CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Prefatory:

The International Labour Organization (ILO) introduced the concept of the informal sector more than 25 years ago. The informal sector has been understood to mean very small-scale units producing and distributing goods and services, and consisting largely of independent, self-employed producers in urban and rural areas of developing countries, some of which also employ family labour and/or few hired workers or apprentices; which operates with very little capital or none at all; which utilize a low level of technology and skills; which therefore operates at a low level of productivity; and which generally provides very low and irregular income and highly unstable employment to those who work in it. It also includes activities that are carried out without formal approval from authorities and escape the administrative machinery responsible for enforcing legislation and similar instruments. [1]

The informal sector, with its enterprising individuals and groups, can be seen as counterbalancing cure to many ill effects of globalization. [2] Firstly, the informal sector absorbs all the victims of globalization—displaced workers, forced retirees, educated unemployed and many more. While the informal sector cannot offer jobs, it can offer income opportunities. In this sense, the informal sector is itself a safety net. Secondly, the informal sector cushions the impact of globalization on the surviving formal sector. It provides a counterbalance that reduces the impact of high inflation and real income fluctuation on fixed wage earners. The informal sector supplies cheap labor, cheap raw materials, and cheap domestic services to the wage sector. The informal sector also creates the venue for the formal sector to gain added income-earning opportunities. Thirdly, the informal sector expands the domestic market, spreads purchasing power among the poor and brings the products of the formal sector into the poorest segments of society. The underground economy was therefore credited for propping up the economy during turbulent years in Philippine economy. While the goods and services that they produced did not always register in the government's books, the income that they generated enabled Filipinos to survive the crisis, work and feed themselves. At a time when there wasn't much to speak of in the formal economy, the underground economy, apart from the huge amount of dollar remittances from Overseas Filipino Workers, took the cudgels for the nation.[3] On the other hand, the informal sector can also be seen as a casualty of globalization. Firstly, the informal sector carries a substantial burden of the country’s regressive taxation system. Although it does not contribute direct taxes or regulatory fees to the government, the informal sector holds up the economy with its contributions to indirect taxation. The more affluent segments of society do not contribute as much of these as the informal sector, because they do their shopping in Hong Kong, find entertainment in Las Vegas and spend holidays in Europe. Secondly, the informal sector suffers from the absence of social protection being outside the regulatory coverage of the government. Having contributed little direct taxes to the state, the government in return pays little attention to the informal sector in terms of policies, services and social insurance unless, of course, it is election time. Worse, the informal sector entrepreneurs end up paying bribes to government inspectors, mulcting and protection money to the police and goodwill money to business cartels just to carry out their day-to-day activities. Whether it is seen as a cure or casualty to the effects of globalization, the informal sector still plays an increasing important role in the Philippines. Although it is difficult to make accurate calculations, it is estimated that the so-called “underground economy” has hovered at around 50% of the total employment in the Philippines over the past few years and that it has contributed to at least 44 percent of the country’s Gross National Product (GNP). [4] In the City of Manila, current data on the total number of street food hawkers indicates an estimate of some 15,000 (about 5,000 are licensed), according to the Manila Hawkers Permit Services, Office of the Mayor. It is noteworthy that the City of Manila already took a step in regulating street hawkers and ambulant vendors, having adopted licensing and removal policies. However, such policies were deemed expensive and not particularly successful since there are still unlicensed ambulant vendors and hawkers roaming the City of Manila.[5] In this regard, the researcher, as a member of the educational sector, deems it proper to serve unconditionally these so-called “informal sector.” Training and education can be a solution to the informal sector which, in the long run, can be a stepping stone in developing a strong industrial sector for these micro enterprises.

Background of the Study:

There is a bustling and shadowy world where jobs, services, and business transactions are conducted by word of mouth and paid for in cash to avoid scrutiny by government officials. It is called the “underground economy,” which is as old as government itself. It springs from human nature that makes man choose between given alternatives. Facing the agents of government and their exactions, man will weigh the alternatives and may choose to go “underground.” In the ancient world, most rulers were tyrants who commanded the laws and lorded over their subjects. They set just and “fair” prices for labor and commodities, and enforced them with arbitrary power and terror. The people either suffered degrading submission or sought escape in countless ways and directions. Many went “underground” or moved elsewhere in search of better conditions. They reacted to edicts of the Egyptian dynasties and the Roman emperors, as they did later to the mandates of their Medieval feudal lords. Immutable in his nature, man is forever acting on and reacting to the world around him. In our era, man has again become a subject under the watchful eye of government. Guided by ancient notions and prejudices he depends on his rulers for mandates and directives. When government intervention fails to satisfy him, or even works evil, he is slow to relinquish his notions and prejudices. He may cling to them with tenacity and perseverance, but may seek to avoid the ill effects through circumvention, evasion, and escape. He may find his way to the “black market,” where economic transactions take place in violation of price control and ration laws. Or he may descend to the “underground” where political edicts are ignored and exactions avoided through word-of- mouth dealings and cash transactions. The underground economy must be distinguished clearly and unmistakably from the criminal activities of the underworld. Government officials and agents are ever eager to lump both together, the criminals and their organization with the producers in the underground. Both groups are knowingly violating laws and regulations and defying political authority. But they differ radically in the role they play in society. The underworld comprises criminals who are committing acts of bribery, fraud, and racketeering, and willfully inflicting wrongs on society. The underground economy involves otherwise law-abiding citizens who are seeking refuge from the wrongs inflicted on them by government. They are employers and employees who are rendering valuable services without a license or inspection sticker, or failing to report their productive activities to the political authorities. [6] The Philippines is gearing towards a developing economy. Just like any other countries in the world, the Philippines is struggling towards a free-market economy. This particular situation could hardly be achieved because of so many interventions, instead one reaction or recourse could possibly be the solution and that is spontaneous development of informal economies. [7] Ambulant vending in the Philippines is a form of informal employment that constitutes 50% of the total employment in the Philippines. The number of informal sector workers is estimated at 14 million. Ambulant vending, as other occupations in the informal sector, is a “phenomenon of lack.” It is called as such because the rise in the number of ambulant vendors is due to factors such as the lack of education, gainful employment, and money to finance basic needs, among others. [8] Informal sector in the Philippines, of which ambulant vending is part, constitutes 44% of the country’s Gross National Product (GNP). Hence, it plays a significant role in creating employment, producing goods and services, and augmenting income. To some extent, this condition must have helped keep the economy resilient. Laid-off/unemployed workers easily shift to smallscale household production to earn a living. [9] This study focuses on the socio-demographic profile, training needs and learning patterns in the micro-business and unregulated portion of the City of Manila’s University Belt Area, commonly referred to as the "ambulant vendors." Its purpose is to contribute to answering key related questions concerning on-the-job skill acquisition in these poorly-understood but critical and fast-growing areas of society. This study is principally addressed to policy makers, researchers, nonformal educators, development specialists and others interested in assisting in the development of the Philippines, particularly in the development of the capacity of the various actors in the informal sector to cope with the present and future skill demands of informal sector employment and income generation. It is hoped that the results of this study will be useful in identifying potentially effective strategies for education and training in the informal sector in the Philippines. The conclusions drawn here, however, should be considered more as a general guide to further study in the context of any particular locality of interest than a search for approaches having regionally-wide validity.

Significance of the Study:

The study is significant to the proponent, for it has been her aspiration to serve and care for the masses and the needy. This study will be her simple contribution to take a direct part and serve unconditionally, by knowing the needs of the informal sector, specifically the ambulant vendors. This study will be significant to the Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance of Far Eastern University since it will be instrumental in enforcing and/or devising the programs, courses and training that will suit the needs of the informal sector of the university belt area. This study is significant to the FEU community in line with the University’s vision in nurturing a service-oriented community that seeks to contribute to the advancement of society. There is a need for FEU to maintain and serve a community in line with the Accreditation standards of the Commission on Higher Education. This study will also be useful for the formation of a curriculum program for the ambulant vendors within the University Belt Area. Since this will help legitimize businesses of ambulant vendors, this will be an opportunity to generate more revenues in the form of taxes for the City of Manila. In addition, corruption and mulcting will be minimized, if not eradicated, within the U-belt area, a significant support and contribution to the City of Manila. The population in the Philippines currently stands at 76.5 million. With a population growth rate of 2.36 per cent, which is well above the 1.3 per cent world population growth rate, 1.8 million will be added each year to the country’s population. Since the economy in the last 15 years has grown only modestly, the number of poor people inevitably keeps on rising. Thus, despite the fact that poverty incidence had declined from 49.3 per cent in 1985 to 40 per cent in 2000, the number of poor people has risen from 26.2 million to 31.3 million during the same period. In terms of number of families, poverty incidence declined from 44.2 per cent in 1985 to 34.2 per cent in 2000, but the number of poor families increased from 4.4 million to 5.2 million. A great majority of the income earners of poor households are self-employed. The 1998 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey showed that 70 per cent of the poorest 40 per cent of the respondents relied on entrepreneurial activities as their main source of income. There is no accurate information on the number of micro-enterprises, and small and medium-sized enterprises in the Philippines because many of them do not register with the concerned government agencies. [10] However, the 2001 National Survey shows that 91.6% of the total number of registered business firms in the Philippines are micro enterprises, only 7.6% are small enterprises, 0.4% are medium and 0.4% are large. This structure demonstrates a wide disparity of business in the country, and also depicts the widening income disparities among Filipinos. (“MAKING BUSINESS FOR THE POOR,” Speech by VP Noli de Castro at the opening of a United Nations Development Program Workshop at the Makati Shangri-la Hotel on April 21, 2005.) [11] Based on the above limited statistical information, the proponent is assuming that most of the micro enterprises belong to the informal sector This study will be an opportunity for the informal sector to be formally structured, from micro to small-scale enterprises. In the long run, entrepreneurship in the Philippines will be a popular dogma which Filipinos will be proud of expressing outside our country.

Scope and Limitation of the Study:

This study is focused on identifying and assessing the educational needs of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. This study will cover ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area as respondents. The respondents may be divided into two classes, namely: a) regular ambulant vendors; b) occasional ambulant vendors. Legitimate businesses are excluded. This will cover the university belt area, specifically the following streets: Espana, Recto, Morayta, Legarda, Lepanto, Mendiola, R. Papa, P. Paredes, MV delos Santos, Gastambide, Tortousa and some portions in Quezon Boulevard. (Map of the City of Manila) For safety measures and precautions, this will cover only ambulant vendors who are engaged in selling goods, warehouse or other merchandise which are considered within the commerce of man. The major problem that the proponent will encounter is that there are no records available at the Manila Hawkers Permit Services, Bureau of Permits, City of Manila for the number of ambulant vendors and hawkers in the university belt area. The proponent might rely on actual counting or by interview with the barangay officials to determine the actual population size. Due to time constraints, the proponent will finish the study from March 18, 2006 upto April 10, 2006. The proponent will seek assistance from the following IABF Student Organizations for purposes of conducting the survey, and collecting the same from the respondents: 1) Theta Kappa Rho Confraternity, Inc. 2) Management Society 3) Society of Computer Secretarial 4) Negotiorum Lex Interviewers from the different IABF Student Organizations will be trained and selected on a limited number to lessen the percentage of error.

Definition of Terms:

For the purpose of clarity and comprehension of this study, the following are to be operationally defined: Vendor – refers to any person engaged in business illegally. Ambulant vendor – the respondent of this study, the target market; also referred to as “hawker,” refers to a vendor or seller who does not permanently occupy a definite place in the market, but one who comes either daily or occasionally to sell his goods. It also includes any person, either principal or agent who travels from town to town or from place to place in the same town selling or bartering, or carrying for sale or barter or exposing therefore, any goods, warehouse or merchandise, either on foot or from any animal, cart or vehicle. Regular ambulant vendor – one who comes frequently or daily to sell his goods or merchandise. Occasional ambulant vendor – one who does not come frequently or daily or one who may come only on special Filipino events (i.e. Halloween, Christmas, Valentine’s Day, Easter, etc.) to sell his goods or merchandise. Goods – as used in this study are the stuff sold by ambulant vendors which are considered within the commerce of man. Micro enterprise – as defined in Republic Act No. 8289 or the amended Magna Carta for Small enterprise, the size range is less than 10 workers and the capitalization is less than P1.5 million. The ambulant vendors referred to in this study is classified as micro enterprises. Small-scale enterprise – as defined in Republic Act No, 8289 or the amended Magna Carta for Small Enterprises, the size range is 10 – 99 workers and the capitalization is P1.5 million to P15 million. The end goal of the proponent is to determine the training and educational needs of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area that will help them become a small-scale enterprise. Informal Sector – also referred to as “underground economy,” refers to the underground, unregistered, unlicensed and illegal activities and/or informal employment. Educational / Training Needs – refers to the educational / training needs of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. This will include possible courses [i.e. degree programs (4-5 years), seminars (four hours –five days), Certificate courses (6 months – two years)] which is chosen and ranked by the respondent ambulant vendors from the questionnaires to be answered by them. University Belt Area – the area in Manila where the ambulant vendors are located specifically in the following streets: Espana, Recto, Morayta, Legarda, Lepanto, Mendiola, R. Papa, P. Paredes, MV delos Santos, Gastambide, Tortousa and some portions in Quezon Boulevard. FEU-IABF – an acronym which means Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance of Far Eastern University.

CHAPTER TWO

RESEARCH PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem:

This study is focused on identifying and assessing the training and educational needs of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. Furthermore, this study endeavors to utilize the results of the identification in developing a small-scale entrepreneurial training program.

Specific Problems: 1) What is the profile of the respondent ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in terms of: 1. Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Educational Level 1.4 Civil Status 1.5 Residence 1.6 Dependents 1.7 No. of years in vending 2) What are the training /educational needs identified by the respondent ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area? 3) How does the identification of the training / educational needs by the ambulant vendors differ in terms of: 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Educational Level 1.4 Civil Status 1.5 Residence 1.6 Dependents 1.7 No. of years in vending 4) To what extent is the willingness of the respondent ambulant vendors to undergo further study / education / study? 5) What is the extent of financial capability of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area? 6) Is there a significant relationship between the willingness and financial capability of the ambulant vendors in undergoing further study / education/ training? 7) What implications can be derived from the findings of the study? 8) From the implications derived, what entrepreneurial training can be developed for the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area?

Theoretical Framework:

Experiential Learning / Education. The informal sector can meaningfully contribute to the competitiveness of the market economy in totality if it is assisted. Hence, there is need to examine the current level of capital, costs of production, turnover, profitability, and productivity. It is also further necessary to measure the net worthiness of the informal sector by determining the level of savings because the individuals in the informal sector transfer their accumulated own capital to raise capital to start business through sales of own livestock and/or other assets. An ambulant vendor, like an ordinary worker, must know his or her rights and entitlements and have access to the legal system. It is true that legalization of the informal sector would involve simplifying the regulations and procedures for doing business, improving the transparent and consistent application of rules and procedures and reducing the transaction costs. The aim would be to enhance the protective, standards-related and beneficial aspects of law and to simplify the repressive or constraining aspects so that there would be greater compliance by all enterprises and workers. But because the root causes of the informal economy are multifaceted, legalization alone is not enough to promote decent work. Strong and effective judicial, political, economic and other market and non-market institutions and equitable access to these institutions are essential. Informal workers and enterprises also need access to resources, information, markets, technology, public infrastructure and social services. Those who are particularly disadvantaged or discriminated against may need special measures. Most importantly, those in the informal economy need representation and voice as a fundamental right and an enabling right to enhance their access to a range of other rights at work. The above concepts and theories will be relevant in devising seminars and training in the choice of educational needs for the underground economy in the University Belt Area. In addition, it is worth considering David Kolb’s Learning Styles. David Kolb and Roger Fry argue that effective learning entails the possession of four different abilities: concrete experience abilities, reflective observation abilities, abstract conceptualization abilities and active experimentation abilities. As a result, they developed a learning style inventory which was designed to place people on a line between concrete experience and abstract conceptualization; and active experimentation and reflective observation. Literature on the informal sector. The informal sector, with its enterprising individuals and groups, can be looked as both the casualty and cure to many ill effects of globalization. While the informal sector cannot offer jobs, it can offer income opportunities. In this sense, the informal sector is itself a safety net. It also creates the venue for them to gain added income-generating opportunities. The informal sector expands the domestic market and spreads the purchasing power among the poor. Despite the aforementioned benefits, the informal sector is the first casualty of globalization. The informal sector products have no way of competing in the global market owing to their low-input, low-technology and low-capital content. Applicable Laws. The Barangay Micro Business Enterprise (BMBE) Law was enacted to encourage the start-up of enterprises, and those in the underground economy to formalize their contribution to national growth. Many were hopeful the Law will provide the necessary incentives to spur the growth of small businesses. It is sad to say that ever since the BMBE Law was passed, it has not been properly enforced. A number of local government units are reluctant in registering BMBE applicants. More important, even national government agencies are at odds in seeing its full implementation. The Department of Finance has openly questioned provisions of the Law which exempts BMBE registrants from the payment of income tax. The Department of Finance is worried that the potential loss of income out of the law can reach a staggering P200 billion a year. Accordingly, BMBE Law is flawed and implementation is being held hostage by defects in its crafting. Republic Act No. 8289 or the amended Magna Carta for Small Enterprises passed in l997 now provides a clear-cut official classification of enterprises in terms of asset size and number of workers. A “small enterprise” ranges from 10-99 workers and capitalization of P1.5 million to P15 million. Research Studies. In a research paper entitled: AMBULANT VENDING IN AREAS PROXIMATE TO FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY: ITS ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS TO THE REVENUE OF CITY OF MANILA (April, 2003) by Bonifacio Morimonte, it is primarily concerned in determining the economic implications of ambulant vending to the revenue of the City of Manila. The above study is only limited to the ambulant vendors within areas proximate to Far Eastern University, Manila. It did not cover the population representative of the University Belt Area.

In a research entitled AMBULANT VENDORS: ECONOMIC ISSUES AND CONCERNS, by Jasmin Nario-Galace, Ambulant vending is a popular source of livelihood in the Philippines. Identified respondents have had some form of schooling and are working as ambulant vendors for lack of opportunity and skill. The primary reason for wanting to earn is to support basic needs of the family and finance education of children. Education is seen as a vehicle for social and economic mobility. Ambulant vending is a viable employment alternative since the vendor’s average income is higher than the minimum wage. With the high unemployment in the country, ambulant vending activities should get attention and support it deserves from government. The above is similar to the proponent’s research in terms of addressing the general concerns of the ambulant vendors. That is why the proponent has considered the above study in devising affordable and relevant seminars, degrees and certificate programs for the choice of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area so as to determine their training / educational needs.

Conceptual Framework:

Far Eastern University, Manila, has been actively involved in serving its community within the University Belt Area. As part of its vision in nurturing a service-oriented community that seeks to contribute to the advancement of society, it plans to put up a night school and offer a curriculum program for the informal sector. However, the success of putting up a night school for the informal sector depends upon the existing educational and training needs of its target market, that is the ambulant vendors located within the University Belt Area. Therefore, it is important to conduct a market study of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area as this will determine their training and educational needs. In effect, educational and training programs towards a small-scale enterprise will be developed on the basis of the educational and training needs of the ambulant vendors within the University Belt Area. The David Kolb’s Learning Styles model provides an excellent framework for planning the teaching and learning activities of the ambulant vendors. This can also be usefully employed as a guide for understanding learning difficulties, vocational counseling, and academic advising. The model was also utilized by the proponent in designing the degrees, seminars and certificate programs for the choice of preference by the respondents taking into consideration the current needs of the underground economy towards a small-scale industry. The model will also be utilized to validate the research hypotheses which the proponent has developed for this study. Indeed, the informal sector can be a cure to effects of globalization. That is why the proponent is conducting this study to help minimize the casualty effects of globalization against these ambulant vendors. This will help the underground economy grow as a small-scale business.

The proponent’s study will focus on developing small-scale entrepreneurial training for the underground economy of the University Belt Area by knowing its educational and training needs. This will eventually help the ambulant vendors, as a micro-level enterprise, gear towards a small-scale enterprise as defined in Republic Act No. 8289. This study will be the proponent’s simple contribution to our government, which has been reluctant in supporting the Philippine’s underground economy formalize their contribution to national growth.

Research Paradigm:

Input Thru put Output

Assessment and Evaluation (Feedback loop)

The figure shows the research paradigm of the study. Input variables include: a) profile of ambulant vendors within the University Belt Area in terms of educational level, age, gender, civil status, number of years in vending dependents, and actual residence; b) Classification of ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area according to selling areas and frequency of selling; and c) Attitude of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area towards training. The thru put are the training needs assessment of the ambulant vendors, identification of their financial capability, and their interest in continuing education. The output is the identification of the training and educational needs of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area towards the development of small-scale entrepreneurial training programs. However, there is a need to assess and evaluate the programs to determine if the training and educational programs devised have served the intended target market.

Hypotheses:

1) There is no significant difference between the young and old ambulant vendors’ identification of training needs.
2) There is no significant difference between male and female ambulant vendors’ identification of training needs
3) There is a significant difference in the identification of training needs by the ambulant vendors in terms of educational level.
4) There is no significant difference in the identification of training needs by the ambulant vendors in terms of civil status.
5) There is no significant difference in the identification of training needs by the ambulant vendors in terms of their residence.
6) There is a significant difference in the identification of training needs by the ambulant vendors in terms of their number of years in vending.
7) There is a significant difference in the identification of training needs by the ambulant vendors in terms of the number of their dependents.
8) There is no significant relationship between the willingness and financial capability of the ambulant vendors in undergoing further study /education/ training.

CHAPTER THREE

M E T H O D O L O G Y

Research Design:

The proponent intends to use descriptive and exploratory research as research designs. Consider the following methods to be utilized: a) Survey -- the subject matter of the survey will be composed of the following: 1) Demographic characteristics of the respondents – which includes the age, civil status, gender, educational background, residence, number of dependents and number of years in vending. 2) Respondents’ behavior and activities 3) Respondents’ social environment 4) Economic conditions of the respondents 5) Financial capability of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in pursuing further education. 6) Willingness of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in pursuing further education. 7) The type of educational programs or training that would be affordable, relevant and of interest to the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. b) focus group discussion -- the proponent will be inviting representatives of the underground economy within the University Belt Area, in coordination with the Barangay Chairpersons having jurisdiction of the same, for a focus group discussion to further discern their attitudes for purposes of determining their educational and training needs. c) secondary data sources. Articles from recent newspapers and the internet will be considered in order to be updated on the study. This will also help the proponent determine if the study to be undertaken will be obsolete or of no use.

Sample:

The proponent will be utilizing, as respondents, the ambulant vendors within the University Belt Area, specifically on the following streets: Espana, Recto, Morayta, Legarda, Lepanto, Mendiola, R. Papa, P. Paredes, MV delos Santos, Gastambide, Tortousa and some portions in Quezon Boulevard. (Appendix “D”). This will cover ambulant vendors engaged in selling goods, warehouse or merchandise which are considered within the commerce of man.

Sampling Design:

The proponent will be using non-probability sampling methods since there are no population size figures available involving ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. A blueprint map from the City Engineers’ Office of the City of Manila will be utilized to determine the areas covered in the University Belt. The proponent will conduct the actual counting technique to determine the population size of the ambulant vendors within the University Belt Area. The population size shall be determined by the average of the actual count of the ambulant vendors within the University Belt Area for seven (7) consecutive days. The researcher will work to a 95 percent level of certainty in determining the minimum sample size, to be calculated using the Slovin’s Formula as follows:

S = N --------- 1 + Ne²

Where: N = population size as determined by the average of the actual Count of the ambulant vendors within the University Belt Area for seven (7) consecutive days. S = sample size

e = margin of error (which is .05 or 95 percent level of certainty)

The proponent will be using purposive sampling as a sampling scheme wherein a desired number of sample units are selected on purpose. The selection of the sample shall depend on the personal convenience of the proponent or investigator.

Instrumentation:

The subject matter of the survey instrument will be composed of the following: a) Demographic characteristics of the respondents – which includes the age, civil status, gender, educational background, residence. b) Respondents’ behavior and activities c) Respondents’ social environment d) Economic conditions of the respondents e) Financial capability of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in pursuing further education. f) Willingness of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in pursuing further education. g) The type of educational programs or training that would be affordable, relevant and of interest to the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. The above demographic variables will be utilized to determine whether significant differences exist in the identification of the training needs of the respondent ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area, as stated in the proponent’s null hypotheses. In addition, the above demographic variables will also utilized to affirm the research hypotheses of this study. A structured and closed-form set of questionnaires will be distributed for each respondent. Informal conversations will be utilized or the interviewer directs the course of the interview in order for the respondent to fully appreciate the manner of answering the questions. Translation of the questionnaires in Tagalog shall be imperative for the respondents to fully understand the questions being solicited from them. The degrees, seminars and certificate programs devised by the proponent in terms of determining the training and educational needs of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area were taken from the current programs offered by the Institute of Accounts, Business & Finance of Far Eastern University (FEU-IABF). That is why the proponent needed to seek the advice or comment from the Dean of IABF in order to achieve the required and complete information from the respondents. The proponent also had to resort to references in the library at the Far Eastern University, Philippine Normal University, and De La Salle University for information that can be utilized for the preparation of the survey instrument that will be distributed to and answered by the respondents. A reference entitled: “Research Methods for Management,” by Dr. S. Shajahan was also considered before the proponent came up with the instrument. The survey questionnaires were devised in order to answer the following specific objectives: 1) To determine the profile of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in terms of: a) educational level; b) age; c) Gender; d) civil status; e) residence; f) dependents; and g) number of years in vending. 2) To determine the financial capability of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in pursuing further education. 3) To determine the willingness of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in pursuing further education. 4) To determine the type of educational programs or training that would be affordable, relevant and of interest to the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. The survey questionnaire also gave provisions for classifying ambulant vendors in terms of: a) selling area; and b) frequency of selling. The questionnaires will be translated to the respondent ambulant vendors in Tagalog to facilitate the response of the respondent ambulant vendors. The questionnaires were designed to cover all areas concerning the study. In terms of obtaining the accurate demographic profile of the respondents, a series of categories were presented per variable. For example, in case of knowing the respondent’s age, a straightforward question such as “What is your age” is followed by a series of age categories. In terms of obtaining the extent of financial capability and the willingness of the ambulant vendors in the university belt area to undergo further training and education, a multi-item measuring technique was developed. In other words, the scales in the instrument provided adequate coverage of the topics under study. In terms of determining the extent of the financial capability and willingness of the ambulant vendors in undergoing further study or education, the validity of the instrument can be examined using content validity. In this regard, the proponent has to resort to the opinion of a statistician and psychologist to examine the validity of the instrument. A pilot test or test-run shall be conducted on at least ten (10) ambulant vendors within the proximate area of Far Eastern University, Manila so that the proponent will have a view on how respondents will react to the questionnaires. Convenience sampling will be utilized to conduct pilot testing. However, it is worth considering that the questions will be translated in Tagalog, and that the interviewer will direct the course of the interview in order for the respondent to fully appreciate the manner of answering the questions.

Data Gathering Procedures:

The sequence in obtaining the survey questionnaires as a primary data source are as follows: 1) Distribute the questionnaires to respondents. Proponent will direct the interview in Tagalog format. 2) Collect the questionnaires from the respondents 3) Tabulate the findings using appropriate statistical tools 4) Assessment of the implications that can be derived from the findings of the study 5) Develop conclusions and recommendations. To further discern the attitudes of the respondent ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area, the proponent will be inviting representatives of the underground economy within the University Belt Area, in coordination with the Barangay Chairpersons having jurisdiction of the same, for a focus group discussion. For the secondary data sources, articles from recent newspapers and the internet will be considered in order to be updated on the study. This will also help the proponent determine if the study to be undertaken will be obsolete or of no use. Gathering of the secondary data sources shall be done through daily surfing on the internet.

Statistical Treatment of Data:

From the results of the survey, the proponent shall consider the following statistical treatments in coming up with the training /educational needs of the respondent ambulant vendors: a) In determining the demographic profile of the respondent ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area in terms of age, gender, educational background, civil status, residence, dependents and number of years in vending, the proponent will be using frequency and percentage. b) In determining the training /educational needs identified by the respondent ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area, the proponent will be using frequency and ranking. c) In determining whether there is a significant difference in the identification of training needs by the ambulant vendors in terms of age, gender, educational level, civil status, residence, dependents and no. of years in vending, the proponent will be using the Chi Square test for each demographic variable. d) In determining the extent of willingness of the respondent ambulant vendors to undergo further study /education/ training, the proponent will be using the frequency, rank, and average value. e) In determining the extent of financial capability of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area, the proponent will be using frequency, rank, and average value. f) In determining whether there is a significant relationship between the willingness and financial capability of the ambulant vendors in undergoing further study / education / training, the proponent will be using Chi-square.

CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE TARGET MARKET A survey was conducted among the following respondents within the University Belt Area to determine their respective educational and training needs: 1) Ambulant vendors. Out of 790 population size in the U-belt Area, the sample size for this business plan is 399.

The proponents worked with a 97 percent level of certainty in determining the minimum sample size, to be calculated using the Slovin’s Formula as follows:

S = N --------- 1 + Ne²

Where: N = population size S = sample size

e = margin of error (which is .0352 or 97 percent level of certainty)

2) Store owners and/or employees; barangay officials. A total of 106 respondents located within the proximate areas of Far Eastern University was conducted and completely undertaken.
A) Geographic Location This will cover the University Belt Area, specifically the following streets: España, Earnshaw, Recto, Morayta, Legarda, Lepanto, Mendiola, R. Papa, P. Paredes, MV delos Santos, Gastambide, Tortousa, Lerma and some portions of Quezon Boulevard.

Consider the population size of the ambulant vendors classified according to area:

|Area: |Population Size |
|Espana |65 |
|Lepanto (including Cayco) |15 |
|Earnshaw |129 |
|Legarda (including Casal) |48 |
|Recto |250 |
|Lerma (including some portions of Quezon Boulevard) |100 |
|Mendiola |36 |
|Morayta, R. Papa, Gastambide, MV delos Santos, |147 |
|Tortuosa | |
|Total Population Size |790 |

B) Education Level 100% percent of the respondents are considered early school leavers. Most of the ambulant vendors have finished high school or at least attained high school level education. On the other hand, most of the respondent store owners/employees have at least attained College level education but not college graduates.
C) Age The age structure of the storeowners/employees between 21-30 years comprise 77% of the total number of respondents. On the other hand, ambulant vendors with an age structure between 21-50 years comprise 83 percent of the total number of population size within the University Belt Area.
D) Level of Earnings Most of the storeowners/employees located within the proximate areas of Far Eastern University have a daily income of 151 to 300 pesos. Their savings per month would range to a maximum level of P2,500.00. For the ambulant vendors located within the University Belt Area, their daily income would range from 151 upto 401 pesos. Their savings per month would also range to a maximum level of 2,500 pesos.

TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS OF THE TARGET MARKET WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY BELT AREA

The University would initially offer its non-formal education courses to its proximate members of the community (i.e. ambulant vendors and store owners/employees within the University Belt Area).

Based on the survey results, consider the following training needs: ➢ Most of the respondent ambulant vendors and storeowners/employees are willing to undergo training/education if given the opportunity. ➢ The preferred days of the respondent ambulant vendors to undergo training/education is during Saturdays and Sundays if classes are held in the daytime. Their preferred time in undergoing training/education is from 6:00 up to 9:00 p.m if on weekdays. Their preferred months in undergoing education / training is April and May. However, they can attend classes any month during the year if classes are held in the evenings. Respondent Ambulant Vendors who have attained at least high school level have preferred the following courses:
|Preferred Courses: |Suggested Course Fees: |Frequency: |
|Culinary Arts |P1,000.00 |27% |
|Handicraft Making |P1,000.00 |12% |
|Caregiving |P20,000.00 | 6% |
|Basic Management |P1,000.00 | 5% |
|Simple Business Planning |P1,000.00 |10% |
|Basic Entrepreneurship |P1,000.00 |9% |
|Agribusiness |P1,000.00 |4% |
|Garment Merchandising |P1,000.00 |7% |

However, only 35% of the respondents who have chosen the above-mentioned courses can afford to pay the fee as prescribed in the survey.

Respondent ambulant vendors who are high school graduates have preferred the following courses:

|Preferred Courses: |Suggested Course Fees: |Frequency: |
|Catering & Restaurant Management |P25,000.00 |17% |
|Entrepreneurship |P20,000.00 | 5% |
|Simple Business Planning |P1,000.00 | 6% |
|Basic Management |P1,000.00 | 8% |
|Basic Entrepreneurship |P1,000.00 | 8% |
|Basic Marketing |P1,000.00 | 4% |
|Computer Operations |P1,000.00 | 6% |
|Handicraft Making |P1,000.00 | 7% |
|Agribusiness |P1,000.00 | 6% |

However, only 20% of the respondents who have chosen the above-mentioned courses can afford to pay the fee as prescribed in the survey. They have no specific time preference in undergoing training/education.

[pic]

The respondent store owners/employees have preferred the following courses:

|Preferred Courses: |Suggested Course Fees: |Frequency: |
|Computer Secretarial |P20,000.00 |63% |
|Basic Marketing |P1,000.00 |57% |
|Basic Management |P1,000.00 |43% |
|Basic Finance |P1,000.00 |33% |
|Basic Entrepreneurship |P1,000.00 |30% |
| Basic Accounting |P1,000.00 |30% |
|Computer Operations |P1,000.00 |24% |

At least 70% of the respondents who have chosen the above-mentioned courses can afford to pay the fee as prescribed in the survey.

CHAPTER FIVE

REFERENCES:

1 David Kolb’s Learning Styles: (http://www.yahoo.com)

II. Local Readings:

1. “The Informal Sector as Cure for Globalization,” Manila Times dated November 13, 2004 by Dr. Isagani Antonio F. Yuzon, D.P.A. 2. “Street food vendors banned from schools,” page A23, Philippine Daily Inquirer, March 11, 2005, by Alcuin Papa. 3. “Hawkers are in for more heartaches, (http://www.inq7.net),Inquirer News Service, Posted: 1:09 AM (Manila Time) May 24, 2003, by Leila Salaverria. 4. “Problems with the BMBE Law,” The Manila Bulletin Online (www.mb.com.ph), March 18, 2004. 5. “Micro, small or medium: Which is which?,” LABOREN EXERCENS, The Manila Times, May 7, 2003, by Rene E. Ofreneo.

III. Applicable Laws: 1. Barangay Micro Business Enterprise (BMBE) Law; 2. Republic Act No. 8289 or the amended Magna Carta for Small Enterprises passed in 1997.

IV. Readings from the Internet: (http://www.yahoo.com) 1. Informal Sector Survey (1999/2000) for the Country of Botswana, a report published by the Central Statistics Office. 2. “Decent work and the informal economy, ” International Labour Conference, 90th Session 2002, Report VI, Sixth item on the agenda, International Labour Office, Geneva, printed in Switzerland, 2002.

V. Research Studies: 1. “AMBULANT VENDING IN AREAS PROXIMATE TO FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY: ITS ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS TO THE REVENUE OF CITY OF MANILA,” A research paper submitted to the Committee on Research of Far Eastern University, Manila, (April, 2003) by Bonifacio Morimonte. 2. “AMBULANT VENDORS: ECONOMIC ISSUES AND CONCERNS,” FACULTY RESEARCH JOURNAL, Miriam College, Vol. 19, October 2000, by Jasmin Nario-Galace.

VI. Textbooks: 1. MARKETING RESEARCH, by Carl McDaniel and Roger Gates, 2005 Sixth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2. RESEARCH METHODS FOR MANAGEMENT, by Dr. S. Shajahan, 2004 Second Edition, Jaico Publishing House.

(Questionnaire)

Dear Respondents:

The undersigned is conducting a research study entitled: “A STUDY ON THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF AMBULANT VENDORS IN THE UNIVERSITY BELT AREA.”

In this regard, may I request your cooperation to kindly fill-up the blanks by checking or crossing opposite to the questions asked.

Rest assured that your identity and answers will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Very truly yours,

CHRISTINE P. CARPIO Researcher

(Pasensiya na po kayo. Titser po ako sa FEU. Gusto po ng FEU magtayo ng eskuela na panggabi sa mga ambulant vendors ng University Belt. Assignment po naming malaman lamang ang kakailanganin nyo para sa inyong hanap buhay o dili kaya ay makagawa kami ng mga programang pag-papaaral sa mga ambulant vendors. Dalawang minuto lang po ang pagtatanong namin. Sana po ay mapahintulutan niyo akong makausap kayo ng dalawang minuto man lang. Salamat po.)

A STUDY ON THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF AMBULANT VENDORS
IN THE UNIVERSITY BELT AREA

Objective: This questionnaire is designed to determine the type of educational programs or training that would be affordable, relevant and of interest to the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. That is why we have to consider their demographic profile in terms of age, civil status and educational attainment to come up with accurate educational programs and training that will suit the needs of the ambulant vendors in the University Belt Area. Their financial capability and attitude will also be assessed in determining their educational and training needs.

Instructions: Kindly fill-up or check the appropriate blanks:

I. Profile of the Respondents:
1.1 Area (Street): ___________

1.2 Age (Ilang taon napo kayo?)
_____ 14 -below _____ 41-50
_____ 15- 20 _____ 51-60
_____ 21-30 _____ above 60
_____ 31-40

1.3 Gender
_____ Male _____ Female

1.4 Civil Status (May asawa na ba kayo?)
_____ Single ___ Married
_____ Widow/Widower ___ Separated

1.5 Dependents (Mga anak po? May mga magulang o biyenan ba kayo na sinusuportahan din po?) _____ Parents ___ Spouse
_____ Children ___ Other relatives or friends

Total No. of dependents (Ilan po ang sinusuportahan ninyo?): _______________

1.6 Residence (Saan po kayo ngayon nakatira?)
_____ Manila ___ Others: Please specify _________________
_____ Quezon City

7. Educational Level (Nakatapos na po kayo ng pag-aaral? Ano po ang natapos niñyo sa pag-aaral?)

Elementary ____ Elementary Grade Level ____ Elementary Graduate

Secondary ____ High School Year Level ____ High School Graduate

Tertiary ____ College Year Level ____ If college graduate, specify degree completed: ________________

8. Number of years in vending (Ilang taon na po kayong nagtitinda?) _____ less than one (1) year _____ 1-3 years _____ 4-6 years _____ 7-10 years _____ more than 10 years

1.9 How often do you sell your goods in this area? (Malimit po ba kayo rito para magtinda? Gaano kadalas po?) ___ daily ___ weekly ___ monthly ___ on special occasions (i.e. Halloween, Christmas, Valentine’s Day) ___ infrequent, irregular or on occasional basis

1.10 Do you sell your goods in places other from this area? (Nagtitinda rin po ba kayo sa ibang area?) ____ Yes ___ No

If yes, please specify the area where you sell your goods (Saan po?): _____________

How often do you sell your goods in such area? (Gaano kadalas rin po ba ang pagtitinda niñyo roon?) ___ daily ___ weekly ___ monthly ___ on special occasions (i.e. Halloween, Christmas, Valentine’s Day) ___ infrequent, irregular or on occasional basis

II. List of Educational/Training Needs to be Identified:

2.1 Are you willing to undergo further study on the following programs listed below? If yes, please check your preferred top five (5) choices and rank your choices accordingly: (1=highest; 5=lowest) (Pili po kayo sa mga gusto ninyong kurso na gusto ninyong pag-aralan. Top 5 choices lang po):
|Rank |Certificate Courses: (6 months – 2 years) |Proposed Tuition|Please check if the proposed tuition fees of your choice |
| | |Fees |are affordable (Sa inyong piniling kurso, lagyan ng ekis |
| | | |(x) kung ang tuition fee ay kaya ninyong ipaluwal) |
| |Computer Secretarial |P20,000.00 | |
| |Retail Management |P20,000.00 | |
| |Entrepreneurship |P20,000.00 | |
| |Catering & Restaurant Management |P25,000.00 | |
| |Certified Accounting Technician |P20,000.00 | |
| | | | |
| |Seminar Courses: (3 hrs – 7 days) | | |
| |Basic Accounting / Bookkeeping (whole day)|P1,000.00 | |
| |Basic Entrepreneurship (4 hrs.) |P1000.00 | |
| |Laws Governing Business Laws (3hrs.) |P1000.00 | |
| |Basic Marketing (3hrs.) |P1000.00 | |
| |Basic Hygiene and Sanitation (3hrs.) |P1000.00 | |
| |Basic Management Skills (3 hrs.) |P1000.00 | |
| |Basic Finance (3 hrs.) |P1000.00 | |
| |Simple Business Planning (3 hrs.) |P1000.00 | |
| |Basic Computer Operations (10 days) |P1,000.00 | |
| | | | |
| |Courses for Elementary / High school level| | |
| |Candidates | | |
| |Agribusiness |P1,000.00 | |
| |Gardening |P1,000.00 | |
| |Handicraft Making |P1,000.00 | |
| |Culinary Arts |P1,000.00 | |
| |Garment Merchandising |P1,000.00 | |
| |Flower Arrangement |P1,000.00 | |
| |Basic Catering |P1,000.00 | |
| |Caregiving |P20,000.00 | |
| |Cosmetology |P5,000.00 | |
| |Diploma for Elementary / High School | | |
| | | | |
| |Degree Courses: | | |
| |BS-Accountancy | | |
| |Bachelor of Science in Commerce | | |

III. Extent of Willingness:

3.1 Are you willing to undergo training or further study if given the opportunity? (Kung mapagbibigyan po kayo ng pagkakataon na mag-aral, gusto niyo ba na mag-aral?) ____ Yes ___ No _____ Maybe

If yes, continue answering 1.2 upto 1.7

3.2 Preferred venue for training/education/study? (Saan po niñyo gustong maturuan? ) ______ near the place where I reside ______ near the place where I sell my goods and/or merchandise ______ my place of residence ______ no specific preference

3.3 Preferred day for training/education/study (Araw ninyo po na gustong mag-aral?) _____ Monday _____ Friday _____ Tuesday _____ Saturday _____ Wednesday _____ Sunday _____ Thursday _____ no specific preference

3.4 Preferred time for training/education/study (Free time ninyo po na gustong mag-aral)

_____ 8:00 a.m. --- 12:00 noon _____ 6:00 p.m. --- 9:00 p.m. _____ 1:00 p.m. --- 5:00 p.m. _____ no specific preference

3.5 Preferred month for training/education/study: (Anong pong buwan na puede kayong mag-aral): _____ January _____ June _____ November _____ February _____ July _____ December _____ March _____ August _____ no specific preference _____ April _____ September _____ May _____October

3.6 Are you willing to pay a fee for training or education if given the opportunity? (Ok po ba kayo magbayad sa inyong pag-aaral kung saka-sakali?) ____ Yes _____ No _____ Maybe / Not sure

3.7 If with fee, how much are you willing to pay for your education / training per course? (Kung may bayad, ok ba ho na magbayad kayo ng P1,000 bawat kurso? Magkano po ang kaya ninyong ibayad?) ______ below P500 per course ______ P501 – P1,000 per course ______ P1,001--P1,500 per course ______ P1,501 – P2,000 per course ______ P 3,001 per course -- above
3.8 Extent of Willingness. How willing are you in the following situations? 5=Strongly agree [higit na sumasang-ayon]; 4=Agree to some extent [sumasang-ayon]; 3=Not sure [hindi sigurado]; 2=Disagree [hindi sang-ayon]; 1=strongly disagree [higit na di sumasang ayon]) SA SD
|Situations |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 |
|I am very much interested in undergoing further study as long as it is related to business (Interesado | | | | | |
|akong mag-aral kung ito ay may koneksyon sa pagnenegosyo) | | | | | |
|I am willing to undergo further training for six months upto two years as long as it will help me bring| | | | | |
|food on the table in the future (Gusto kong mag-aral hanggang dalawang taon kung ito ay makakagaan sa | | | | | |
|aking buhay) | | | | | |
|I am willing to undergo further training to a maximum period of six months as long as it will help me | | | | | |
|bring food on the table in the future (Gusto kong mag-aral ngunit hindi dapat tumagal ng anim na buwan)| | | | | |
|I am willing to undergo further training to a maximum period of two (2) weeks as long as it will help | | | | | |
|me bring food on the table in the future (Gusto kong mag-aral ngunit hindi dapat tumagal ng dalawang | | | | | |
|linggo) | | | | | |
|I am willing to undergo training or further education because it will help me alleviate my standard of | | | | | |
|living (Gusto kong mag-aral kung bibigyan ng pagkakataon dahil ito lang ang makakaahon sa aking buhay).| | | | | |
|I am willing to undergo further training or education as long as it is for free (Ako ay mag-aaral kung | | | | | |
|ito ay libre) | | | | | |
|If training or education given is not for free, I will no longer be willing to undergo such education | | | | | |
|and training (Kung ang aking pag-aaral ay hindi libre, ayaw ko nang mag-aral) | | | | | |
|I am willing to undergo training and education in Fairview, Quezon City (Ok lang kung ako’y mag biyahe | | | | | |
|sa Fairview, Quezon City para mag-aral) | | | | | |
|I am willing to undergo training and education in Morayta, Manila (Ok lang kung ako’y magbiyahe sa | | | | | |
|Morayta, Manila para mag-aral) | | | | | |
|I am willing to undergo training and education if such training will be held on Saturdays and Sundays | | | | | |
|only (Gusto kong mag-aral kung ito ay gaganapin lamang tuwing Sabado o Linggo) | | | | | |

IV. Extent of Financial Capability:

1. How much is your daily income in vending? (Makano po ang kinikita ninyo sa pagtitinda sa isang araw?)
_____ 150 pesos and below _____ 451-600 pesos
_____ 151-300 pesos _____ above 600 pesos
_____ 301-450 pesos

4.2 Do you have other sources of income aside from vending? (Ito lang po ba ang pinanghahanapbuhay niyo?) ___ Yes _____No

If yes, how much is your daily income? (Sa iba ninyong hanapbuhay, magkano po ang kinikita niñyo sa isang araw?)

_____ 150 pesos and below _____ 451-600 pesos
_____ 151-300 pesos _____ above 600 pesos
_____ 301-450 pesos

4.3 How much is your savings per month? (May savings pa ba kayo sa isang buwan? Magkano po?)

_____ none
_____ 2,500 pesos and below
_____ 2,501-5,000 pesos
_____ 5,001-7,500 pesos
_____ 7,501-10,000 pesos
_____ 10,001 pesos and above

4.4 Extent of financial capability. How financially capable are you in the following situations? (5=Strongly agree [higit na sumasang-ayon]; 4=Agree to some extent [sumasang-ayon]; 3=Not sure [hindi sigurado]; 2=Disagree [hindi sang-ayon]; 1=strongly disagree [higit na di sumasang ayon]) SA SD
|Situations |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 |
|As an ambulant vendor, I earn more money than most of my friends. (Mas angat ako sa aking mga kaibigan | | | | | |
|sa kita ko bilang ambulant vendor) | | | | | |
|What I have earned from ambulant vending is more than what I actually need (Ang kinikita ko sa pagiging| | | | | |
|ambulant vendor ay higit pa para sa aking mga pangangailangan) | | | | | |
|I have enough savings to undergo further education/ training worth P1,000.00 per course (Meron akong | | | | | |
|naitago na puwede kong gamitin sa pag-aaral na humigit kumulang na P1,000.00 bawat isang kurso) | | | | | |
|I earn a lot of money from ambulant vending (kumikita ako ng malaking halaga sa ambulant vending) | | | | | |
|I can afford to pay for my education and training as long as such training does not exceed P 3,000.00 | | | | | |
|(kaya kong magbayad ng humigit kumulang na P3,000.00 para sa aking pag-aaral) | | | | | |
|I do not have enough savings to go to school or undergo further training or education (Wala akong | | | | | |
|naitatago na husto para sa aking pag-aaral) | | | | | |
|I have debts to pay, hence, my inability to save inorder to undergo further training and education. | | | | | |
|(Marami akong bayarin na dapat unahin kung kaya di ko kayang mag-aral sa kasalukuyan) | | | | | |
|As an ambulant vendor, my daily income is just enough for my daily subsistence for food, clothing and | | | | | |
|shelter (Ang kinikita ko sa isang araw sa ambulant vending ay husto lamang para sa aking pang araw-araw| | | | | |
|na kailangan) | | | | | |

-----------------------
[1] -- William D. Salter, Senior Specialist on Conditions of Work, ILO-South-East Asia and the Pacific Multidisciplinary Advisory Team, Quezon City, Philippines, 12 November 1998.
[2] -- Isagani Antonio F. Yuzon, D.P.A.. Dr. Yuzon is a senior lecturer at the School of Labor and Industrial, University of the Philippines, where he handles courses in human resource development. He was also senior lecturer at College of St. Benilde, De La Salle University. He just finished a research on ‘Social Legislation and Programs for the Informal Sector in the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia: A Comparative Study’ as senior fellow of the Asian Public Intellectuals (API).

[3] -- Philippine Daily Inquirer, October 24, 2001.
[4] -- “Measuring the Non-observed Economy: The Philippine Experience,” by Estrella V. Domingo, Assistant Secretary-General of the National Statistical Coordination Board (NCSB), Manila during the United Nations Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) Workshop held on 11-14 May 2004 at Bangkok,Thailand with the theme: ASSESSING AND IMPROVING DATA QUALITY: MEASURING THE NON-OBSERVED ECONOMY.
[5] -- Case study of the Street Food Hawkers in Metro Manila. (http://www.fao.org)
[6] -- The Underground Economy by Hans F. Sennholz, Copyright © 1984 by the Ludwig von Mises Institute. Online edition copyright © 2003 by the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
[7] -- Ambulant Vending in Areas Proximate to Far Eastern University: Its economic implications to the revenue of the City of Manila, A Research Paper submitted to the University Committee on Research, Far Eastern University, Manila, by Bonifacio Bedal Morimonte.
[8] -- Jasmin Nario-Galace, Ambulant Vendors: Economic Issues and Concerns, FACULTY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 9 October 2000, Miriam College Periodicals Section.
[9] -- Estrella V. Domingo, Measuring the Non-observed Economy (NOE): The Philippine Experience, May 2004
[10] -- “FINANCING FOR MICRO-ENTERPRISES, SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESS AND POOR HOUSEHOLDS IN THE PHILIPPINES,” by Mario B. Lamberte, President of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies. This paper was presented at the ESCAPADB Joint Workshop on Mobilizing Domestic Finance for Development: Reassessment of Bank Finance and Debt Markets In Asia and the Pacific held at Bangkok, Thailand, on 22-23 November 2001.
[11] -- www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/05/01/OPED2005050133810.html

-----------------------

Identification of
Educational and
Training needs

Training needs assessment

Identification of the financial capability of ambulant vendors

Interest in continuing education of Ambulant Vendors

Profile of Ambulant Vendors • Educational level • Age • Gender • Civil Status • No. of years in vending • Dependents • Residence

Classification of ambulant vendors according to: • Selling areas • Frequency of selling

Attitude towards training

Development of a small-scale entrepreneurial training