...Do you agree with the view that in the years 1515-1525 Henry VIII wholly surrendered power in government to Cardinal Wolsey? To a certain extent within Source 4 (by J.J. Scarisbrick 1968) supports the idea that possibly Henry VIII actually did surrender power over to Wolsey. The evidence within the source that suggests this possibly for being the truth is ‘a self-indulgent King had wholly surrendered the cares of the state into the Cardinals hands’. To further support this case, it is clear that Wolsey was extremely powerful, he had vast amounts of bishoprics (Archbishop of Canterbury, Tournai, Durham just to name a few) and was the head of things such as the Star Chamber where Wolsey got himself heavily involved with. This is shown when you compared the number of cases Wolsey took on (120) compared to that of Henry VII who dealt with only 12. Also Wolsey had control of all of the state finances and could make large changes to things such as the taxation system he was able to introduce a new form of tax known as the ‘Subsidy’ which was more popular since it meant the poor payed far less tax than previously than with the old 15’s and 10’s taxation method. This new taxation method allowed Wolsey to pay for king’s foreign affairs. As well as this ‘subsidy’, since Wolsey had such significant power he was able to also raise considerable amounts of capital through other means, such as through ‘benevolences’ and enforced loans from the nobility, which raised £200,000 in 1522. This...
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...How far do you agree that Wyatt’s rebellion was a serious threat to Mary’s authority? Although Wyatt’s rebellion was, when compared to the riots and rebellions that visited the Tudor Dynasty, rather small in size, it had a large impact in that Queen Mary’s authority as Monarch was questioned and ridiculed by the actions that drove so close to her residence in 1554. Historians argue that the volatile combination of politics, religion and Mary’s personality were major factors in the rebellion’s formation as well as the fear the prospect of a Spanish King visited upon the nobles. Mary’s ascension to the throne of England was marked with extraordinary political and religious circumstance: the return of Catholicism in England marshalled by Mary was a decision met with gratefulness and one that pleased many of those citizens supressed under the Tudor dynasty’s progressive and eventually full protestant stance. However, Mary’s gender meant that she couldn’t enjoy the same levels of independence and power as those wielded by her brother and father. Mary’s announcement that she intended to marry Philip II of Spain in 1554 divided her privy council into two distinct groups; one opposing her marriage, favouring the possible courter, Edward Courtenay (Earl of Devon), and the other, who supported the Spanish Monarch. The reasons for these split alliances were deeply ingrained in foreign policy, with those supporting Philip’s prospects seeking the advantages of a strong Anglo-Spanish...
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...Mary Queen of Scots was the cousin of Elizabeth, and was seen as a legitimate heir to the Catholic throne. She was part of the Tudor family, was a serious Catholic and had strong links with Europe. She also had a son, who was a potential heir to the throne. The statements above are just a majority of the reasons why Elizabeth executed Mary, however there were many more, such as religion, dynastic, European and personal, and in the essay I will discuss all four and give evidence to back up my points. Religion is one of the reasons why Elizabeth executed Mary, and there is lots of evidence towards this. An example of this is when the Pope issued a statement in 1580, saying that anyone who killed Elizabeth was “doing England a favour”. This would make Elizabeth want to execute Mary because the Catholics would want to obey the Pope, as many had religion as their main priority, then the Monarch. The fact that Mary had a lot of support meant that Elizabeth would be even more danger of a rebellion, or even getting killed. This made Elizabeth very vulnerable at this time, as the Pope had high authority and people would want to follow his orders. Executing Mary would ensure that there were no secret plots or plans to murder Elizabeth, and it would show Catholics Elizabeth is powerful, and is going to stand her ground. Killing or overthrowing Elizabeth would mean Mary had a high chance of becoming next in line the throne, which most Catholics would be ecstatic about. The only decision...
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...The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes- a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANCIENT P H I L O S O P H Y Julia Annas THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ARTTHEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN...
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...The popular rebellions during the Tudor dynasty were potentially an extremely dangerous threat to their power. However in practice, the majority of attempts to promote popular rebellion were crushed so quickly and effectively by the monarch that the movements never got the chance to develop into anything more serious. Furthermore very few rebellions ever made it out the county it originated in. That being said it has been argued that there were a select few rebellions that were serious threats to the monarchy… such as `The Pilgrimage of Grace’ a popular rising in Yorkshire in the autumn of 1536, Wyatt’s rebellion in 1554, Tyrone’s rebellion in Ireland (1595-1603). The importance of the people involved in the rebellions was essentially the most important factor in the severity of the rebellions. The difference of having one noblemen or gentry to a rebellion was crucial, as realistically a band of angry peasants with minimal weapons are never going to overthrow an established powerful monarch. The involvement of nobleman brought military equipment, soldiers and financial support to a rebellion along with showing a great deal of discount towards the monarch and therefore making the rebellion more serious. Furthermore a key example of this would be Ketts rebellion regarding taxation in 1549.The Kett rebelion was originally a peasant’s revolt in Norfolk, during Edward vi reign. The revolt was largely in response to enclosure of lands. Beginning at Wymondem on the 8th of July 1549...
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...A Brief Talk on Protestant Reformation It was on the night before All Saints’ Day on which one of the largest crowds of the year would gather to see the relics which was rebuilt with the money came from the sale of indulgence in Wittenberg, Germany, Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church his Ninety-five Theses, the Protestant Reformation began. That time was to some extent influenced by the Renaissance. On the one hand, the humanist called for a return to the study of classics and accurate texts, people applied recovery techniques to the study of the authorities and texts of the Church, prospering the printing industry by the large demand and flourishing the intellectual movement known as Christian humanism. A growing sense of individual accomplishment let people emphasize on good works, the obsession with original sin and salvation among the people imposed by the church made indulgence so popular. These factors spread the religion more widely and consolidated the status of Catholic Church. On the other hand, through the study of classical texts, people intended to believe the equality of everyone before God and questioned the use of indulgences which the church didn’t want to see. With the help of printing press, the new idea of church dispersed quickly. Besides, the princes wanted to centralized more power and money for the development of the social economy. The Church itself was always involved in the corruption scandal such as simony, nepotism, pluralism...
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...As the throne changed over from the Tudors to the Stuarts, the English began to create settlements in the Americas. Starting in the Chesapeake Bay area, the English traveled to the North in search of profit and power. The British empire looked for way to decrease the power of the large empires of France and Spain. In 1606, the current king of England created the Virginia Company, starting the voyages and creation of the English empire in the eastern portion of North America. When to Tudor family lost the throne to the Stuarts, King James I, previously James VI of Scotland, came to power. Different from the previous family of rulers, King James I encouraged the thought that only sovereigns answered to God. As he came into to power, the Church of England was divided. The divided Church constituted of reformist Puritans and conservative Anglicans. As a way to create more English power in the Americas, King James I created a joint-stock company, known as the Virginia Company. He hoped to gain profit and to weaken the powerful France and Spain. In May, 1607, the Virginia Company settled the first perpetual colony in Virginia. The men and boys settled near a river about 40 miles...
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...It is arguable that a religious revolution took place in England between 1547 and 1558, during which time there were two monarchs – Edward VI and Mary I, with opposing religious beliefs. During Tudor England, religious identity was extremely important, and therefore religious ‘revolution’ was going to affect the people, and the country significantly. Edward VI came to power in 1547, at the age of just nine, and therefore he was assigned a ‘protectorate’ and in the first half of his reign it was his Uncle, the Duke of Somerset. Somerset did himself appear to be Protestant, welcoming religious radicals such as John Hooper and Thomas Becon into his household. He also made a start on reforming religion; in July 1547 he introduced the Book of Homilies and paraphrases, a religious document that had to be placed in every Church. And in December 1547 the Act of Six Articles was repealed, it had been a document that re-established Catholic Doctrines. All of these policies were reforming religion and moving towards the Protestant way of running the Church, and Edward hoped that the introduction of Protestant readings, for example the Cranmer’s first prayer book in 1548, would lead people to begin to convert to Protestantism. After Somerset fell from power, religious revolution progressed further under John Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland. Despite originally being more conservative himself, and supporting that side of the Privy Council, he understood the need for religious reform...
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...it argues that the divorce, which did not necessarily have to go through Rome, and the reformist influence had an impact. Source 5 partly agrees with source 4 that the reformist faction did influence Henry, but also argues that Henry had no clear policy and ultimately Anne’s pregnancy pushed proceedings along, implying that a desire for a male heir underlay Henry’s motives, thus agreeing with the question. Source 6 disagrees with the question and the other two sources arguing that the Break with Rome was caused by Henry’s desire for more authority and power. Ultimately we shall see that all these factors contributed to the Break with Rome, indicating that it was not solely caused by Henry’s desire for a male heir, though it can be argued that it was the primary cause. There is evidence that the Break with Rome was caused by Henry’s desire for a male heir. As source 4 stated, “Henry VIII wanted a divorce” because his wife Catherine of Aragon had reached the menopause. This factor is also shown in source 5 which states that “Anne’s pregnancy was a pressing factor.” This indicates that whilst there were other reasons for the Break with Rome, the underlying catalyst and therefore cause was the desire for the male heir, as Anne and Henry believed the pregnancy would produce a boy. The desire for a male heir was fuelled by a fear for the dynastic dynasty of the Tudors. The Wars of the Roses...
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...AS LEVEL Specification HISTORY A H105 For first assessment in 2016 ocr.org.uk/alevelhistorya We will inform centres about any changes to the specification. We will also publish changes on our website. The latest version of our specification will always be the one on our website (ocr.org.uk) and this may differ from printed versions. Copyright © 2014 OCR. All rights reserved. Copyright OCR retains the copyright on all its publications, including the specifications. However, registered centres for OCR are permitted to copy material from this specification booklet for their own internal use. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England. Registered company number 3484466. Registered office: Hills Road 1 Cambridge CB1 2EU. OCR is an exempt charity. Contents Introducing… AS Level History A (from September 2015) Teaching and learning resources iv Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 1 1a. Why choose an OCR qualification? 1 1b. Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 2 1c. What are the key features of this specification? 3 1d. 2 iii Professional Development 1 ii How do I find out more information? 3 4 2a. Overview of AS Level in History A (H105) 4 2b. Content of AS Level in History A (H105) 5 2c. Content of unit group 1: British period study and enquiry (Units Y131 to Y143) 8 2c. ...
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...Year 12 Henry VIII Revision Guide 1 How to answer questions on the Tudors Section A Essays: How far do the sources agree that? Introduction: Explain what you can learn from each source Briefly cross reference the sources Provide an argument in response to the question Main paragraphs: State a similarity or difference between the sources – make sure you focus on ‘How Far’ Select relevant information from the sources to support this point Place this in context using your brief own knowledge Use provenance to explain this similarity/difference Conclusion: Sum up how far the sources agree based on content and provenance Section B Essays: Do you agree with the view that? Introduction: State your line of argument – how far do you agree with the view? State the main similarities and differences between the sources Main paragraphs: State a reason for yes/no. Make sure you phrase this in a way that links to your line of argument and answers the question. Remember that each source will suggest a different reason for yes/no. Support this reason with evidence from the sources and your own knowledge Cross-reference between the sources Weigh up the evidence of the sources. Consider provenance for primary sources and judge secondary sources based on the evidence included and the weight given to certain evidence Link back to your line of argument Conclusion: Explain how your argument has been proven with reference to the sources and your own knowledge...
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...(Sharnette). When Queen Elizabeth was four years old, her life changed due to the presence of an important person, Katherine Champernowne. Katherine became a mother like figure for Elizabeth due to the death of her mother and step mother (Sharnette). Growing up Edward and Queen Elizabeth shared a special bond because they both had to grow up motherless. Queen Elizabeth and Edward grew up Protestant and were highly educated. During their education, they mastered the languages Latin, Greek, Spanish, and French. In 1547, When Queen Elizabeth was only thirteen years old she suffered another loss losing her father. The death had a traumatic impact on her and her family. During Queen Elizabeth’s reign she accomplished many things for England. In 1558 at a young age of 25, Queen Elizabeth became queen, after she faced the death of her half sister Mary. When she came into the kingdom there were many problems; the country was at war with France and there was tension between different religious factions. She acted quickly on solving these problems. During her first session with parliament, she called for the passage of the Act of Supremacy, which re-established the Church of England and the Act of Uniformity, which created a common prayer book (“Queen Elizabeth I Biography). Queen Elizabeth hated war for its costly wastefulness (McGeary). Because of her strong beliefs she held against war, she ended the war with France with the help of William Cecil. Seeing the troubles her father’s royal...
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...F961A3: Henry VIII to Mary I, 1509-1558 A: What were Henry VIII's aims as king from 1509-1529? Henry VIII's personality and role in government ▪ Henry VIII was a confident and energetic monarch. He had a much stronger claim to the throne than his father and there were no threats to his throne from pretenders. ▪ Henry VIII wanted to achieve glory for himself, his Court and for England. He would attempt to achieve this mainly through his foreign policy. ▪ Henry VIII was not, unlike his father, interested in the day to day administration of English government. ▪ He played a very important role at Court and he had the final say in all matters, but the running of the government and administration, he left to Wolsey - his chief minister from 1514-1529. ▪ Henry VIII was always the centre of attention but he hated writing and debating. Instead he preferred the thrill of hunting and sportsmanship and the excitement of diplomacy. ▪ Although Henry and Wolsey had their disagreements in the period up to 1527, none was serious enough to cause serious problems. ▪ Wolsey was brilliant at managing Henry's overdeveloped ego and Henry may have seen Wolsey as a surrogate father. ▪ After 1527, Henry VIII's energies were focused on the gravest crisis of his reign, the attempt by Henry to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. This problem would lead eventually to Wolsey's fall from power. Henry VIII and foreign policy Introduction ▪ Henry...
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...“Independent Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree BA (Hons) History, in the Department of History and Economic History, Manchester Metropolitan University”, 29 March 2014 Cultural Changes and the Growth of Christianity in Medieval and Early Modern England By Janine Scambler I certify that, apart from the guidance provided by my supervisor and the references cited in the text and bibliography, this dissertation is the sole work of Janine Scambler and has not been previously submitted as part of the assessment requirements for any academic reward. Signed: Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Visual Culture 8 Chapter 2: Ancient Practices 21 Chapter 3: Beliefs and Superstition 30 Conclusion 41 Bibliography 43 Appendix 56 Abstract This dissertation will demonstrate cultural changes in England through the period c.700-1660. The changes studied will focus on visual sources, or visual culture; ancient practices, or festivals and the cult of saints; and superstition and belief. It will show how changes occurred around political and religious change, and that different areas were affected by different factors. Introduction This dissertation will assess the extent to which ancient beliefs and practices survived the introduction of Christianity and their subsequent development in England. This will be achieved through the study of visual culture; the survival of ancient practices; and an investigation...
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...Protector, and for the first two and a half years of Edward’s reign, Somerset advised and guided the young king. Somerset was replaced by the Duke of Northumberland. Edward was a mere figurehead, the Lord Protector controlled the majority of his government but how well was England governed during the reign of Edward VI for the mere 6 six years he was in power? During the years of 1547-1553 England experienced a handful of serious rebellions during the six-year reign of Edward. Here were three major rebellions the Western Rebellion 1549, Kett's rebellion 1549 and Wyatt's rebellion, not to mention other uprisings. Most of these rebellions were in the South of England near to the capital, the heart of Tudor power, making them even more worrying to the monarchy. In addition the impact of the first two was magnified by their occurrence at a time of war with Scotland and France. Furthermore these rebellions changed Somerset's foreign policy as he withdrew troops from Scotland needed to suppress uprising, scaled down favored policy of garrisoning Scotland and all these gave the advantage to French who in order took Boulogne in summer 1549. Rebellions are not started for small matters; people only rebel if they fear for the welfare of themselves and their family, for they’re to be three serious rebellions in the space of 6 years is a clear sign that the government aren’t meeting the peoples basic human needs however there is another way to look at this. Even though the rebellions...
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