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2. Wie setzt sich die Vergütung zusammen?
2.1 Einleitung
Die Gestaltung der Vergütung ist ein essenzielles Thema im Bereich Personalmanagement, speziell die unternehmensinternen Regelungen zur Zusammensetzung der Vergütung sind dabei fundamental. Der Handlungsspielraum des Personalmanagements in Bezug auf die Vergütung ändert sich in Abhängigkeit der hierarchischen Ebene des Mitarbeiters. Ein Mitarbeiter ohne Personalverantwortung wird üblicherweise nach gesetzlichen oder tariflichen Regelungen vergütet. Führungskräfte wiederrum werden größtenteils außertariflich bezahlt und sie erhalten Zusatzleistungen die einzelvertraglich oder auf Betriebsebene vereinbart werden.
2.2 Ausrichtung der Personalvergütung
Bevor die Personalabteilung eines Unternehmens diverse Gehaltvariablen definiert, sollte zunächst in Zusammenarbeit mit dem strategischen Management die Strategie und die daraus abgeleiteten Ziele ausgearbeitet werden. Daraus ergeben sich dann die langfristigen Ziele, die durch einen variablen Vergütungsanteil der Führungskräfte realisiert werden soll. Die Personalvergütung kann durch zwei Größen reguliert werden. Einen relativen Vergütungsanteil, welcher die Höhe des Entgelts im Vergleich zu anderen Betrieben widerspiegelt und den variablen Vergütungsteil. Der variable Vergütungsteil gibt Auskunft darüber, wie viel leistungsbezogene Elemente im Entgelt enthalten sind. Das Vergütungsniveau kann in drei Strategiealternativen unterteilt werden: * Benchmarkstrategie
Unternehmen mit dieser Strategie vergüten oberhalb der Benchmark und es ist der Personalabteilung dadurch möglich hoch qualifizierte Arbeitnehmer für das Unternehmen zu gewinnen

* Matchingstrategie
Vergütung entspricht dem durchschnittlichen Marktniveau

* Laggingstrategie
Diese Strategie verwenden Unternehmen die unter der marktüblichen Vergütung liegen. In der Regel sind diese Firmen aufgrund interner oder externer Gegebenheiten nicht in der Lage den Angestellten ein höheres Entgelt zu entrichten.
Der variable Vergütungsanteil als zweite Dimension der Vergütungsstrategie, kann in einen geringen oder hohen Anteil an variablen Zusatzleistungen unterteilt werden. Erweitert man die drei Varianten des Vergütungsniveaus um den variablen Vergütungsanteil, stehen dem Personalmanagement somit sechs alternative Strategien der Vergütung zur Verfügung. Nachfolgende Grafik zeigt die beiden Dimensionen und deren Alternativen:

Überdurchschnittlich
Abbildung [ 1 ]: Alternative Strategien zur Ausrichtung der Vergütung hoch gering

durchschnittlich

unterdurchschnittlich

Anhand der Grafik wird deutlich das die Unternehmen entlang ihres Vergütungsniveaus entweder einer Sicherheits- oder Leistungsorientierte Strategie verfolgen können. Eine Vergütungsvariante die eher sicherheitsorientiert ist, hat in der Regel nahezu nur fixe Komponenten. Eine leistungsorientierte Ausrichtung setzt eine gewisse Risikobereitschaft des Mitarbeiters voraus, hat dafür aber einen hohen Anteil an variablen Leistungen. Dies soll den Mitarbeiter motivieren und der Betrieb möchte dadurch eine Leistungssteigerung bewirken.

2.3 Komponenten der Personalvergütung
In Kapitel 2.2 wurden die möglichen Alternativen der Vergütung einer Personalabteilung vorgestellt. In diesem Kapitel werden die einzelnen Komponenten dieser Alternativen näher erläutert. Dabei können drei Bestandteile unterschieden werden, die dem Personalmanagement als Grundlage zur Vergütung der Mitarbeiter dienen. Der fixe Vergütungsanteil, die variabe Vergütung und Zusatzleistungen. Insbesondere im Bereich der variablen Vergütung und sonstigen Zusatzleistungen können viele individuelle Vereinbarungen zwischen Mitarbeiter und Personalmanagement getroffen werden.
In der folgenden Abbildung werden die grundlegenden Komponenten der Personalvergütung vorgestellt und anschließend im Text detailliert beschrieben.

Abbildung [ 2 ]: Komponenten Personalvergütung

2.3.1 Fixe Vergütung
Die Autorin Stock-Homburg zitiert in ihrem Lehrbuch Bernard und Schettgen, diese definieren eine fixe Vergütung als „Form des zeitbezogenen Entgelts, das vertraglich vereinbart ist und in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen (in der Regel monatlich) ausgezahlt wird.“ Die fixe Vergütung stellt somit für den Arbeitnehmer die Grundlage seines Einkommens dar. Kennzeichend für eine diese Vergütungsform ist, dass kein Zusammenhang zwischen der erbrachten Leistung und dem bezahlten Entgelt besteht. Da allerdings der Hauptanteil der Menschen das Ziel verfolgt den maximalen Nutzen aus einer Austauschbeziehung zu erhalten, fordern sie zusätzliche Leistungsanreize von Seiten der Personalabteilung.
2.3.2 Variable Vergütung
In ihrer Beschreibung zur variablen Vergütung bezieht sich sie Autorin Stock-Homburg auf das Buch von Brown und Heywood: „ Im Gegensatz zur fixen Vergütung hängt die variable Vergütung von individuellen Leistungen der Beschäftigten, der Teamleistung bzw. dem Unternehmenserfolg ab.“ Außerdem wird eine variable Vergütung nur ausgezahlt, wenn die Mitarbeiter des Betriebs bestimmte Vorgehensweisen einhalten oder zuvor festgelegte Ziele erreicht werden. Der Nutzen für das Unternehmen besteht darin, dass die Mitarbeiter, angespornt durch die möglichen Zusatzeinnahmen, eine bessere Leistung erbringen. Wie in der Abbildung bereits gezeigt, kann zwischen einer individuellen Leistung und einer unternehmensbezogenen Leistung differenziert werden. Unter individuellen Leistungen versteht man zum einen die Prämienzahnung und zum anderen die Provision. Eine Prämie erhält der Mitarbeiter für das Erreichen eines bestimmten Zieles. Unter Provision versteht man einen prozentualen Anteil einer monetären Größe, wie zum Beispiel am Umsatz oder Gewinn eines Unternehmens, die der Mitarbeiter zusätzlich ausbezahlt bekommt. Ist die Unternehmensleistung Bemessungsgrundlage der variablen Vergütung kann dies in Form einer Kapitalbeteiligung geschehen. Die beliebteste Variante ist dabei die Eigenkapitalbeteiligung. Die Beschäftigen eines Betriebs zu Miteigentümern, was ihnen einige Kontroll- und Mitentscheidungsrechte einräumt. Die zweite Möglichkeit stellt die Fremdbeteiligung dar, dabei stellen die Führungskräfte oder Mitarbeiter dem Unternehmen Kapital zur Verfügung. Dies erfolgt über eine bestimmte Laufzeit und mit einem festgelegten Zinssatz. Eine zweite variable Vergütungsform auf Basis der Unternehmensleistung wäre die Erfolgsbeteiligung. Ähnlich der Provision orientiert sie sich an übergeordneten Erfolgsgrößen des Unternehmens. Allerdings ist die Erfolgsbeteiligung von den individuellen Leistungen zu differenzieren, da der Unternehmenserfolg aus dem Zusammenwirken vieler Faktoren resultiert und der Mitarbeiter diese variable Form der Vergütung nur bedingt beeinflussen kann.
2.3.2.1 Chancen und Risiken
Sowohl die Mitarbeiter als auch das Unternehmen können von einer variablen Vergütung profitieren. Allerdings bringt diese Art der Vergütung auch Risiken und Probleme in den Berufsalltag. Die Chancen für das Unternehmen sind die dadurch verringerten fixen Personalkosten. Außerdem ist eine variable Vergütung vor allem für leistungsorientierte Führungskräfte reizvoll und dies steigert die Attraktivität des Unternehmens. Als Zusatznutzen werden die Mitarbeiter dadurch mehr ans Unternehmen gebunden. Die Mitarbeiter haben dadurch die Möglichkeit ihren Lebensstandard zu erhöhen aufgrund der leistungsorientierten Zusatzeinnahmen. Zusätzlich erhöhen diese Chancen auch die Arbeitszufriedenheit.
Das größte Risiko für das Unternehmen besteht darin, dass die Mitarbeiter das langfriste Ziel des Betriebs aus den Augen verlieren und nur auf die Erreichung ihrer kurzfristigen Ziele fokussiert sind. Darüber hinaus kann es vorkommen, dass die Art und Weise wie ein Mitarbeiter seine Ziele realisiert nicht der Unternehmenskultur entspricht. Die Gefahren für den Arbeitnehmer bestehen insbesondere in unplanmäßigen Leistungsausfallen und erhöhten Leistungsdruck. Woraus sich psychische Probleme wie zum Beispiel ein Burnout entwickeln können.
2.3.3 Zusatzleistungen
Als dritte Komponente der Personalvergütungsansätze sind die Zusatzleistungen zu nennen. Diese können in Sozialleistungen und Sonstige Leistungen unterteilt werden. Stock-Homburg umschreibt die Hauptaufgabe der Sozialleistungen nach Schuler und Rogovsky als „Absicherung der Mitarbeiter gegen Risiken (Unfall, Arbeitsunfähigkeit usw.) und [sie]werden nur im Fall der Bedürftigkeit gezahlt.“ Hierbei unterscheidet man drei Gruppen. Es gibt gesetzliche Sozialleistungen, welche zur Hälfte vom Unternehmen gezahlt werden. Dazu zählen die vor allem die Zahlungen zur Renten-, Kranken, Pflege- und Arbeitslosenversicherung. Zusätzlich fallen in dieses Segment zum Beispiel Entgeltfortzahlungen im Krankheitsfall oder bezahlte Feiertage. Die zweite Gruppe stellen die tariflichen Sozialleistungen dar, welche sich auf den Tarifvertag der Gewerkschaft beziehen. Diese Klauseln helfen insbesondere dem Arbeitnehmer bei Unstimmigkeiten über die Höhe des vom Unternehmen zu entrichtenden Gehalts. Zusätzlich können Unternehmen den Mitarbeitern noch freiwillige Sozialleistungen gewähren, welche allerdings nicht im Arbeitsvertrag festgeschrieben sind. Schlussendlich sind noch die Sonstigen Leistungen eine mögliche Form der Mitarbeitervergütung. Stock-Homburg bezieht sich dabei auf die Aussagen von Duderstadt, welcher diese Zusatzleitungen wie folgt beschreibt: „Sonstige Leistungen werden vom Unternehmen insbesondere zur Abgrenzung gegenüber Wettbewerbern bzw. zur Gewinnung und Bindung von Führungskräften und Mitarbeitern eingesetzt. Zu den sonstigen Leistungen zählen Sachleistungen (wie z.B. Firmenwagen) und Dienstleistungen (wie z.B. kostenlose Betreuungsangebote für Kinder in Betriebskindergarten).
2.4 Komponenten der Vorstandsvergütung
Die Grafik bildet die Aufteilung der Vorstandsvergütung in Fixum, Bonus und einer aktienbasierten Vergütung im Jahr 2010 ab.

Abbildung [ 3 ]: Komponenten Vorstandsvergütung

Die Abbildung zeigt nochmals einige zuvor erläuterte Vergütungsvarianten. Die erste Information die uns die Darstellung liefert, ist ein nicht unerheblicher Unterschied zwischen dem Entgelt eines regulären Vorstandsmitglieds und dem Entgelt eines Vorstandsvorsitzenden. Weiterhin wird deutlich, dass sowohl in Dax-Unternehmen als auch in kleineren Betrieben der variable Anteil in Form eines Bonus den fixen Anteil übersteigt. Im nächsten Kapitel wird nochmals genauer auf die Gehälter der Spitzenmanager der Dax-Unternehmen eingegangen.

--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. vgl. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 328
[ 2 ]. vgl. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S 330f
[ 3 ]. vgl.Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 330f
[ 4 ]. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 331
[ 5 ]. Vgl. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 332
[ 6 ]. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 333
[ 7 ]. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 333, (vgl. Bernard, 2006, S.87 und Schettgen, 1996, S.328)
[ 8 ]. vgl. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S.334
[ 9 ]. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 334, (vgl. Brown/Heywood 2005, S. 611)
[ 10 ]. vgl. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 334ff
[ 11 ]. vgl. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 335
[ 12 ]. vgl. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 335
[ 13 ]. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 339, (vgl. Schuler/Rogovsky, 1998, S. 166)
[ 14 ]. vgl.Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 339
[ 15 ]. Stock-Homburg, 2008, S. 339, (vgl. Duderdorf, 2006, S.170)
[ 16 ]. http://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/356147.html (Stand 22.05.2013)

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Ikea Case

...prices for the majority of people. To sustain its low-pricing strategy, IKEA managers decided to outsource its producing tasks to factories in other countries with relatively lower labor cost. However, this decision pushed IKEA into the accusations of using child labor. In the mid-1990s, when child labor issue arouse for the first time, IKEA promised that “if the supplier employed children under legal working age, the contract would be cancelled” (6) and appointed a third party to monitor its suppliers’ factories. However, in the spring of 1995, a German film maker documented how one of IKEA’s major suppliers used child labor and invited IKEA to participate in an living discussion. This essay evaluates the possible strategies for IKEA in respond to the invitation and the child labor issue. Do Not Participate in the Discussion Program I would recommend that Marianne Barner, as a business area manager for carpets, do not participate in the program. This documentary aimed directly at IKEA and one of its suppliers, so it is highly possibly that the question lists prepared by the Germany documentary maker are used to mislead audiences and the evidences provided are weighted against the IKEA. Therefore, it is better for Barner to decline the invitation at first, conduct a investigation simultaneously and publish the results as soon as possible. Furthermore, in public, Barner should thank the German Video production company to notify this issue and express IKEA’s deeply apologies...

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