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AREL Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü

Yönetim ve Organizasyon Doktora Programı

Ders: Yönetim ve Organizasyon

Konu: Neo-Klasik Yönetim Düşüncesinin Yönetim Faaliyetlerine Katkısı

Sunulan: Prof. Dr. Mümin Ertürk

Sunan: Tanju Özdeniz
115600122

26/11/2012

NEO-KLASİK YÖNETİM DÜŞÜNCESİNİN YÖNETİM FAALİYETLERİNE KATKISI
Yönetim, insanın var olduğu ilk günlerden beri var olan bir kavram olmakla beraber, bu kavram ilk olarak 19. yüzyılın sonlarında bilimsel olarak ele alınmaya başlanmış ve 1880 ‘li yıllarda “Klasik Yönetim Yaklaşımı” ortaya çıkmıştır.
“Klasik Yönetim Yaklaşımı” teorisi, bir süre için örgütlerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamış olmakla beraber çok geçmeden günün ihtiyaçlarına yetersiz kalmaya başlamıştır. Şirketlerin çok hızlı bir şekilde büyümeye başlamaları, şirket birleşmeleri, 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Krizi’nin yarattığı problemler, sendikaların büyümeleri ve baskıları, işsizlik, ailelerin içerisinde düştükleri yaşam güçlükleri, devlet kontrol ve sınırlamaları, klasik yönetim düşüncesinin yetersizliğini örgüt yöneticilerine iyice hissettirmeye başlamıştır.
Klasik yönetim düşüncesinin en yüksek düzeye çıkmış olduğu 1930’lu yıllarda yeni bir akım oluşmaya başlamış ve bu akım “Neo-Klasik Yönetim Anlayışı” olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Bu anlayışın esasını “insan ilişklileri” oluşturmaktadır. Bu dönemde, Western Elektrik şirketinin “Hawthorne” tesislerinde Kasım 1924 yılında başlayan ve literatürde “Hawthorne Araştırmaları” olarak bilinen bir dizi araştırmanın ortaya çıkardığı bulgular, “insan ilişkileri yaklaşım”ının dayandığı temel fikirleri teşkil etmiştir.
İsminden de anlaşılacağı gibi “Neo-Klasik” yaklaşım “Klasik” yaklaşıma yeni bir bakış açısı getirmiş ve “Klasik” yaklaşımın sahip olduğu kavram ve ilkeleri geliştirilip eksikliklerini gidermeye çalışmıştır. Klasik yönetim düşüncesi odaklandığı teknik ve maddi unsurlardan dolayı işletmeleri “çalışmakta olan bir makine” olarak görmüş ve işletmelerdeki “insan” unsurunu da makinenin bir parçası olarak algılamıştır. Ancak insanı sadece biyolojik ve fizyolojik bir element olarak ele alıp, sosyolojik ve psikolojik yanını görmezden gelmiştir. İşte tam da bu noktada “Neo-Klasik” (insan ilişkileri yaklaşımı) yaklaşım devreye girmiş ve yönetimde insan unsuruna odaklanarak “Klasik” yönetim sisteminin eksik halkasını tamamlamıştır.
Neo-klasik yönetim düşüncesindeki İnsan ilişkileri yaklaşımı motivasyon, önderlik gibi “mikro” konularla gelişmeye başlamış sonrasında birey ve örgüt bütünleşmesi gibi “makro” konular üzerine eğilerek olgunlaşmış örgütsel davranış yaklaşımı ve sanayide hümanizm akımına dönüşmüştür.
İnsan ilişkileri yaklaşımı, bilim ve teori yönünden; örgütler içindeki ve örgütle insan arasındaki gözleme tabi tutulabilen ve kontrol edilebilen, insan davranışlarının bilimsel yöntemlerle incelenmesini ifade eder. Birey ya da grup olarak insanların nasıl davrandığı ve neden o şekilde davrandığı, davranışların yönlendirilmesi, insanların birbirleri ile ilişkilerinde yaşanan sorunlar gibi konuları ele alır. Klasik yönetim düşüncesinde olduğu gibi sadece örgüt amaçlarının gerçekleştirilmesine değil, çalışan kişinin ihtiyaçlarının tatmini ve amaçlarının gerçekleştirilmesine de ayrıca önem verir. Kişilerin kendi amaçları gerçekleşirken örgüt amaçlarının da gerçekleşmesine hizmet eder. İnsan ilişkileri yaklaşımı yönetim ve organizasyon alanında değişik bakış açıları yaratarak klasik yönetimin bilimsel yaklaşımını ve dolayısıyla yöneticilerin ellerindeki imkânları zenginleştirmiştir.
İnsan ilişkileri yaklaşımının üzerinde durduğu ana konular şunlardır:
• Organizasyon içerisindeki “insan” unsurunu anlamak.
• İnsan yeteneklerinden azami ölçüde yararlanabilmek.
• Organizasyon yapısı ile insan davranışlarının arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek.
• Organizasyon içinde insanların bir araya gelmeleri ile oluşturdukları informal ilişkileri ve sosyal grupları anlamak.
• Grupların özelliklerini ve organizasyon üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak.
• İletişim, algı, liderlik, motivasyon, değişim, anlaşmazlık ve çatışmalar, ihtiyaç ve yetkilerin değişmesi ile davranışların değişmesi arasındaki ilişkileri anlamak.
• Klasik teorinin rasyonellik anlayışı çerçevesinde yeni bir boyut olarak insanın tatmin olması, bunu etkileyen faktörler ve tatmin ile verimlilik arasındaki ilişkileri anlamak. (3) Neo-Klasik yönetimin doğuşundaki en önemli katkıyı tabiidir ki bilimsel inceleme ve araştırmalar yapmıştır. Bu inceleme ve araştırmaların sonucunda da aşağıdaki görüşler ortaya çıkmıştır.
• Örgütler “sosyal” bir sistemdir.
• Örgütlerin mal ve hizmet üretimi ve örgüte mensup kişilere çeşitli tatminler sağlamak şeklinde iki önemli işlevi vardır. Bu işlevlerin yerine getirilebilmesi; kuruluş içinde denge sağlamak ve çevreye uyuma bağlıdır.
• Kuruluşların teknik ve beşeri olmak üzere iki esas yönü vardır ve bu iki öğe birbirini etkiler.
• Kuruluş ortak amaçların gerçekleştirilmesi için bir araya gelmiş kişilerden oluşur. Beşeri örgütü oluşturan kişiler, kuruluşa, kişilik ve sosyal deneyimlerini de beraber getirirler. Çalışan kişilerin kuruluştan talep ettikleri hususlar, fizyoloji ve sosyal gereksinmeleri ve bunlarla ilgili duyguları, kişiliklerine sosyal koşullarına göre değiştiği gibi, işletme içinde ve dışında ilişkili oldukları kişilerin ihtiyaç ve duygularının da etkisi altındadır.
• Kişilerin örgüt içinde fiziksel yerleri olduğu gibi, sosyal örgüt içinde sosyal yerleri de vardır.
• Kişilerin verimliliği, fiziksel yeteneklerden çok, sosyal yeteneklerine bağlıdır.
• Kişilerin güdülenmesi ve mutluluğu üzerinde manevi ödüllerin yeri ve rolü vardır.
• İleri derecedeki uzmanlaşma, her zaman en uygun iş bölümü değildir.
• Kişiler, yönetimin koyduğu kural ve düzenlemelere kişisel olmaktan çok, grup üyesi olarak tepki gösterirler.
• Statü ve rollere, sosyal ilişki ve duygulara dayanan “biçimsel olmayan” gruplar, kişilerin tutum ve davranışlarını ve verimliliklerini belirleyen önemli faktördür.
• Kuruluşların sosyal yapısı, bir takım kurallar ve politikalarla biçimsel olarak örgütlendirilmiştir. Biçimsel örgütlendirilmenin, örgüt amacını en etkili bir biçimde gerçekleştirmek ve koordinasyon sağlamak gibi iki önemli işlevi vardır.
• Biçimsel örgüt, kişiler arasındaki “ biçimsel olmayan” ilişkileri kapsamaz. Ancak, biçimsel olmayan ilişkiler örgüt içinde kaçınılmaz bir şekilde yer alır ve biçimsel olmayan örgüt ortaya çıkar.
• Kuruluşun sosyal yönü kısmen örgütlenmiştir. Biçimsel örgüt politika, kural ve düzenleme sistemini içerir ve üretimin etkili bir biçimde gerçekleştirilmesi için gerekli ilişkileri belirler.
• Fiili ilişkilerin bir bölümü, biçimsel olarak belirlenen ilişkiler tarafından temsil edilmezler, bir bölümü de kısmen temsil edilirler.
• Biçimsel ve biçimsel olmayan örgütü boydan boya kesen ideolojik örgüt vardır.
• Kuruluşun sosyal yönü kısmen örgütlenmiştir. Biçimsel örgüt politika, kural ve düzenleme sistemini içerir ve üretimin etkili bir biçimde gerçekleştirilmesi için gerekli ilişkileri belirler. (2)

Kaynaklar :
1. Prof. Dr. Mümin Ertürk, İşletmelerde Yönetim ve Organizasyon, Beta Basım A.Ş., 6. Bası, Eylül 2012
2. Doç. Dr. Atilla Baransel, Çağdaş Yönetim Düşüncesinin Evrimi, Fatih Matbaası, 1979, s.307
3. Prof. Dr. Tamer Koçel, İşletme Yöneticiliği, Beta Basım A.Ş. , 13. Bası, Ekim 2011, s.233-242

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...The Management of Organizational Justice By Russell Cropanzano, David E.Bowen, and Stephen W.Gilliland Summary of the key issues This paper has addressed the organizational justice from various aspects and provided recommendations to enhance the fairness in the managerial activities. Firstly, it has discussed the importance of justice in workgroup from its long-range benefits, social and ethical considerations. Secondly, the authors analyzed the three components of organizational justice, namely distributive, procedural and interactional justice in details to highlight the differences between the three in business activities. Next, the paper summarized the influences of organizational justice and these include enhanced trust and commitment, improved job performance, more helpful organizational citizenship behavior, as well as greater customer satisfaction and loyalty. Lastly, after identifying the critical significance Is this essay helpful? Upgrade your account to read more and access more than 550,000 just like it! of organizational justice in building a company’s identity, recommendations on how to enhance the fairness in managerial activities are proposed. The authors had cited examples from several past studies and discussed from five angles which are hiring, performance appraisal, reward systems, conflict management and downsizing. Other Theoretical Perspectives on Organizational Justice This paper has mentioned the equity theory which is one of the...

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