...Social Organized Crime Perspective Paper Social institutions are social groups in which one grows up in, such as school which is a social institution. Schools shape and model the mind that makes the man or woman. it is one’s social environment in which a person grow-up into can force different choices to be made that one would not normally make. In relation to Organized Crime, it has been proven that one’s environment produces traits for example if a person has been exposed to an certain social group and environment for a long period of time one will pick up habits (good or bad), There are a number of arguments that exist within our society, one point states that our society needs to have rules and laws set in motion as well as those of unwritten codes and morals in place for all of those to abide by. In view of our society as the social institution that has recognize that institution have become affix that has helped to spawn the organized crime that also exists within it. “The Alien theory states that individuals tat where involved in organized crime in Italy had involvement in the criminal organizations known as the Sicilian Mafia or Costra Nostra. Once many Italians migrated to the United States” (Limbaugh, 2011) because Italy was at that time one of the most overcrowded countries in Europe, and many considered the thought of leaving Italy to escape low wages, high taxes, and “apprehension by law enforcement in their own country” (Limbaugh, 2011), by coming to America...
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...making all of these decisions. Yet, the article clearly states that not only would she be charged, but that her gatekeepers who are male, would be the ones taken down. This speaks volumes to how women are underrepresented among white collar offenders and even when a women commits such a crime, they are not taken seriously. The article goes on to say that an indictment may also be based on anyone who's given a false statement to the FBI regarding this case, meaning a number of people could be under investigation. Once, again this deflects the attention off of Hillary Clinton herself. According to our text, women in white collar crime have different motivations (e.g financial help for family) then men do to commit white collar crime. This case and article alone are a prime example that this is not always the case and women should not continue to be underrepresented in the business world, as they are just as component as men and have the skill set to commit this type of crime...
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...of prejudice can be found in the cognitive and emotional processes. * Prejudice may be perceived as acceptable and justified * All inequality and differential treatment is not perceived and responded to in the same way. The nature and origins of streotyping, prejudice and discrimination * Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination often overlap. * Prejudice is the feelings we have about particular groups. * Prejudice is a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. * Prejudice biases us against others based on the person’s group. * Prejudice is a combination of feelings, inclinations to act and beliefs. * Prejudice is complex and include a component of patronizing affection. * Stereotypes are the cognitive component attitudes towards a social group. * To stereotypes is to generalize. * It is a belief about what a particular group is like * It is a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. * It is sometimes over generalized, inaccurate and resistant to new information but can be more or less true. Stereotypes Discrimination * Discrimination is the behavioural component or differential actions taken towards others * Prejudice is a negative attitude and behaviour, also unjustified behaviour * Attitudes and behaviour reflects our inner convictions * Racism and sexism are practices that discriminate. Stereotyping: beliefs about social groups * Stereotyping is the belief about...
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...Introductory Sociology Online Test 1 February 26, 2011 Chapter 1 Questions: 1. The sociological perspective stresses the ___________________ in which people live. a. social contexts b. geographical location c. neighborhoods d. cities 2. What world event most inspired the development of sociology? a. the Industrial Revolution b. the invention of the printing press c. the discovery of the New World d. the drafting of the U.S. Constitution 3. According to Marx, the capitalists, who own the means of production, exploit the: a. bourgeoisie b. proletariat c. masses d. peasants 4. The degree to which people are tied to their social group is called: a. social prevention b. positivism c. social submergence d. social integration 5. Laud Humphreys’ study of a city park bathroom resulted in an ethical controversy because: a. his study could not be replicated b. his results were falsified c. some of his writing had been plagiarized d. he used deception and did not identify himself as a researcher 6. Weber concluded that the key factor in the rise of capitalism was: a. social upheaval b. survival of the fittest c. religion d. technology 7. Despite writing an insightful examination of the United States, Harriet Martineau’s work was ignored because she was: a. not a real sociologist b. a theologian ...
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...What makes the Samsung brand successful? Marketing has been defined by The Chartered Institute of Marketing (2001) as …“the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer requirements profitably”… This essay will focus on the technology sector and attempt to uncover what makes the Samsung brand successful. Using key marketing theories of branding concept, brand equity and brand positioning in a logical order it will critically evaluate these concepts in the context of the chosen brand. Supporting academic theories, relevant brand examples and critical evaluation will be offered throughout each of the theories explored. In conclusion, a summary of these theories will be discussed in relation to the success of the brand. Founded in Suwon , Korea in 1969, Samsung electronics has arguably grown to become one of the most successful companies of modern times. In 1993 chairman Lee Kun Hee laid out his vision for the future and what the company had to do to achieve success. It was to become a global leader in consumer electronics by focusing on creating high quality premium products. By 2012 Samsung had established itself as the world’s largest information technology company for revenues standing at $200 billion with 236,000 employees in 79 countries. It currently holds No.1 global market share for 13 of its products. Its marketing spend for 2012 was $4 billion - 4 times that of its nearest competitor, Apple. Branding is used by companies...
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...2012 AIU Online 6/23/2012 ------------------------------------------------- Theories of Crime Causation Unit 3 Ind. Project The Sociological Theories Abstract The author of this paper focuses on the mainstream of criminology and the sociological theories of crime that have dominated the landscape for decades. The author focuses specifically on the social control theory, strain theory, differential association theory and the neutralization theory. These theories are often spoken due to their historical significance which was discovered during research in an attempt to examine delinquency and deviant behavior. Included in this paper the author shares with you her opinion as to the strengths and weaknesses of each theory. Further, she provides you with an example of a recent criminal arrest as it pertains to one of the aforementioned theories and the relevance that it has in explaining the offenders criminal actions. The first and most influential strain theorist is Robert K. Merton (1938). His original statement of anomie/strain theory is the basis for all of the theoretical developments. The strain has two associate components the first component is strictly focused on the concept of anomie (abnormalities), while the second is centered on the social structures, and the influences that society contributes to the strain theory. If you were to separate or combined these two components either way can lead an individual to a higher level of deviance...
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...in communication. The journal of American Medical Association takes in to affect the patient-physician relationship such as race, gender, and partnership. The American Medical Association starts their article by saying, “Many studies have documented race and gender differences in health care received by patients. However, few studies have related differences in the quality of interpersonal care to patient and physician race and gender.” The difference are shown by race in the article at a particular point were The American Medical Association talks about African American patients. The American Medical Association says, “African American patients rated their visits as significantly less participatory than whites in models adjusting for patient age, gender, education, marital status, health status, and length of the patient-physician relationship” participation is a big part of being a patient because if you are not participating how is the physician going to help that patient? The American Medical Association also declares, “Studies have shown that African Americans and other minority patients often receive differential and less optimal technical health care than white Americans” The quality of interpersonal care is important to patients because relationships itself is important no matter what it is. The quality of your life is determined by the quality of your relationships. Racism still wonders around the world today. Everyone should have equal benefits. It shouldn’t...
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...Chapter Eight: Deviance and Social Control Chapter Summary Sociologists use the term deviance to refer to any violation of rules and norms. From a sociological perspective, deviance is relative. Definitions of “what is deviant” vary across societies and from one group to another within the same society. Howard S. Becker described the interpretation of deviance as, “…not the act itself, but the reaction to the act that makes something deviant.” This coincides with the symbolic interactionist view. In some cases, an individual need not do anything to be labeled a deviant. He or she may be falsely accused or discredited because of a birth defect, race, or disease. Even crime is relative when interpreting the deviance of the actor. Deviance is based on adherence to and violation of norms. Human groups need norms to exist. By making behavior predictable, norms make social life possible. Consequently, all human groups develop a system of social control, which involves formal and informal means of enforcing norms. Those who violate these norms face the danger of being labeled “deviant.” Violators can expect to experience negative sanctions for the violation of norms. Members of society who conform to societal norms, especially those who go above and beyond what is commonly expected, receive positive sanctions. In some societies, such as the Amish, shaming is a common negative sanction that acts strongly as a means of social control, minimizing deviance. Biologists...
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...sanctions for the violation of norms. Members of society who conform to societal norms, especially those who go above and beyond what is commonly expected, receive positive sanctions. In some societies, such as the Amish, shaming is a common negative sanction that acts strongly as a means of social control, minimizing deviance. Biologists, psychologists, and sociologists have different perspectives on why people violate norms. Biological explanations focus on genetic predispositions, psychologists concentrate on abnormalities within the individual (commonly known as personality disorders), and sociologists look at social factors outside the individual. Symbolic interactionists interpret deviance through the following social theories: differential...
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...LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS AND WAGE INEQUALITY WINFRIED KOENIGER, MARCO LEONARDI, and LUCA NUNZIATA* The authors investigate how labor market institutions such as unemployment insurance, unions, firing regulations, and minimum wages have affected the evolution of wage inequality among male workers. Results of estimations using data on institutions in eleven OECD countries indicate that changes in labor market institutions can account for much of the change in wage inequality between 1973 and 1998. Factors found to have been negatively associated with male wage inequality are union density, the strictness of employment protection law, unemployment benefit duration, unemployment benefit generosity, and the size of the minimum wage. Over the 26-year period, institutional changes were associated with a 23% reduction in male wage inequality in France, where minimum wages increased and employment protection became stricter, but with an increase of up to 11% in the United States and United Kingdom, where unions became less powerful and (in the United States) minimum wages fell. W age inequality is substantially lower in continental European countries than in the United States and United Kingdom, and its evolution over time has differed greatly across countries. The same holds true for the skill (or education) wage premium. Changes in the supply of and demand for skills are unlikely to fully account for these marked differences (Acemoglu 2003). A substantial amount of research on...
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...Behavioral Learning Kerry Jefferson PSY 331 Julia N. Tannehill Apr 22, 2013 I introduction What we know about behavior is that it can be changed by learning. But, the sad thing is that it can be lost if we do not use these new develop skills. The way we learn is by seeing, touching, hearing, tasting, and smelling. Our five basic senses help us to experience change, without them learning would be difficult. There are three major theories that help contribute to the learning process, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and neobehaviorism. Although they share some similarities, they are different when it comes to performance. Classical conditioning is learning that comes from experience, operant conditioning is behavior that has been reinforce through some type of punishment, and neobehaviorism is a phenomena that cannot be measured and observed directly. But these three theories have theorist who have found ways to demonstrate them in their studies. classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and neobehaviorism are theories that help shape our learn process through performance. II Body Paragraph # 1: classical conditioning Topic Sentence 1: Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which an organism comes to associate certain events. It was revealed by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov a psychologist from Russia. Pavlov had a passion for physiology; it stuck with him throughout his life. He also developed surgical procedures for...
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...Data Limitations 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography. 16 Introduction A wage differential or also known as wage gap is the difference between pay rates of two identical jobs or types of worker that happens because of different reasons. Generally, wage differential might be due to different factors as geographic location, education, gender, occupation, experience, age and so on. Some argue wage differential might happen due to characteristics of employer and employee, even though other third parties effects also should be considered. For instance, the following factors are said to be important for analyzing wage differentials between countries. Generally speaking, wage might differ due to different cost of living, region size, city size, race, gender, schooling level and etc. While comparing interregional pay rates between countries, slightly different factors are used, such as sex, occupation, gender, marital status, household size and average firms size. Several studies as it will be shown below had concluded that average firms size might be very important in determinant in wages, since firm operating with larger profits might pay higher level of salary, this phenomena was latterly explained as rent-sharing. Limiting effect of wage differential, especially, when wage differential has a discriminative behavior, is very important for the Government. For instance, high level of wage differential between urban population and countryside population might result in interregional...
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...thereby limiting the exchange rate depreciation. Thirdly, it not only reduces the level of domestic aggregate demand but also improves the balance of payment position by reducing the level of imports. But the East Asian currency crisis and the failure of high interest rates policy to stabilize the exchange rate at its desirable level during 1997-1998 have challenged the credibility of raising interest rates to defend the exchange rate. Critics argue that the high interest rates imperil the ability of the domestic firms and banks to pay back the external debt and thereby reduce the probability of repayment. As a result, high interest rates lead to capital outflows and thereby depreciation of the currency. The exchange rate regime in our country has undergone a significant change during 1990s. Until February 1992, exchange rate in India was fixed by the Reserve Bank of India. Thereafter a dual...
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...around the globe have had to experience from close to the beginning of manhood. Crime is nothing new to us but the extent of criminal behavior has evolved over the centuries. We will probably never live in a world that is free of crime, but learning more about the criminal aspects in our society may one day make our world a much better place to live. To help resolve criminal behavior becoming more familiar with the biological and psychological explanations of crime, the way criminals learn to commit crimes and the criminal justice system in place to deal with criminals must be understood. Understanding the explanations of crime is a controversial issue by many researchers. What is understood is that the crime rate over the last century has increased and that this is largely due to the criminals in our society. If the criminal could be understood then perhaps that would be a large step in the combat against crime. Criminologists study factors to explain why and individual would commit crimes. Although one explanation does not supersede the other when considering the causes of crime, research has shown evidence of biological and psychological factors resulting in the criminal characteristics. Often people experience both contributing factors that drive them into the world of criminal behavior. Biological causation of crimes used to be an instrumental tool for criminologists interested in the structure of a criminal. Biological theories of crime were a way that physiognomists...
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...Calculus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the branch of mathematics. For other uses, see Calculus (disambiguation). Topics in Calculus Fundamental theorem Limits of functions Continuity Mean value theorem [show]Differential calculus [show]Integral calculus [show]Vector calculus [show]Multivariable calculus Calculus (Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting) is a branch of mathematics focused on limits,functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of modernmathematics education. It has two major branches,differential calculus and integral calculus, which are related by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Calculus is the study of change,[1] in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has widespread applications in science,economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient. Historically, calculus was called "the calculus of infinitesimals", or "infinitesimal calculus". More generally, calculus (plural calculi) refers to any method or system of calculation guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions. Some examples of other well-known calculi are propositional calculus...
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