...Is Ipilimumab the best solution for the treatment of malignant melanoma? Chloe Walton Malignant melanoma although rare is a form of cancer that without treatment progresses at an extremely fast rate. The development of drugs to try to halt the rapid rate at which malignant melanoma can grow and infect another organ of the body is an on going project by specialists. Dr Alison developed Ipilimumab in 1999 and it was found in the clinical trials that it does, in most cases, exactly what medical professionals have been looking for. However drugs such as ipilimumab come with risks associated with them. This poses the question of whether the benefits outweigh the risks and cost of the drug. Skin and how malignant melanoma develops Skin is the largest organ in our body, responsible for creating a barrier between the outside and our internal organs. The skin is made up of three layers. The first layer is the epidermis, which is made up of mainly keratinocytes; they make micro-layers, which continually grow outwards to compensate for old layers dying and flaking off. Within the epidermis Langerhans cells are contained which alert the immune system to virus’ and bacterium. The next layer is the dermis, which gives the skin its strength due to the elastin and collagen fibres. Also present in the dermis are; blood vessels which allows the skins temperature to be maintained, and nerves which pick up feelings of heat, pain etc. and relay to the brain. The final layer is the...
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...currently looking for ways to decrease skin cancer rates and discover new prevention methods. Such areas include drugs, genetics, melanoma treatments, and potential vaccines.13, 14 Current research suggest that exposure to ultraviolet radiation as a young age are more likely to develop malignant melanoma.16 Based on the analysis of much data, individuals exposed to ultraviolet radiation at a young age are more likely to develop skin cancer.16 The...
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...CASE STUDY Mr. Gergen is a 32 – year – old man who has scheduled an appointment with a dermatologist to have a black spot on his right ear assessed. Mr. Gergen states, “My wife noticed a black circular area on my ear about two weeks ago and she suggested I get it looked at since she did not remember the spot being there before. I know that too much time in the sun in not very good for your skin. I’m a physical education teacher so I am out in the sun a lot, and I admit that I did not always remember to apply sunscreen.” Case Study There is a dark area on Mr. Gergen’s right ear approximately 0.4 cm by 0.4 cm round in size. The color of the surrounding skin is normal. Mr. Gergen says that he noticed the spot about four months earlier but did not think much of it. “I figured it was a mole. Since it did not hurt, I really didn’t give it much thought.” 1. You are the nurse working with the dermatologist. Make a list of questions you could ask regarding the area of concern to help determine if the site on Mr. Gergen’s ear could be melanoma. * Describe your daily hygiene practices? * What skin products are you currently using? * Do you do anything to protect yourself from the sun? * Are you aware of any situation or stressor that changes your skin condition? * Do you think that stress plays a role in your skin condition? * Has your skin condition changed your relationship with others? * Are there any treatment options that...
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...SKIN CANCER & TANNING The idea of a “healthy tan” is a myth which must be corrected in order to reduce the increasing incidence of skin cancer in the world. An individual's skin color is determined by their genes and their environment. Our skin can change color in reaction to sun exposure. This is called the "tanning response." When skin absorbs UV radiation, melanin is produced and transferred to the keratinocytes cells within the skin thereby darkening the color of the skin. Melanin in the skin absorbs and scatters UV radiation entering the body and helps protect the skin from adverse reactions to radiation. Thus, the "tanning response" is really a defensive reaction by the body to the presence of damaging radiation, and an effort by the body to protect itself from the harmful affect of ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B (UVA and UVB) rays (“Anatomy”). A tan still remains in the minds of many as socially desirable. Each day we are confronted with images on television and in magazines of golden-brown models and celebrities. In addition, we are the targets of local advertising and promotion of tanning salons. People must understand that a tan is not necessary; and that in addition to the premature aging of the skin, there are serious and possibly deadly consequences from the overexposure of one’s body to UVA and/or UVB rays. The deadly consequence is skin cancer. When people think of cancer they relate to the threat of colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwert yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe rtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklz xcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrt yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe rtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopa sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl ...
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...garments, the clothing is classified into different types of composition, which takes in to account the yarn and color. The fabric that can offer the best rating for ultraviolet protection is the knitted fabric, which is being used for sport T-shirts. Normal T-shirts show a very low rating when it comes to protection against the sun. Not all shirts have the labeling information in regards to ultraviolet protection, but it would be helpful for the consumer to have that information. Erdmann, F., Lorter-Tieulent, J., Schuz, J., Zeeb, H., Greinert, R., Brietbart, E. W., & Bray, F. (2012, May 21). International trends in the incidence of malignant melanoma 1953-2008-are recent generations at higher or lower risk? International Journal of Cancer, 132 (2), 385- 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27616 This article discusses how malignant melanoma has been increasing over the past 50 years in primarily fair-skinned people....
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...Jason’s Case Study Abstract Jason, a twenty six year old male, is seen in the urgent care clinic with a laceration to his arm. He cut his arm on roof sheeting while at work. While assessing the laceration on Jason’s arm, the nurse notices that he has a sunburn, freckles and moles on his skin. While Jason is still in the urgent care, the patient’s wife calls and asked if the medical staff would assess a mole on her husband. The nurse also educated Jason regarding sunburns, changes in freckles, moles, and lesions. His complexion, hair and eye color puts Jason at a higher risk for cancer and complications of being in the sun. The nurse also reminded Jason to make an appointment to have his family doctor check the laceration on his arm to make sure no infection or complications have developed. Jason’s Case Study After the nurse introduces herself to Jason, she gets his vital signs, height and weight. The nurse or the doctor per facility protocol should cleanse the wound to remove any dirt or debris from the laceration site. The nurse measures the laceration in length and width. The nurse checks the laceration for foreign bodies or debris in his arm. The doctor may order an x-ray of his arm to rule out any foreign bodies that may be in Jason’s arm. Saline gauze should be placed over the laceration site until the doctor comes into the examination room to see the patient. The nurse asks Jason if he has had a tetanus shot in the past five years. Jason should...
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...depend on the degree of severity a person has. In the following paper, I will shed lights on the types of skin cancer such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Skin cancer is an abnormal growth of skin cells that usually develops on skin exposed to the sun. Skin cancer can be found in the early stage, which can usually be cured if treated before the spread. Skin cancer begins where we can see it, such as on the face or arms. Some signs may include, growing bumps, changing mole and/or a dry and scaly rough patch. In this paper, I will explain the three major types of skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is abnormal, uncontrolled growths that arise in the skin’s basal cells, which line the deepest layer of the epidermis. BCC’s usually appears and look like open sores, red patches, or scars. According to (skincancer.org) “An estimated 2.8 million cases of BCC diagnosed in the United States each year.” Nearly all basal cell carcinoma appear on the body that is mostly exposed to the sun, especially the ears, face, neck, scalp, back and/or shoulders. This disease is common in mostly elderly people, but studies show that people in their twenties and thirties are being treated for this skin cancer. In a few cases, contact with arsenic, exposure to...
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...taking skin cancer seriously after knowing its significance. Skin cancer has been a growing problem in the United States and millions of people have suffered from it every year. The three most common skin cancers are Melanoma, Basal cell, and Squamous cell, which can cause bumps, sores, growths, etc. Skin cancer is a deadly disease with many causes, but the advantage is that it can be prevented. Problem/Definition Skin cancer is a disease where cancer (malignant) cells are found on the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). The three types of cells found in the epidermis are squamous cells, basal cells, and melanocytes. These cells in time grow to be cancerous. Thus, the three types of skin cancers are squamous cell, basal cell, and melanoma. Melanoma is the most deadliest and destructive type of cancer. (“Skin Cancer” infotrac.com) The number of people with melanoma has risen in Scotland from 3.5 in 1979 to 10.6 per 100,000 in 1998 for men and 7.0 to 13.1 for women. (Miller 945) Squamous cell and Basal cell skin cancer can kill up to 2,200 people a year in the United States. (Sommerfield SIRS.com) Basal cell, being the most common type of skin cancer, is the cancer that about 75 percent of the people have. (“Skin Cancer “ infotrac.com) Melanoma is mostly seen in older men but ever since tanning came in during the 1970’s, it has increased in women 60 percent around the ages 15-29 over the past three decades.(Sommerfield SIRS.com) “And basal cell and squamous...
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...xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx English 101 25 March 2011 Student/Teacher Memo 1. What was your purpose? What effect were you trying to achieve? My purpose was to write about tanning as a cause of the skin cancer, and about skin cancer as a consequence of tanning. 2. What was interesting about the process you went through in writing this paper, and what did you learn from it? It was very interesting to research about skin cancer, as I am particularly interested on the subject. I also did not know tanning or any ultraviolet radiation exposure can have such serious consequences. 3. What was the most difficult aspect about this paper, and what did you learn from the attempt? It was difficult to give it a clear structure on cause/effect, although the subject clearly illustrates this structure. 4. What do you see as the strengths of the paper, and what would you try to do if you were to revise it some more? The strength of the paper is the very reliable sources. 5. What’s not a part of your paper that you think might help a reader understand or appreciate it more? What didn’t you put in? I did not further develop on skin cancer, how it presents and develops. 6. What kind of grammar or formatting feedback would you like from your instructor? I would appreciate full feedback on both. 7. When using the APUS Online Library article databases, did you evaluate the credibility of the sources you chose? Yes. 8. Are your memo and essay in correct MLA format? Yes. 9. Did you save...
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...DESCRIPTION: Protein MelanA (Melanoma Antigen), also known as MART-1 (Melanocytic Antigen Recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes) is a common biomarker used to identify malignant melanoma (MM) in patients, it falls under the MHC (major histocompatability complex) I class. MART-1 is encoded by the MLANA gene in humans and is present normally on the surface of benign nevi (beauty marks), as well as on melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of your skin that become abnormal and grow out of control if malignant melanoma has developed. Approximately 76,000 new cases of melanoma are diagnosed annually in the Unites States, which accounts for about 2% of the total skin cancer diagnosis in United States annually; however 75% of skin cancer related deaths are the result of MM which exhibits how devastating this form of cancer is. With early detection of melanoma being correlated highly to improved prognosis of patients, it is necessary to create a point of care device that can measure the presence of MART-1 antigen in peripheral blood as a screening technique during annual examinations and upon identification of suspicious skin lesions Protein melan-A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLANA gene . A fragment of the protein, usually consisting of the nine amino acids 27 to 35, is bound byMHC class I complexes which present it to T cells of the immune system. These complexes can be found on the surface of melanoma cells. Decameric peptides (26-35) are...
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...pancreas, is located behind the stomach. The pancreas promotes the breakdown of food by secreting pancreatic juices and controls the hormones (insulin and glucagon) used to help control blood glucose levels (Medline Plus). When one speaks of pancreatic cancer, they are describing the development of malignant cells within the tissues of the pancreas (National Cancer Institute). For one...
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...past knowledge and straight to intervention. In order to implement these strategies, attitudes towards sun protective behaviours must be challenged (Kristjansson, Ullen & Helgason, 2004). The theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) has often been used to explain the relationship between one’s behaviour to use sun protective measure and their intentions. The TPB facilitates that social factors, perceived barriers/control and attitudes all play a role in deciding whether certain behaviours will be performed (Ajzen, 1991; Hardeman et al, 2002). Many studies have adapted the TPB to predict participant’s intentions to use sun protective measures (Hillhouse et al, 2000; James et al, 2002) and the general norm has validated the TPB as a suitable predictor of intention towards sun-safe behaviours (Araujo-Soares et al, 2012; Bachleda et al,...
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...A recent study conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) showed that there is a specific enzyme within glioblastoma cells that is known to break down glycine (GLDC), an amino acid (Trafton). The study mentions that there is a gene located within the tumor cells, known as SHMT2. This gene generates glycine from another amino acid called serine (Trafton). Since these cells are highly dependent on glycine, once the enzyme that produces glycine is blocked, then all these cells die...
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...One vital contraindication with Sinemet is the use of nonselective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. MAOI’s have to be withdrawn for a minimum of two weeks prior to initiating therapy with Sinemet (Brenner & Stevens, 2013). Patients who are taking MAOI’s need to consult with their provider prior to starting Sinemet as harmful and life-threatening adverse events could occur when used in combination. Patient with narrow-angle glaucoma or have had a previous hypersensitivity to this drug or a similar compound should not use Sinemet in the treatment of their PD (WebMD, 2015). Additionally, patient with a history of melanoma or undiagnosed skin lesions should refrain from taking Sinemet as it have shown in studies to activate malignant...
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