...Comparative Criminal Justice Essay 1 The goal of comparative studies is to extend a person’s knowledge of people and cultures beyond his or her own groups. Some comparative scholars have a better understanding of their own society and of ways that society might be improved. When thinking about research in comparative justice, there are two questions that we should ask ourselves; what is it that we want to compare? What are the strategies of comparison or the perspectives of comparison? There are issues and problems that when comparing you have to deal with both internal and external to the system of criminal justice. There are multiple perspectives that are to be used: historical, systematic, relativistic, and cultural perspectives. First is the Historical perspective, which is the perspective of understanding the history and the evolution of criminal justice. Before the rise of the nation states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most of the world societies were ruled for centuries by different monarchies, kingdoms, and colonial powers. China, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, all had some kind of historical or traditional law. As for China they were under a traditional law that demanded that any offender must confess and voluntarily surrender. But this somewhat changed when the Qing law was reinforced, this caused the obligations to change by making provisions for alternative sentencing for those who surrendered and by lengthening the limitations...
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...cases the community may come to accept the organized criminal group for the benefits they provide. Understanding how organized crime meshes into the social fabric of a community is important to understanding how to fight against it. Just as important to understanding the social implications is understanding theories as to why individuals become involved in criminal activities and how criminal organizations function. Social Institution as it Relates to Organized Crime The first thing that must be understood when discussing how organized crime relates to social institutions is to define what a social institution is. In general a social institution can be described as a group of people joined together to achieve a goal. Communities are bound together by different kinds of social institutions like schools, banks, religious centers, law enforcement, businesses, etc. (Carlie, M. 2002). Communities are not bound together by strict lines on a map, but through social activities. Social institutions within the community provide the necessary support for daily living. When a social institution fails to fill a particular social need the door is opened for another institution to step in. Sometimes these voids are left open for a legitimate business opportunity within the community. Often, however, there are voids in the social community left open in illegal goods and services. These needs are then filled with organized criminal groups. “The failure of the production-distribution-consumption...
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...Research Process and Terminology December 15, 2013 CJA 334 Working in the Criminal Justice System requires one to have a well versed knowledge and understanding in not only the Criminal Justice field, but also in the language and terminology. To be successful in the Criminal Justice department proficiency in terminology is a must, however even more important than proficiency in the terminology is having a greater proficiency in the understanding of the terminology and research process. The main source from which new terminology was learned was from the textbook: Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology by Frank E. Hagan. Knowing these terms will be an asset to one when evaluating and analyzing research studies or data because one will have a capability of sharing what is being evaluated or analyzed using the terminology that is shared among others in the criminal justice field. Reading the various chapters from the Hagan’s book as led to a new understanding of criminology and that specific actions of research and theory are labeled with specific words to maintain a level of differentiation from other fields. A majority of the terms used in regular everyday conversation have originated from research in social science (Hagan, 2010). Hagan describes terminology fairly new in topics of qualitative and quantitative research. According to Hagan (2010), science is more over the scientific method that places a greater amount of emphasis on observation, measurement...
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...terminology that is related with the field of study a person is discussing is very vital to the study that is being conducted. Understanding the significance of terminology allows an individual an extensive series of communication in the criminal justice field when it comes to research. New Terminology For a student to be properly brought into the field of study for researching criminal justice methods a student must focus to the language that is being given. Having the proper perceptive of the terminology that is being used is stable to the research being studied. When words are used in various settings they can have different meanings. The terms method, research, and ethics are important words in the scientific setting, but to the general public those words are alone in their own separate importance. These words are important in the scientific setting for the reason that a person must understand the role of each word, being efficiently moral in the methods that a person uses to carry out their research to stop research fraud. Comprehending the process and the types of research will give you a better understanding of the designs that offer a larger possibility of a triumphant research project in the criminal justice field. Effective Communication A person must be able to communicate their findings logically as well as in plain English in the criminal justice field. Putting together the logical approach to research with the legal characteristics of law can give assistance...
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...Research Process and Terminology Paper Introduction Learning how to research efficiently is critical to being a high preforming in the field of criminal justice and because of this it was important to learn how to do a good job at researching. Research has many layers and it is imperative that one knows the proper language to use and the correct process to go about when conducting criminal justice research. This paper will be exampling just how important it has been to gather a better understanding of the terms and process of research throughout this first week of class. The first subject will be a breakdown of new terminology found in this week’s readings. The paper will then take the time to explain and give examples of how the new terminology will be able to be applied to a career in criminal justice. Lastly the paper will take the time to express the problems that can arise from not knowing the terminology as well as the benefits of knowing these terms when it comes to researching. The goal of the essay is to give a greater understanding of important subjects throughout week ones reading and overall how the new terminology studied can help in a career for criminal justice. New Terminology and How it Applies to Criminal Justice Throughout this first weeks of reading there has been many new words that needed to be learned, however as in anything there are a few terms that stood out as more important than others. Many of the terms that will be discussed through this essay...
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...cash or on credit terms. Section B – The Workplace: the legal relationship between 4 employers and employees. Section C – The Family: the family relationship arising from 5 marriage or cohabitation. Section D – The Criminal Offender: the essential nature of criminal 5 liability and the study of particular crimes. Section E – The Individual; civil liberties and rights under private law. 5 General Marking Bands 6 Textbooks 8 Contact details 10 Advanced Level Law 9345 This subject may be taken at the May/June examination only. Introduction This syllabus provides a satisfying course for those who will end their study of Law at this stage, and lays a secure foundation for those who will continue their studies in this or related subjects. It enables candidates to develop a knowledge and understanding of legal rules and institutions and an appreciation of the function of law in society. It also encourages candidates to develop the skills necessary to appraise and criticise the application of legal principles across different branches of law. Aims The syllabus aims to: 1. provide a sound understanding of the nature of law. 2. give an appreciation of the role of law in society. 3. demonstrate...
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...spirit of protecting human rights, criminal defense effectiveness is a practice to solve and important problem in theory have to consider. The current study are "cookie-cutter" to defend the effectiveness of implementation in the hope of improvement of the system of criminal procedural law on defense. Although the effects of related program design is an important factor in achieving effectiveness to defend, in today's defense system is increasingly perfect, defense effectiveness problem especially criminal entity effectiveness is cured, the most fundamental problem actually lies not in the program system is imperfect,...
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...to human trafficking is slavery. Humans were exploited and brought to different lands like the new world also known as the Americas. Laws were made to end the slave trade. Slavery was stopped long ago and it has been abolished in the United States for a while now. For an understanding of the term human trafficking, an interpretation of the issue would be needed to give an explanation of the adult and child victims, criminals engaging in human trafficking and law enforcement stopping human trafficking. Adult And Child Victims Adults and children are the victims in human trafficking. Men are exploited for cheap labor. They could be put to work hard all day on farms or plantations and not get any insurance or any benefits that governments offer to legal working citizens or immigrants in the countries that they are sold in. Women and Children are at a high risk for being sold for sexual purposes. Women could be forced to be prostitutes or escorts and children could be bought by pedophiles who want to have sex with children. Men, women and children are the victims of human trafficking that is being done by the criminals that are engaging in these crimes. Criminals Engaging In Human Trafficking The criminals are the bad individuals that are engaging in human trafficking. One of the main reasons for human trafficking is the large amounts of fast money that can...
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...established within Criminal Culpability, mainly intent, there continues to be discussion over the intended meanings. Specific intent, general intent, transferred intent and strict liability are frequently referenced in the determination of criminal offenses but continue to provide a level of confusion to the law professionals. The intent determines the mindset of the person accused of the crime and provides guidance to the process in which they are punished. These intents are part of the mens rea for the crimes committed and differ from the Model Penal Code. The Model Penal Code has served to simplify the definitions used in the previously mentioned intents. INTENT AND THE CODE 3 There are many differences in the interpretations of Common Law intents and liability. These intents are identified as: specific, general, transferred and strict liability which governs decisions of lawmakers and judges. The complexity in understanding the defined intents and applying them uniformly creates a feeling of disproportionate accountability from members of the public. The Model Penal Code (MPC) changes these intents in common law to four mental states: purposely, knowingly, recklessly and negligently. The “MPC expressly rejects the general notion of strict criminal liability.” (Garland, 2012) There seems to be a need for both levels of the law to coincide and provide the tools necessary for our criminal law system to protect society. Understanding the difference...
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...Criminology in the Criminal Justice System P. Olivia Roehrs CJUS 230_B01 LUO Research Paper July 4, 2014 Abstract Figuring out and understanding why people commit crimes is a main concern of criminology. Do the majority of criminals act and think rationally after weighing the consequences of crime? Is society to blame for an individual committing a crime? Do factors such as mental diseases or genetics play a role in whether or not one lives a life of crime? Theories have developed over time explaining the above questions and this paper will explore them and their answers. Criminology in the Criminal Justice System Over the years many individuals have developed theories as to why crimes are committed. Determining why crimes are committed is a main concern of criminology. When studying criminology it is important to understand what it is as well as understanding crime. In the field of criminology, it is important to determine if criminal acts are rationally thought out before being committed, if society plays a role in crime, and what issues drive an individual to live a life of crime. Before one can understand criminology and its purpose, one must have a clear understanding of crime. According to Paul W. Tappan, crime is defined as “an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law, committed without defense or justification, and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor” (Hendrix, 2014, p. 6). Having an understanding of what criminology is can...
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...Criminal Conduct and Criminal Law LEG 320 July 25, 2014 Strayer University CRIMINAL CONDUCT AND CRIMINAL LAW Actus rea and mens rea are both important elements to convicting anyone for any crime. The actual commitment of a criminal act is actus rea. The guilty or criminal mind state is mens rea. Despite the fact that both actus rea and mens rea do not have to exist a conviction is still very feasible. When a criminal act is committed and the individual does not have to mens rea or guilty mind in some instances without the required mental state no crime is committed. Persons incapable of entertaining the required criminal mind because of legal insanity have not committed a crime. Working with individuals who have been diagnosis with mental retardation has really opened my mind to the element of mens rea when the individual has done something illegal. Some of the individuals have it in their mind that because the have been diagnosis with mental retardation they can not be held responsible for the criminal act they may commit or have committed, I have even heard many of the individuals say it. Does this mental state qualify them of the required state of mind for conviction? Immunity as a defense works in some cases not all. Immunity is the exemplification from criminal prosecution based on statues, the U.S. Constitution or international agreements. Diplomatic immunity is granted to those who are visiting foreign officials. Diplomatic immunity can also be waived by...
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...Research Process and Terminology Paper Name CJA/334 - RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Date Instructor Research Process and Terminology When I hear the word research, I usually think of scientists in a lab wearing white lab gowns but, this is not always the case in the Criminal Justice field. Research can be used to fight crime, prove evidence in court or even help improve police response without the city. There are many terminology’s that has to be known to be successful when working in the field. How will this new terminology and knowledge apply to a career in criminal justice? There are hundreds of jobs within the criminal justice field. This new terminology will help throughout the research and will and aid in whichever branch or specialty the person is undertaking. The Terminology will help the person understand the different performances of the research and how it can be applied to his or her performance in job duties. This will give anyone a better understanding for research and how it should be carried out to assist them How will not knowing the proper terminology affect you as you conduct criminal justice research? Anyone that works in the criminal justice field knows that at any time people rely on the system to help them when needed. The system basically has control of all our lives and can determine what may happen next. Not knowing the proper terminology can have a huge effect on someone’s life, safety, and can even death...
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...Research Process and Terminology This paper is about the terminology used in research and the processes in which are used in research. In this paper the reader will learn how not knowing the proper terminology can have an effect on someone that is trying to conduct a criminal justice research project. It will also tell how by being knowledgeable of the correct terms it can be a positive feature to the researcher when examining and weighing up data or following a line of investigation information. And lastly, it will also explain how the knowledge and terminology can and will be relevant to a career in the criminal justice field. Research What is the meaning of research in the criminal justice world? “Studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws” (National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 2012). There are two types of research: basic or pure research and applied research. Basic research, also known as pure research, is pertaining to the getting hold of new facts to better science or to better the growth of the field. Applied research is helpful research worried with getting to the bottom of the in need of attention policy problems that may arise. A procedures used to develop research is sometimes viewed in an order of problem formulation, research outline...
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...Personal Perception of Organized Crime This document will speak of explaining Dena’s individual understanding of organized crime on enrollment in this class. In fact, this document will speak of any theories on Dena’s understanding. In addition, this document will speak of how would Dena explain organized crime, how Dena’s understanding relates to the meaning in the class readings, and speak of the distinctions Dena believes are connected with organized crime. Organized Crime Organized crime operates through several forms of bribes and threats to fabricate unique restraint over particular benefits that finally result as controlled by one party. The one party supplies the chance to set expensive values and proceeds. Organized crime succeeds with security tampering and legal punishment. Moreover, organized crime uses threat maneurving forces with its decisions, and brought off individuals frighten, and kill people who refuse to comply with the crime bosses (Bennett &Hess, 2001). Organized crime does not continue in every neighborhood. Although organized crime functions mainly in large areas, the smaller organizations function, in the smaller areas of the communities. People in neighborhoods are nor secluded from organized crime, but the community is affected by sky rocketing prices on gas, food, and other essentials needed and are taken over by unseen individuals. In fact, people in neighborhoods are unaware he or she is accepting organized crime from purchasing the...
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...Gaps in Understanding EN234 – Computers in Law Enforcement July 6, 2013 Ivy Bridge College/Tiffin University Abstract The goal of this article is provide an explanation of cybercrime offenses, and how they are committed, in order to provide the reader a better understanding of digital crime, such has hacking, identity theft, internet fraud and terrorism and what are the responsibilities of the internet provider in protecting the consumer against these attacks. A look out how children are being affected by cybercrime as well will be explored. In conclusion, possible solutions to cybercrime and agencies in which are responsible for the safety of the public will be reviewed and discussed on how these gaps can be addressed to improve the safety of the consumer (Gercke, 2012). Gaps in Understanding Over the past couple of decades, the internet has been beneficial to students, non-profit organizations, businesses and government. In addition, the increase of cyber-crime has also increased. It is necessary for parents, teachers, industry, and the government progressively thinking about protecting the Internet from the kids who may abuse it. According to the Department of Justice computer crime is categorized in three ways: 1. Cyber criminals target computers by spreading viruses and destroying valuable information needed to keep business in operation. 2. Cyber criminals use the computer as a weapon to commit traditional crimes, such as fraud or illegal gambling...
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