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Market Yourself

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Submitted By j0hnc0nnor
Words 630
Pages 3
Analyse de données :

On effectue souvent une synthèse sur les résultats précédents par la création d’une typologie en utilisant la carte des observations.
Facteur horizontal : opposition entre art, littérature et science.
Facteur vertical : Aptitude au sport.
Cette classe comporte 2 groupes. Le groupe des filles et le groupe des garçons.
Les filles sont meilleures en art et littérature que les garçons. En revanche les garçons sont meilleurs en science et en sport.
On remarque également que le sport n’est pas déterminant.

Classification hiérarchique :
Les classifications sont des procédures automatisées de regroupement des données. La classification hiérarchique privilégie la distance entre classes et de mieux, à une représentation de synthèses sous la forme d’un arbre hiérarchique appelé DENDROGRAMME.
Principes : n=9

Partition modale = Partition formé par les points réduits à 1 élément.
Etape 1 à n :
Pour chaque couple de partie, on calcule la valeur d’un critère (construit à partir d’une distance) classiquement le critère utilisé est le critère de WARD qui représente la perte d’informations engendrée par le regroupement des deux parties. On regroupe alors les deux parties présentant un critère de WARD minimum. Le regroupement est remplacé par son centre de gravité et on recommence.

N=9

N=8

N=1

La suite des regroupements fournit l’arbre hiérarchique.

Test d’arrêt :
L’algorithme s’arrête lorsqu’on a plus qu’une seule classe.

Méthodologie :
Chaque regroupement engendre une perte d’informations mais également un gain de lisibilité. La méthodologie consiste à couper de manière judicieuse l’arbre à l’endroit ou perte d’informations et gains de lisibilité s’équilibrent (cette procédure est automatisée dans les logiciels)
Application :
Dans l’exemple du poly, la classification optimale s’effectue en 3 classes qu’on a des difficultés à intégrer. Une requête en 2 classes fournit un résultat analogue à l’analyse factorielle.
Classification non hiérarchique ou nuée dynamique.
L’algorithme de regroupement utilise cette fois des distances entre éléments.

Initialisation :
Dans l’ensemble des données, on choisit, soit de manière empirique soit de manière aléatoire, autant d’éléments que de classes désirées et en utilisant la relation « être au plus proche », on construit la partition initiale.
2 classes :

Pour chaque parties de la partition initiale on détermine le centre de gravité (graines) et on détermine à nouveau les distances entre les centres de gravité et les données. La relation « être au plus proche » permet de construire une nouvelle partition. Test d’arrêt : La composition optimale est obtenue lorsque la partition est identique à la partition précédente. Application : Une classification hiérarchique en 3 classes fournit une composition optimale que l’on a des difficultés à interpréter. En revanche, une classification en 2 classes fournit les mêmes résultats que lors des précédentes analyses. Rq : la classification hiérarchique consiste à déterminer un nombre optimal de classes la classification non hiérarchique consiste à déterminer une composition optimale de classes. Exemple 1 de l’application : le cas banque. Etude d’un tableau croisant 13 variables avec 50 observations (échantillon supposé aléatoire), Pour les variables financières, on peut aprioris distinguer 3 groupes. La trésorerie, services de banque et épargne. Les 2 dernières variables sont socio économiques. Q1 : Faisabilité et pertinence. Le déterminant est proche de 0 sans être nul. Il est ok. Test de sphéricité de Les 3 indicateurs de faisabilité montrent que l’on est en présence d’une matrice de données propres. Matrice des composantes : La matrice des composantes devrait comporter 11 colonnes. Le logiciel a déjà sélectionner (méthode de KAISER), les facteurs les plus opportuns. Matrice reconstituée : La matrice des composantes montre que l’outil réduit la dimension du problème (8 variables se résument à 3 facteurs). On constate sur la matrice reconstituée 40% de résidus significatif ce qui est un peu supérieur aux 30% standards. Légère altération des cartes, quant à la représentation de la nature des liaisons entre les variables. Conclusion :
Matrice propre et un outil qui semble pertinent d’un point de vue théorique.

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