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Management Control System

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Berkshire Industries PLC
Kami harus melakukan sesuatu yang berbeda. Perusahaan ini melakukan besar sesuai dengan semua indikator kinerja kami dipantau, dan manajer kami mendapatkan bonus bagus, tapi pemilik saham tidak menguntungkan. William Embleton

William Embleton, managing director Berkshire Industries PLC, menjelaskan mengapa perusahaannya telah menerapkan sistem insentif baru berdasarkan "keuntungan ekonomi" ukuran kinerja mulai tahun 2000. Pada tahun 2002, bagaimanapun, manajer Berkshire mempertanyakan apakah sistem baru mereka telah memiliki efek yang diinginkan. Ukuran laba ekonomi baru tampaknya tidak menjadi lebih baik dalam merefleksikan kembali shareowner daripada ukuran lama - laba akuntansi - yang manajer Berkshire sebelumnya terfokus. Dan sistem baru yang menyebabkan beberapa kebingungan manajemen dan masalah ketidakadilan yang dirasakan. Mr Embleton harus memutuskan apakah akan memodifikasi sistem baru, dan jika demikian bagaimana, atau menggantinya dengan sesuatu yang lain.

PERUSAHAAN
Berkshire Industries PLC (Berkshire) didirikan pada tahun 1852 sebagai tempat pembuatan bir yang melayani pub lokal. Selama bertahun-tahun itu telah tumbuh, baik secara internal maupun dengan akuisisi. Pada tahun 2002, Berkshire adalah berukuran sedang, milik publik korporasi difokuskan pada minuman dan makanan ringan industri. Itu omset tahunan sekitar £ 500 juta itu mempekerjakan hampir 3.500 orang di enam negara. Berkshire tercatat di London Stock Exchange. Kantor pusat perusahaan yang masih terletak di Manchester, Inggris, di mana perusahaan ini didirikan.
Berkshire memiliki empat divisi operasi: bir, Roh, minuman ringan, dan makanan ringan. Satu direktur dari masing-masing divisi tersebut memiliki otonomi yang cukup karena Berkshire dioperasikan secara desentralisasi. Staf markas kecil terutama bertanggung jawab untuk mengkoordinasikan keuangan, sumber daya manusia, dan berbagai fungsi administratif (misalnya hukum, sistem informasi).

PENGUKURAN DAN INSENTIF SISTEM
Sejak perusahaan telah go public, penekanan kinerja utama di Berkshire telah pada pendapatan perusahaan per saham (EPS). Target pertumbuhan EPS jangka panjang perusahaan adalah 8%, tetapi target itu diubah setiap tahun berdasarkan kondisi pasar diantisipasi dan akuisisi tertunda, jika ada.
Proses perencanaan tahunan perusahaan adalah proses bottom-up, yang pertama kali melibatkan divisi operasi mengusulkan target pendapatan mereka untuk tahun ini dan cara mereka untuk mencapainya. Draf rencana divisi dikonsolidasikan dan dibandingkan dengan target pertumbuhan EPS perusahaan Berkshire. Biasanya perbedaan antara rencana divisi 'dan target perusahaan adalah materi. Ini "perencanaan gap" tersingkir dalam serangkaian diskusi antara manajer perusahaan dan divisi, biasanya oleh peningkatan beberapa atau semua divisi target '.
Karena manajemen puncak dianggap begitu penting untuk memenuhi EPS ekspektasi analis, mereka juga membentuk "cadangan laba" perusahaan sekitar 10% dari penghasilan yang direncanakan. Ini cadangan didirikan untuk memastikan bahwa korporasi akan mencapai target bahkan jika salah satu, atau bahkan mungkin dua, divisi yang gagal mencapai target mereka. Jika, di akhir tahun, manajemen menetapkan bahwa perusahaan akan mencapai target, mereka akan merilis cadangan ini kepada Komite Investasi untuk pengeluaran diskresioner proyek, yang sebagian besar memiliki relatif hadiah jangka panjang. Namun pada tahun 2000 dan 2001 tidak ada cadangan ini dirilis kepada Komite Investasi. Semua itu berubah untuk memenuhi target EPS perusahaan.
Manajer senior di Berkshire, sekelompok sekitar 40 orang, berpartisipasi dalam rencana kompensasi insentif tahunan. Kinerja dievaluasi berdasarkan pencapaian target laba pada entitas yang manajer ditugaskan: sebuah divisi dalam kasus personil tingkat divisi atau perusahaan seluruh dalam kasus personil tingkat korporasi. Target bonus berkisar 20-90% dari gaji pokok, tergantung pada tingkat manajer senioritas. Rencananya memungkinkan untuk menimpa subjektif dari penghargaan bonus jika atasan, atau komite kompensasi dari dewan direksi dalam hal manajemen puncak, merasa bahwa kekurangan kinerja disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor di luar kendali manajer.
MOTIVASI UNTUK RENCANA INSENTIF BARU
Pada tahun 1999 dewan direksi Berkshire meminta William Embleton untuk mengeksplorasi keinginan pengukuran kinerja baru dan sistem insentif berdasarkan "keuntungan ekonomi" ukuran kinerja, sebuah konsep yang telah menerima banyak ulasan populer di media manajemen.
Motivasi board untuk rencana baru berasal dari dua kekhawatiran. Pertama, mereka khawatir bahwa kepentingan manajer tidak selaras dengan orang-orang dari pemilik saham. Mereka sangat prihatin bahwa EPS adalah bukan merupakan ukuran yang baik dari kinerja di era baru di mana mantra manajemen telah menjadi "memaksimalkan nilai shareowner." Mereka mencatat bahwa sementara EPS Berkshire telah terus meningkat, pada tingkat pertumbuhan tahunan rata-rata 9% dalam dekade terakhir, pemilik saham perusahaan tidak diuntungkan. Harga saham perusahaan telah meningkat hanya sedikit selama periode waktu.
Kedua, dewan ingin memaksa lebih objektivitas dalam evaluasi kinerja dan sistem penghargaan. Beberapa anggota dewan percaya bahwa terlalu banyak penghargaan bonus subjektif sedang dilakukan, memberikan bonus manajer bahkan di tahun-tahun di mana entitas mereka tidak tampil baik. Salah satu efek yang memungkinkan penilaian subjektif adalah bahwa penghargaan bonus hanya longgar berkorelasi dengan kinerja operasi direalisasikan. Efek lain adalah banyak waktu disalah-gunakan, sebagai manajer terlibat dalam "politisasi." Mereka mencoba meyakinkan evaluator mereka bahwa mereka telah dilakukan dengan baik, meskipun hasilnya mengecewakan. Para anggota dewan yang mendukung perubahan berpikir bahwa sistem insentif baru harus menempatkan batasan tajam pada penggunaan subjektivitas dalam pemberian penghargaan bonus, jika tidak menghilangkannya sama sekali.

THE NEW SISTEM
Menanggapi permintaan dewan, William Embleton meminta tiga perusahaan konsultan untuk mengajukan proposal untuk pertunangan untuk merancang pengukuran baru dan sistem insentif. Setelah serangkaian pertemuan, tim manajemen dan dewan Berkshire memilih besar di New York bermarkas kuat dari Corey, Langfeldt and Associates (PKB). Keterlibatan konsultan dikelola oleh PKB asosiasi berbasis di London. Pendekatan PKB didasarkan pada proprietary "keuntungan ekonomi" mengukur perusahaan kinerja. Rumus PKB untuk keuntungan ekonomi adalah:

Keuntungan ekonomi = Disesuaikan Laba Operasional Bersih setelah Pajak -  [Modal x  Biaya Modal]

Laba operasi bersih setelah pajak (NOPAT) dikecualikan semua non-operasi biaya nonkas, seperti penyusutan, amortisasi, asset write-off dan menulis surut, dan cadangan. Biaya modal ditentukan setiap tahun untuk setiap unit bisnis berdasarkan yield obligasi pemerintah jangka panjang ditambah premi risiko dihitung berdasarkan struktur modal diasumsikan dan faktor risiko ( value) untuk perusahaan rekan sebanding. Karena unit bisnis Berkshire semua dilihat sebagai berada di industri yang relatif stabil, semua diberi tingkat biaya-of-modal yang sama sebesar 10%.
Dalam setiap pertunangan mereka, PKB akan mengusulkan kombinasi spesifik penyesuaian NOPAT untuk membuat ukuran keuntungan ekonomi "lebih baik," untuk lebih cocok biaya dan manfaat dan, karenanya, untuk meningkatkan hubungan antara keuntungan ekonomi dan harga saham. Para perancang sistem PKB telah mengidentifikasi lebih dari 100 penyesuaian yang dapat digunakan dalam situasi tertentu. Tapi dalam kasus Berkshire, konsultan diusulkan hanya dua penyesuaian karena mereka ingin "menjaga model sederhana." Pertama, mereka menyarankan bahwa biaya iklan konsumen perusahaan harus dikapitalisasi dan diamortisasi dengan metode garis lurus selama tiga tahun. Beban tahun berjalan telah ditambahkan kembali ke laba usaha, dan jumlah yang dikapitalisasi ditambahkan ke aset operasional bersih. Exhibit 1 menunjukkan contoh.
Kedua, konsultan PKB menyarankan bahwa goodwill yang timbul dari akuisisi perusahaan tidak harus diamortisasi. Oleh karena itu, mereka menyarankan bahwa goodwill kumulatif yang telah diamortisasi sampai saat ini harus ditambahkan kembali ke aset operasi bersih, dan semua beban amortisasi goodwill harus ditambahkan kembali ke laba operasi.
Dalam presentasi mereka, konsultan PKB menjelaskan bahwa mengukur keuntungan ekonomi mereka lebih unggul semua langkah-langkah lain, khususnya akuntansi laba, yang bisa menggunakan Berkshire. Para konsultan disajikan grafik yang menunjukkan bahwa ukuran mereka keuntungan ekonomi sangat berkorelasi dengan return pemilik saham di berbagai perusahaan. Dengan demikian, mereka mengklaim, itu adalah ukuran yang memberikan "sinyal yang tepat kepada manajemen sepanjang waktu." Memotivasi para manajer untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan ekonomi entitas mereka akan mendorong mereka untuk berinvestasi dalam futures entitas mereka. Mereka akan membuat semua investasi menjanjikan keuntungan yang lebih besar daripada biaya korporasi modal. Hal ini juga akan memotivasi mereka untuk mengenali biaya penuh mengikat modal perusahaan dan, karenanya, untuk mengurangi aset mereka bekerja di mana pengembalian tidak memadai.
Mengetahui kompetisi mereka, konsultan PKB juga menyutradarai beberapa kritik mereka pada sistem yang mencoba untuk menghubungkan insentif manajemen untuk menguraikan kombinasi tindakan. Sistem multi-pengukuran, mereka menjelaskan, biasanya putus asa kompleks. Sistem biasanya dimasukkan tindakan yang tidak terkait langsung dengan nilai shareowner. Mereka termasuk konsep kinerja yang tidak jelas (misalnya, pengembangan personel) dan didukung oleh langkah-langkah yang lemah. Dan mereka jarang membuat pilihan di antara beberapa ukuran yang jelas. Efek keseluruhan adalah difusi perhatian manajemen dan hilangnya dimengerti dan akuntabilitas.
Para konsultan PKB juga dianjurkan terhadap pelaksanaan program insentif berbasis saham. Mereka menunjukkan bahwa harga saham dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor eksternal dan sangat volatile dalam jangka pendek. Mereka lebih lanjut menjelaskan bahwa insentif berbasis saham bukan merupakan alat yang efektif untuk memotivasi dan divisi-manajer tingkat rendah yang dapat memiliki, di terbaik, memberikan sedikit dampak terhadap harga saham.
Pengukuran-fokus presentasi PKB itu sangat meyakinkan ke beberapa anggota dewan. Satu berkomentar:
Ini adalah apa yang kita butuhkan, salah satu ukuran sederhana yang naik ketika nilai shareowner dibuat dan yang turun ketika nilai hancur. Jika kita mendapatkan manajer kami terfokus pada ukuran ini, mereka akan bekerja dalam kepentingan terbaik dari pemilik saham kami. Dengan penghasilan, kita tidak tahu apa yang kita dapatkan.

Unsur kedua dari sistem PKB melibatkan ratcheting otomatis target kinerja. Dalam sistem manajer PKB diberi kompensasi langsung untuk meningkatkan keuntungan ekonomi entitas mereka. Pada tahun pertama target kinerja yang ditetapkan berdasarkan proyeksi tingkat unit sejarah ekonomi pertumbuhan laba, jika tingkat pertumbuhan itu dianggap kinerja yang baik, dikalikan dengan 75%. Setelah target kinerja yang ditetapkan secara otomatis berdasarkan perbaikan dari kinerja aktual dari tahun sebelumnya. Target kinerja masing-masing unit bisnis itu tergeser sampai (ke bawah) sebesar 75% dari jumlah dimana kinerja aktual melebihi (jatuh pendek) kinerja unit tahun sebelumnya. Para konsultan PKB menjelaskan bahwa metode ini target pengaturan menghindari kebutuhan untuk menegosiasikan kembali kinerja menargetkan setiap tahun dan, karenanya, politik dan permainan-permainan yang hampir pasti terkait dengan negosiasi ini. Hal ini juga memasukkan filosofi manajemen yang diinginkan perbaikan terus-menerus.
Unsur ketiga dari sistem adalah penghapusan eksplisit ambang batas pembayaran dan topi. Manajer ditugaskan target bonus, persentase tetap dari gaji pokok, yang akan diperoleh jika unit mereka hanya mencapai target kinerja mereka. Target ini meningkat sedikit dari tingkat bonus yang diperoleh di bawah sistem lama Berkshire untuk mendorong penerimaan manajer perubahan. Target bonus berkisar antara 20% dari gaji pokok bagi manajer fungsional dalam divisi sampai 100% untuk direktur Berkshire. Jika unit melampaui target kinerja mereka, manajer akan mendapatkan bonus yang lebih besar. Kemiringan garis menentukan hadiah untuk setiap tingkat keuntungan ekonomi didasarkan pada tingkat pertumbuhan historis masing-masing unit. Kemiringan ini dimaksudkan untuk tetap sama dari tahun ke tahun, meskipun itu ditinjau papan. Bonus maksimal yang bisa diperoleh adalah terbatas (lihat Gambar 2).
Unsur keempat dari sistem adalah "bonus bank" yang dimaksudkan untuk mengurangi risiko manajer dengan memperhalus penghargaan bonus, untuk mengurangi perilaku game jangka pendek manajer, dan meningkatkan retensi manajer. Jika kinerja laba ekonomi suatu unit melampaui target kinerja, "kelebihan" bonus yang diterima (dihitung sebagai kemiringan fungsi kali hasil jumlah dimana keuntungan ekonomi aktual melebihi target) dikreditkan ke bank bonus. Manajer kemudian membayar bonus target mereka ditambah seperempat dari jumlah di bank bonus. Jika keuntungan ekonomi turun di bawah jumlah target entri negatif (diperoleh sebagai kemiringan hasil fungsi kali jumlah dimana keuntungan ekonomi yang sebenarnya jatuh pendek dari target) dibuat untuk bank bonus. Jika manajer divisi berubah, jumlah bank yang bonus mereka akan mengikuti mereka. Manajer yang meninggalkan Berkshire sukarela kehilangan jumlah dalam rekening bank bonus mereka.

MASALAH DAN KEKHAWATIRAN
Sementara Berkshire anggota dewan 'dan manajer' harapan yang tinggi setelah pengenalan perusahaan dari sistem profit ekonomi baru pada tahun 2000, pengalaman awal dengan sistem yang mengecewakan. Sistem baru telah menyebabkan beberapa masalah dan kekhawatiran. Dewan dan tim manajemen puncak sedang mempertimbangkan apakah sistem diperlukan memperbaiki. Beberapa bahkan mempertanyakan apakah sistem baru harus dilanjutkan. Satu masalah adalah bahwa sistem baru telah menciptakan kebingungan manajemen yang cukup besar, yang bertahan bahkan setelah semua manajer operasi telah menghadiri serangkaian sesi pelatihan. Manajer perusahaan berpikir bahwa manajer operasi cepat akan belajar bagaimana ukuran keuntungan ekonomi bekerja, karena bonus mereka sekarang tergantung pada hal itu. Tapi sejumlah manajer tampaknya tidak mengerti bagaimana mengukur keuntungan ekonomi dihitung, dan beberapa dari mereka terus mengelola entitas mereka berdasarkan laporan manajemen laba berbasis lama mereka.
Masalah kedua adalah kekecewaan dan demonisasi di Divisi Spirits (Roh). Dalam kedua tahun 2000 dan 2001 keuntungan ekonomi di Spirits miskin. Dalam masa resesi, konsumen minum roh kurang. Dengan permintaan konsumen turun beberapa pesaing Spirits Divisi memotong harga secara signifikan dan Spirits harus cocok pengurangan mereka. Ini memiliki efek buruk pada margin. Spirits gagal mencapai kedua, target kinerja tahun 2000 dan 2001 target yang tergeser-down, dengan margin lebar. Sebagai penghargaan bonus konsekuensi bagi manajer Spirits secara signifikan di bawah tingkat target, dan semua manajer Spirits memiliki saldo negatif yang cukup besar dalam rekening bank bonus mereka.
Ian Dent, managing director Spirits ', meminta William Embleton untuk beberapa penyesuaian khusus. Dia meminta agar Spirits target kinerja Divisi disesuaikan secara retroaktif untuk mencerminkan kondisi ekonomi yang benar-benar dihadapi. Dia tidak berpikir itu adil bagi manajer untuk menderita efek negatif dari faktor-faktor yang mereka tidak punya kendali. Dia menjelaskan bahwa timnya telah bekerja sangat keras dalam kondisi berusaha yang mereka hadapi, dan mereka telah membuat keputusan sulit yang menyerukan, termasuk penghematan dalam pengeluaran diskresioner dan PHK. Dia juga meminta agar sistem profit ekonomi tidak diterapkan pada divisinya karena tidak responsif terhadap perubahan kondisi pasar. Ian khawatir bahwa divisinya akan menderita kerugian manajemen yang penting karena negatif saldo bank bonus manajernya.
Masalah ketiga adalah persepsi bersama tentang kegagalan dasar mengukur laba ekonomi itu sendiri. Secara keseluruhan, kinerja Berkshire, yang diukur dalam hal keuntungan ekonomi, tampak sangat baik. Keuntungan ekonomi telah membaik sejak 2000, tetapi harga saham perusahaan benar-benar telah menurun selama periode ini (lihat Exhibit 3). Para konsultan PKB telah menjual sistem baru berdasarkan janji korelasi yang tinggi antara jumlah laba ekonomi perusahaan dan kembali ke pemilik saham, namun sampai saat ini, setidaknya, keuntungan ekonomi tampaknya tidak akan bergerak secara paralel dengan harga saham. Para pemilik saham tidak diuntungkan.

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...THE NATURE OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Sifat Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen SPM/ MCS SECARA RINGKAS o Berfokus pada strategi o Mendesain dan mengimplementasikan Sistem Manajemen Berkesinambungan o Mengendalikan kinerja perusahaan o Unsur SPM: 1. strategic planning, 2. budgeting, 3. resources allocation, 4. measurement, 5. evaluation, 6. reward systems, 7. responsibility center, dan 8. transfer pricing 9. MCS service, non profit organization, dan lainnya o Posisi SPM: Tujuan Perusahan – dijalankan dan tanggungjawab dari Manajemen – mengelola Sumber Daya yang ada – perlu kepastian Tercapainya Tujuan. Posisi SPM dalam Organisasi [pic] MANAJEMEN Proses Manajemen o Planning o Organizing o Staffing and Human Resource Management o Leading and Interpersonal Influence o Controlling Bidang Manajemen o Marketing o Production/ Operation o Purchasing o Human Resource o Finance and Accounting o Strategic o Information Systems PENGENDALIAN - CONTROL Elemen Proses Pengendalian: [pic] Empat Elemen Sistem Pengendalian 1. Detector: pelacak, sensor, monitor, urai kegiatan, observer. Perangkat yang mengukur apa yang sesungguhnya terjadi dalam proses yang sedang dikendalikan 2. Assessor: evaluator, asesor,selektor. Perangkat yang menentukan signifikansi dari peristiwa aktual dengan...

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...Management Control System CHAPTER 1 : THE NATURE OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS By: Amirul Affan (115020305121001) Maria Dias Ika S (115020307121009) FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY 2014 A. Basic Concepts Management control system (MCS) is a system which gathers and uses information to evaluate the performance of different organizational resources like human, physical, financial and also the organization as a whole considering the organizational strategies. MCS influences the behavior of organizational resources to implement organizational strategies. MCS might be formal or informal. Control An organization must be controlled to ensure that is strategic intentions are achieved. But controlling an organization is much more complicated than controlling devices. Every control system has at least four elements: 1. Detector or sensor Device that measures what is actually happening in the process being controlled. 2. Assessor Device that determines the significance of what is actually happening by comparing it with some standard or expectation of what should happen. 3. Effector Device that alters behavior if the assessor indicates the need to do so 4. Communications network Device that transmit information between the detector and the assessor and between the assessor and the effector. Management An organization consists of a group of people who work together to achieve certain common goals (in business...

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Management Control System

...The Formal Control Process No Yes Communication Feedback Measurement Corrective action Revise Revise Responsibility center performance Rules Budgeting Report actual versus plan Was Performance satisfactory Other information Strategic Planning Goals and strategies Goals: The overall objectives, purpose and mission of a business that have been established by its management and communicated to its employees. The organizational goals of a company typically focus on its long range intentions for operating and its overall business philosophy that can provide useful guidance for employees seeking to please their managers. Goals are predetermined and describe future results toward which present efforts are directed. Rules. A business rule is a rule of a business, company, or corporation. It is a rule that defines or constrains some aspect of business and always resolves to either true or false. Business rules are intended to assert business structure or to control or influence the behavior of the business.Business rules describe the operations, definitions and constraints that apply to an organization. Business rules can apply to people, processes, corporate behavior and computing systems in an organization, and are put in place to help the organization achieve its goals. For example a business rule might state that no credit check is to be performed on return customers. Other examples of business rules include requiring a rental agent to disallow a rental tenant if...

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...IDEAL management control system? Management control is a process of assuming that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of the organization’s objectives. It is a fundamental necessity for the success of a business and hence from time to time the current performance of the various operations is compared to a predetermined standard or ideal performance and in case of variance remedial measures are adopted to confirm operations to set plan or policy. Some of the features of MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM are as follows: ➢ Total System: MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM is an overall process of the enterprise which aims to fit together the separate plans for various segments as to assure that each harmonizes with the others and that the aggregate effect of all of them on the whole enterprise is satisfactory. ➢ Monetary Standard: MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM is built around a financial structure and all the resources and outputs are expressed in terms of money. The results of each responsibility centre in respect to production and resources are expressed in terms of a common denominator of money. ➢ Definite pattern: It follows a definite pattern and time table. The whole operational activity is regular and rhythmic. It is a continuous process even if the plans are changed in the light of experience or technology. ➢ Coordinated System: It is a fully coordinated and integrated system. ➢ Emphasis: Management control requires...

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Management Control System

...tobe able to drive from the distribution centre to a store within a day. * Wal-Mart built large discount stores in small rural towns. 2. How do Wal-Mart’s control systems help execute the firm’s strategy?   Answer : * Each store constituted an investment center and was evaluated on its profitsrelative to its inventory systems. Data from over 5,300 stores on its such assales, expenses, and profit and loss were collected, analyzed, and transmittedelectronically on a real-time basis, rapidly revealing how a particular region,district, store, department within a store, or item within a department isperforming. Information enables the company to reduce the likelihood of stock-outs and the need for markdowns and slow moving stock, and tomaximize inventory turnover. * Wal-Mart instituted several other policies and programs for its associates:incentive bonuses, a discount stock purchase plan, promotion from within, payraises based on performance not seniority, and an open-door policy. * Wal-Mart had also persuaded its suppliers to have electronic “hook ups” with its store. * Wal-Mart owned its trucks when most competitors outsources trucks. Case 1-3 Xerox Corporation (A) 1. Outline the management control system at Xerox. What are the key elements that make the system work? Xerox's management control system concentrated and focused on the responsibility and performance of 12 units, which...

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...Management control systems Solutions to Chapter 16 questions (a) See Chapter 16 for the answer to this question. In particular, your answer should stress: (i) The need for a system of responsibility accounting based on a clear definition of a manager’s authority and responsibility. (ii) The production of performance reports at frequent intervals comparing actual and budget costs for individual expense items. Variances should be analysed according to whether they are controllable or non-controllable by the manager. (iii) The managers should participate in the setting of budgets and standards. (iv) The system should ensure that variances are investigated, causes found and remedial action is taken. (v) An effective cost control system must not be used as a punitive device, but should be seen as a system that helps managers to control their costs more effectively. (b) Possible problems include: (i) Difficulties in setting standards for non-repetitive work. (ii) Non-acceptance by budgetees if they view the system as a punitive device to judge their performance. (iii) Isolating variances where interdependencies exist. (a) See ‘Planning’, ‘Motivation’ and ‘Performance evaluation’ in the section on the multiple functions of budgets in Chapter 15 for the answer to this question. The answer should emphasize that the role of motivation is to encourage goal congruence between the company and the employees. (b) See ‘Conflicting roles of budgets’ in Chapter 15 for an explanation of how...

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...Abrams’ top management is satisfied with their management systems and performance measurement scheme but they notice three areas of concern. The first concern is that there are conflicts over transfer prices of parts sold by the product divisions to the AM divisions. The problem arises when the part being transferred is an AM division part. Usually the transfer prices are based on the outside OEM market prices but here it is not possible because the part has never been sold by Abrams on the OEM market. So, there is not any historical cost. This part is exclusively sold by the AM division.  The internal policy concerning the transfer pricing based on the outside OEM market prices works well when it is possible to use it. But nothing was planned when it is a part which is sold solely by the AM division. That is why conflict occurred. It is important to take into consideration this conflict because they could have a negative impact on the company performance such as the less efficiency of the division which is losing time with this problem and the relationship between these two divisions is affected. It is not in the company’s best interest. The solution to this problem * There should be a transfer price fixed by the top management in compliance with the AM division and the other divisions involved which could be revised when it is out of date. This fixed price could be adjusted due to inflation. * There should be an internal policy on it. Therefore, top management should...

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...Term Paper On Management Control System Topic: Recent Balance Scorecard Theory & Practices Of Bangladeshi Company SUBMITTED TO: Md. ABUL KASHEM Associate professor SUBMITTED BY: RIFFAT ARA RAFIQ; ID: 61018-11-061 SESSION: Fall’ 2011 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 26th DECEMBER ’2011 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Acknowledgement I express my gratefulness to Almighty Allah for his kindness, which enabled us to complete this work properly and in time I am grateful to our course teacher, Md. Abul Kashem, Associate Professor , Department of Management information system, University of Dhaka for providing us all the information about information technology, for his guidance, constructive criticism, valuable suggestions and untiring help throughout the course of this work. I am highly delighted to express our cordial gratitude and veneration to our parents for their constant help, affection support and sacrifices. The Author December 26th , 2011 Letter of transmittal Date: 26/12/2011 To, Md. Abul Kashem, Associate Professor Department of Management Information System, University of Dhaka. Sub: Application for the submission of Term Paper. Sir, I respectfully state that, I am a student of EMBA program in this department at the session of spring’2011.you have asked for the term paper on 28th November’2011. The topic of...

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...Chapter 8 Strategic Planning and Ten–Ten Planning To be strategic is to have plans of action that provide directions for operating in an uncertain world. In this section, our focus is on developing strategic plans to compete in a world characterized by monopolistic competition. Notice that the emphasis is on plans of action and not on a single plan. There is no single plan or single planning approach that can deal with the complexity of contemporary markets. What is needed is a continuous process for churning out new plans, for differentiated products and services, in order to compete in a dynamic environment. This chapter presents a brief overview of the various approaches to strategic planning and provides an overview of the planning literature. There is a lot of material to slog through, but each approach to planning has something to offer. This overview will set the stage for presenting the Ten–Ten planning process in the next chapter. The next chapter will integrate the various planning approaches and present a simplified, yet robust approach to planning called the Ten–Ten planning process. The key benefit of the Ten–Ten planning process is that it can be used for developing business plans in a very short time span. 8.1 Planning Concepts There are two generic planning strategies that a business can pursue.Michael Porter originally identified three generic strategies. He noted that a business can also focus on a market that is not very competitive. Most people consider...

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