...ectotherm at a particular temperature is called A. metabolic rate B. BMR C. SMR D. budget allocation _____2. The internal environment of vertebrates is called A. blood B. interstitial fluid C. hemolyph D. plasma _____3. It allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes A. ectotherm B. endotherm C. regulator D. conformer _____4. The mammalian trachea and esophagus both open into the A. large intestine B. stomach C. pharynx D. rectum _____5. To extract the most simplified food substance from the digestive system, it is best to study the A. mouth B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine _____6. The diffusion in and out of the blood of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes occurs only in the A. capillaries B. arterioles C. arteries D. veinlets _____7. ____________ carry blood away from the heart. A.Capillaries B. Venules C. Vein D. Arteries _____8. The component of blood that is responsible for clotting is: A.platelets B.Erythrocytes C.neutrophils D.basophils _____9. Respiratory organs for insects, millipedes, and centipedes A. Booklungs B. Tracheal Tubes C. Gills D. Respiratory Tree _____10. The site of gas exchange in bird lungs A. alveoli B. booklungs C. parabronchi D. tracheae _____11. Marine invertebrates that have surfaces permeable to salts and water so that they are always in osmotic equilibrium with their seawater environment are...
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...Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition * Nutrition: food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up * Herbivores (plants or algae) vs. Carnivores (other animals) vs. Omnivores (All) * Most animals are opportunistic feeders – eat outside their standard diet when their usual foods aren’t available * Animals must eat * But, to survive and reproduce balance their consumption, storage, and use of food 33.1: AN ANIMAL’S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENIAL NUTRIENTS * Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs: * Chemical energy for cellular processes * Organic building blocks for macromolecules * Essential nutrients * Activities of animals depends on sources of chemical energy that is used to produce ATP * To meet the continuous requirement for ATP, animals ingest and digest nutrients * Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids for cellular respiration and energy storage Essential Nutrients * Essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals * Obtained from an animal’s diet * Include essential fatty acids and amino acids, vitamins, minerals * Key function: serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions * Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids * Animals convert fatty acids to a variety of cellular components * Membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, storage fats * Essential fatty acids – animals can’t...
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...disrupts its surroundings to escape. 13. Countershading-the development of dark colors on parts usually exposed to the sun and of light colors on parts usually shaded. 14. Myomeres-The segment within a metamere that develops into skeletal muscle. 15. Gill rakers-one of a series of stiff projections along the inner margins of the branchial arches that prevent food particles from passing through the branchial clefts. 16. Gill arches-branchial arch in a fish type being. 17. Grazers-animals that eat small portions throughout the day. 18. Spiral valve-series of crescentic folds of mucous membrane somewhat spirally arranged on the interior of the gallbladder. 19. Cloaca-a similar cavity in invertebrates. 20. Gas exchange-The diffusion of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration 21. Spiracle-a...
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...Clarkson Pharmaceuticals Upstream Process Design for a Monoclonal Antibody Production Facility 1 1 Marie Rogers 2 2 Executive Summary This report will discuss the design and material requirements for the upstream process of a large scale monoclonal antibody production plant. • • • Medium preparation Seed train Production reactor 3 3 4 4 Table of Contents Executive Summary Background Medium Preparation Cell Growth Seed Train 20 L WaveTM Perfusion Bioreactor 200 L Xcellerex Disposable Stirred Tank Reactor TM 3 6 9 13 16 17 19 21 22 2,000 L Xcellerex Disposable Stirred Tank Reactor TM 12,000 L Fermenter Medium Storage Material Transportation pumps References Appendix A: Project Guidelines 26 27 28 31 Appendix B:Calculations Exponential Cell Growth Production of MAb per Batch Carbon Balance for Glucose Consumption _ Carbon from MAb Produced Carbon from Lactic Acid Produced Carbon from Carbon Dioxide Produced 33 33 33 34 34 35 35 Total Glucose Consumption 36 Number of Reactor Lines Appendix C: MATLAB Code 36 37 5 5 Background Biopharmaceutical companies producing monoclonal antibodies perpetually investigate novel approaches for manufacturing their products. Process development investigates innovative methods to attain the goals of optimizing efficacy and preserving the product’s desirable qualities. Optimizing parameters in manufacturing has the potential to...
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...AS Biology Unit 1 page 1 AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Contents Specification Biological Molecules Chemical bonds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biochemical Tests Enzymes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell Fractionation Microscopy The Cell Membrane Movement across Cell Membranes Exchange The Gas Exchange System Lung Diseases The Heart Coronary Heart Disease The Digestive System Cholera Lifestyle and Disease Defence against Disease Immunisation Monoclonal Antibodies 1 – Mathematical Requirements 2– The Unit 1 Exam 2 4 6 8 10 16 17 24 28 30 31 35 37 44 46 50 54 58 60 67 68 72 80 81 83 86 Cells Human Physiology Disease Appendices These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH July 2011 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM/7/11 AS Biology Unit 1 page 2 Biology Unit 1 Specification Biochemistry Biological Molecules Biological molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are often polymers and are based on a small number of chemical elements. • Proteins have a variety of functions within all living organisms. The general structure of an amino acid. Condensation and the formation of peptide bonds linking together amino acids to form polypeptides. The relationship...
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...1. Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? a. b. c. d. e. changing the force of heart contraction constricting and relaxing sphincters in the walls of arterioles adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins all of the above none of the above 2. If you experimentally increase the concentration of K+ inside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? a. b. c. d. e. The membrane potential would become more negative. The membrane potential would become less negative. The membrane potential would remain the same. all of the above none of the above 3. Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach). What would you expect to happen if the acetylcholine is released in high concentrations and is not properly degraded after it binds the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane? a. b. c. d. e. paralysis of muscle tissue gradual loss of resting potential convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation decrease in the frequency of action potentials no effect 4. Compared to human eyes, the eyes of cephalopods (squid and octopus) ________. a. b. c. d. are extremely similar, with no significant differences are not camera eyes and do not have a single lens are inferior because they have few photoreceptors have an adaptive advantage because they do not have a blind spot e. none of the above Bio 253 Spring 2010 Exam...
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...| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) | In the anatomy of mammals, the thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (Ancient Greek: διάφραγμα diáphragma "partition"), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle[2] that extends across the bottom of the rib cage. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs.A "diaphragm" in anatomy can refer to other flat structures such as the urogenital diaphragm or pelvic diaphragm, but "the diaphragm" generally refers to the thoracic diaphragm. Other vertebrates such as amphibians and reptiles have diaphragm-like structures, but important details of the anatomy vary, such as the position of lungs in the abdominal cavity. Contents * 1 Function * 2 Anatomy * 2.1 Innervation * 2.2 Crura and central tendon * 2.3 Openings * 2.4 Comparative anatomy and evolution * 2.5 Variations * 2.6 Pathology * 3 Development * 3.1 Clinical Relevance * 4 Additional images * 5 See also * 6 References * 7 External links | FunctionThe diaphragm functions in breathing. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves in the inferior direction, thus enlarging...
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...4.3 ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Resting Membrane Potential Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials Conduction of Action Potentials 4.5 4.6 4.7 Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons Neurotransmitters Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior 4.4 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 76 Chapter 4 ■ Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission hapter 3 introduced you to the anatomy of neurons. This chapter introduces you to their function—how neurons conduct and transmit electrochemical signals through your nervous system. It begins with a description of how signals are generated in resting neurons; then, it follows the signals as they are conducted through neurons and transmitted across synapses to other neurons. It concludes with a discussion of how drugs are used to study the relation between synaptic transmission and behavior. “The Lizard,” a case study of a patient with Parkinson’s disease, Roberto Garcia d’Orta, will help you appreciate why a knowledge of neural conduction and synaptic transmission is an integral part of biopsychology. C The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson’s Disease “I have become a lizard,” he began. “A great lizard frozen in a dark, cold, strange world.” His name was Roberto Garcia d’Orta. He was a tall thin man in his sixties...
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...Midterm 1 Notes * Anthropological Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures ...
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...Chapter 40 4 main categories of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous. I. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium): forms interactive surfaces with environment on external and internal body surfaces; functions as barriers. Formed from continuous sheets of tightly packed cells Covers outside of body; or lines organs and body cavities Apical surface: the free surface exposed to air or body fluids Basal surface: cells at base of epithelium are attached to a basement membrane (which is a dense layer of extracellular matrix) Is avascular (no blood vessels); the blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are in the adjacent connective tissue: diffusion Cell Shapes at APICAL surface Squamous epithelium: flat; look like floor tiles Their thinness allows rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion Cuboidal epithelium: boxlike; looks like dice Produces important secretions Columnar epithelium: tall, pillar-like; some have cilia Protects underlying tissue Functions in absorption of nutrients and secretions (digestive juices) Arrangement of Layers Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium: 2 or more layers Protect underlying tissues where the is abrasion/ wear and tear Stratified squamous (best adapted for abrasion): covers outside of body; forms outermost layer of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus. Pseudostratified epithelium (false multiple layers): 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes; looks like multiple...
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...heat to achieve their operative temperature range. Heinrich's research on the sphinx moth (Manduca sexta) indicates that some insects can thermoregulate by using their flight muscles and: A. using their blood as a coolant. B. decreasing their metabolic rate. C. possessing an internal respiratory system. D. using a countercurrent heat exchange mechanism. Question 2 The thermal stability of aquatic environments is a result of the: A. high specific heat of water. B. low latent heat of vaporization of water. C. low latent heat of fusion of water. D. All of the choices are correct. Question 3 Animals that rely mainly on external sources of energy for regulating body temperature are called: A. epitherms. B. endotherms. C. ectotherms. D. peritherms. Question 4 In general, reptiles are considered to be a/an: A. poikilotherm. B. homeotherm. C. endotherm. D. heterotherm. Question 5 Mammalian and avian aquatic endotherms use all of the following mechanisms to thermoregulate EXCEPT: A. fat. B. internal respiratory systems. C. fur or feathers. D. concurrent heat exchange. Question 6 The water availability for organisms is determined by: A. internal dissolved ion concentrations. B. external dissolved ion concentrations. C. movement of water down its concentration gradient. D. movement of water up its concentration gradient. Question 7 ...
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...- DRAFT - International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering Case Study Series Bhopal Plant Disaster – Situation Summary by MJ Peterson Revised March 20, 2009 During the night of 2-3 December 1984, a leak of some 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas mixed with unknown other gasses from a chemical plant owned and operated by Union Carbide (India) Limited, a partly-owned subsidiary of the US-based Union Carbide Corporation, caused one of the highest-casualty industrial accidents of the 20th century. At least 2000 people died immediately and another 200,000 to 300,000 suffered respiratory and other injuries of varying severity. Property damage consisted mainly of contamination to nearby areas by various chemical residues. The defoliation of trees immediately afterward is clearly attributable to the gas leak; contamination in the nearby settlements may have multiple sources, the contamination of the plant site resulted from many years of general production activity. India’s Economic Ambitions When India attained independence from Great Britain in 1947, its new political leaders wanted to make the country wealthier by encouraging development of modern industry. It had strong support from the citizens, who generally agreed that India’s current lack of industrialization and economic development were the result of these colonial-era policies. Thus the new government could expect widespread support for any policy that appeared to set the country...
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...This page intentionally left blank SEVENTH EDITION Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer THEODORE L. BERGMAN Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut ADRIENNE S. LAVINE Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles FRANK P. INCROPERA College of Engineering University of Notre Dame DAVID P. DEWITT School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University JOHN WILEY & SONS VICE PRESIDENT & PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION EDITOR DESIGNER EXECUTIVE MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Don Fowley Linda Ratts Renata Marchione Christopher Ruel Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Wendy Lai Thomas Kulesa MPS Ltd. This book was typeset in 10.5/12 Times Roman by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing...
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...1. 1500; 500 000; ACCEPT 1400 and 300,000 for 1 max only [2] 2. ability to see (two) objects (that are close together) as separate objects / AW; ACCEPT ability to distinguish two objects see detail; IGNORE clarity / clear [2] 3. (i) transports water (up plant); ACCEPT alternative wording for transport e.g. movement DO NOT ACCEPT up and down DO NOT ACCEPT water and sugars transports, minerals / ions, (up plant); ACCEPT alternative wording for transport IGNORE ref nutrients / solutes DO NOT ACCEPT sugars support (plant / stem / shoot); ACCEPT keeps plant upright 1 max (ii) Functions: F1 (lignin), strengthens / thickens, the (xylem) wall; ACCEPT support only if in specific context of supporting the xylem wall F2 waterproofing (wall) / AW; ACCEPT waterproofs cell F3 (improving) adhesion of water (molecules); DO NOT ACCEPT adhesion and cohesion when used together F4 (spiral) pattern allows flexibility / stretching / movement; Flexibility / stretching must ref, pattern of lignin laid down i.e. spirals ...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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