Depressive disorder has symptoms such as sadness, low energy, guilt, and low self-worth (Comer, 2014). When these symptoms occur without periods of mania, it is called unipolar depression. Overall, about 19 percent of the adult population experiences an episode of unipolar depression in their lifetime. Severe cases interfere with the daily activities of life and can include physical symptoms such as physical pain and muscle fatigue. Severe moodiness and suicidal thoughts may also accompany...
Words: 2197 - Pages: 9
...1) Behavioral Perspective | Emerged from the pioneering work of Ivan, Pavlov,John B. Wastong, and B.F. Skinner. Emphasizes observable behavior that can be objectively measured. | 2) Humanistic Perspective | Emerged from the pioneering work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Emphasizes the importance of self-esteem, free will, and choice in human behavior. | 3)Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective | Emerged from the pioneering work of Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality | 4)Cognitive Perspective | Influenced by the computer revolution, the cognitive perspective compares the mind to a computer that encodes, processes,and stores information. Cognitive psychologists emphasize thinking,perceiving, and information processing. | 5)Biological Perspective | Emphasizes genetics, the roles of various parts of the brain, and the structure and function of individual nerve cells. | 6)Evolutionary Perspective | Influenced by the seminal writings of Charles Darwin. Emphasizes the role played by natural selection and adaptation in the evolution of behavior and mental processes. | 7)Experimental Method | A carefully controlled scientific procedure involving the manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect. The experimental method enables researchers to determine cause-and-effect relationships. | 8) Independent Variable | The factor that is measured or controlled by the experimenter. | 9) Dependent Variable...
Words: 4086 - Pages: 17
...Eating Disorders Many young men and women in the United States have a skewed perception of themselves. Some people take healthy approaches to achieve their health goals while others take a more unhealthy, and sometimes, dangerous path. Eating disorders have many health issues, along with noticeable symptoms, and proposed theories. There are a number of different forms of eating disorders. Anorexia Nervosa, commonly referred to as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by reduced appetite or total aversion of food. The first type of anorexia, called restricting type, is found in those who severely limit their caloric intake and exercise to excess to cause weight loss. The second type of the disorder is called binge eating and/or purging. These anorexics eat in binges and then purge the body of the ingested food either by self induced vomiting, the ingestion of large quantities of laxatives or the overuse of diuretics and enemas to rid the body of food. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent and frequent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food (e.g., binge-eating), and feeling a lack of control over the eating. Binge Eating is characterized by insatiable cravings that can occur any time of the day or night, usually secretive, and filled with shame. There are also eating disorders not otherwise specified. It is the category for people who do not meet the strict criteria for either Anorexia or Bulimia Nervosa, but who have significant...
Words: 2426 - Pages: 10
...Question 1a WRITE NOTES ON Eating disorder Introduction Eating disorders (EDs) are psychiatric disorders with diagnostic criteria based on psychologic, behavior, and physiologic characteristics. Eating disorders is a broad name for a number of problems faced by human beings with food in our society. While majority slip into overeating or comfort eating at some point, for some the problem goes to life-threatening extremes. For instance a common type of eating disorder is the anorexia nervosa and bulimia; there is a deep fear of being overweight that leads to an obsession about restricting the number of calories the person is taking in. This leads to an extreme state of starvation, which in turn has a number of effects on the way that the body functions and how hormones are produced. The common symptom of someone affected by an eating disorder includes: a. Mentally keeping a balance between calories taken in and calories used up b. Deep-seated feelings of anxiety if they consume a few calories too many c. Self-loathing, depression or panic if they haven’t lost any weight or put a little on, despite their best efforts Many scholars have researched the issue of diet quite deeply and know the damage they are doing to themselves but are still unable to stop. This just makes the feelings of despair and self-loathing even worse, causing their condition to continue. Common types of eating Disorders Research has given support to the existence...
Words: 5268 - Pages: 22
...* Terminology Unit 1 * Mental Health- A state of well-being in which each individual is able to recognize his or her own potential, cope with normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and make a contribution to the community. * Mental Illness- maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and cultural norms, and interfere with the individuals social, occupational and or physical functioning. * Anticipatory grief-when a loss is anticipated, individuals often begin the work of grieving before the actual loss occurs. * Bereavement overload- this is particularly true for elderly individuals who may be experiencing numerous losses- such as spouse, friends, other relatives, independent functioning, home, personal possessions, and pets in a relatively short time as grief accumulates a type of bereavement overload occurs which for some individuals presents an impossible task of grief work. * Ego defense mechanisms-defense mechanisms employed by the ego in the face of threat to biological or psychological integrity identified by Anna Freud 1953. Some of these are more adaptive than others, but all are used either consciously or unconsciously as protective devices for the ego in an effort to relieve mild to moderate anxiety. * Projection: Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to one’s self to another person. * Undoing:...
Words: 11566 - Pages: 47
