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EDUCATIONAL SERVICES 12-A/2, Yusuf Sarai N.D. 16 Ph.: 65643449, 9810004225 www.eeducationalservices.com Chapter – 2 Acids, Bases and Salts
Q 1. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper; how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
Ans. Dip fresh red litmus paper separately in three test tubes. The solution in which it turns red litmus to blue litmus contains basic solution. The blue litmus paper formed here can now be used to test the acidic solution. Now, put the blue litmus paper in the remaining two test tubes. The solution in which it turns blue litmus paper to red contains acidic solution. The solution which has no effect on any litmus paper contains distilled water.
Q 2. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels.
Ans. Curd and sour substances contains acids which react with brass and copper vessels. Because of this, the food becomes unfit for eating. Also, produced acid, corrodes the brass and copper.
Q 3. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will you test for the presence of this gas ?
Ans. When an acid reacts with a metal hydrogen gas is usually liberated. Examples : Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ( ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) Zinc Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate Hydrogen

Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) ( MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Magnesium Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride Hydrogen Test for hydrogen gas : (1) Set the apparatus as shown in figure. (2) Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and add a few pieces of zinc granules to it. (3) We will observe the formation of gas bubbles on the surface of zinc granules. (4) Pass the gas being evolved through the soap solution taken in through. (5) Gas filled bubbles are formed in the soap solution which rise in to the air. (6) Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble. (7) The gas present in soap bubble burns with a pop sound. (8) Only hydrogen gas burns making a pop sound. This shows that hydrogen gas is evolved in the reaction.

[pic]

Reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning .
Q 4. Metal compound (A( reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, is one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
Ans. The balanced chemical reaction for the above is: CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) ( CaCl2 (aq) + H2O[pic] + CO2 (g) Calcium carbonate Hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride Water Carbon dioxide

Q 5. Why do HCl, HNO3 etc, show acidic characters in aqueous solutions, while solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
Ans. HCl, HNO3 etc., show release H+ (aq) ions in solution, hence show acidic character; whereas alcohol and glucose do not release H+ (aq) ions in solution, hence do not show acidic character.
Q 6. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?
Ans. An aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity due to the presence of charged particles called ions in the solution.
Q 7. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
Ans. Dry HCl gas does not change the colour of the dry litmus paper because H+ (aq) ion is not formed as both HCl gas and litmus paper are dry.
Q 8. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to eater and not water to the acid?
Ans. When water is added to an acid there is a sudden rise in temperature and the acid being in bulk results in spurting of the acid. When an acid is added to the water, the water being in bulk and the acid being heavier settles down and the evolved heat is dissipated in the water itself and hence, the spurting of the liquid is minmised. For this reason small amount of acid is added with constant stirring in order to dilute the concentrated acid.
Q 9. How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) affected when a solution of an acid is diluted?
Ans. Concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) decreases when a solution of an acid is diluted.
Q10. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH() affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide
Ans. Concentration of hydroxide ions (OH() increases when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide.
Q11. You have two solutions, (A( and (B(. The pH of solution (A( is 6 and pH of solution (B( is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one is basic?
Ans. Solution (A( has more [H+] ion concentration. (A( is acidic solution, whereas (B( is basic solution.
Q12. What effect does the concentration of H+ (aq) ions have on the nature of the solution?
Ans. Higher the H+ (aq) ion concentration in solution, higher is the acidic character of the solution.
Q13. Do basic solutions also have H+ (aq) ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
Ans. Basic solutions have H+ (aq) in solution but its concentration is less than 10(7.
Q14. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime ( calcium hydroxide) or chalk ( calcium carbonate)?
Ans. When the soil is acidic and a farmer wants to make it alkaline, he should add quick lime or slaked lime or chalk to the soil.
Q15. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2 ?
Ans. The common name of the compound is bleaching powder.
Q16. Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder.
Ans. Slaked lime [Ca (OH)2] on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder.
Q17. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water.
Ans. Sodium carbonate is a sodium compound which is used for softening hard water.
Q18. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated? Give the equation of the reaction involved.
Ans. When a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated sodium carbonate and water is formed along with the evolution of carbon dioxide. 2NaHCO3 (aq) [pic] Na2CO3 (s) + H2O[pic] + CO2 (g)
Q19. Write an equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and water.
Ans. The reaction between Plaster of Paris and water: CaSO4. [pic]H2O + [pic]H2O ( CaSO4. 2H2O Calcium sulphate hemihydrate Gypsum (Plaster of Paris)
Q20. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be (a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 10
Ans. (d)
Q21. A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns lime-water milky. The solution contains (a) NaCl (b) HCl (c) LiCl (d) KCl
Ans. (b)
Q22. 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralised by 8 Ml of a given solution of HCl. If we take 20 mL of the same of NaOH, the amount HCl solution (the same solution as before) required to neutralize it will be (a) 4 mL (b) 8 mL (c) 12 mL (d) 16 mL
Ans. (d) Q23. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion? (a) Antibiotic (b) Analgesic (c) Antacid (d) Antiseptic Ans. (c)

Q24. Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when: (a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules. (b) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon (c) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder. (d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filling.
Ans. (a) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules to give zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas is evolved. Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ( ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) (b) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon to give magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas is evolved. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) ( MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) (c) Dilute suphate acid reacts with aluminium powder to give aluminium sulphate and hydrogen gas is evolved. 2Al (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) ( Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3H2(g) (d) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron fillings to give iron chloride and hydrogen gas is evolved Fe (s) + 2HCl (aq) ( FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Q25. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorised as acids. Describe an activity to prove it.
Ans. The following activity will prove that alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorised as acids. (1) Take solutions of glucose, alcohol and hydrochloric acid. (2) Fix two nails on a cork and place the cork in a 100 mL beaker. (3) Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6 volt battery through a bulb and a switch, as shown in figure. (4) Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker such that the nails dip in HCl added. (5) Now switch on the current. You will observe that the bulb glow. (6) Glowing of the bulb in case of HCl solution indicates that there is a flow of electric current through the solution. This is because of the presence of H+ ions in HCl solution. (7) Repeat the experiment separately with glucose and alcohol solution. You will observe that the bulb does not glow in case of glucose and alcohol solution.
[pic]
(8) Non glowing of the bulb in case of glucose and alcohol solution shows that they do not conduct electricity. This is because of the absence of H+ ions in glucose and alcohol solution, although the two contain hydrogen.
Q26. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does?
Ans. Distilled water does not conduct electricity because to make water conducting, presence of a very small amount of acid is necessary. Distilled water does not contain acid, whereas in rain water, a very small amount of acid is present and hence, conducts electricity.
Q27. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water?
Ans. In absence of water acids do not produce H+ (aq) ions. Presence of this ion is necessary for an acid to show acidic character.
Q28. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9 respectively. Which solution is: (a) neutral (b) strongly alkaline ? (c) strongly acidic? (d) weakly acidic (e) weakly alkaline? Arrange the pH in increasing order of the hydrogen-ion concentration.
Ans. (i) (a) D (b) C (c) B (d) A (e) E (ii) The solution having highest pH (11) will have minimum hydrogen ion concentration whereas the solution having the least pH (1) will have the maximum hydrogen ion concentration. So, the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration are : C E D A B (pH11) (pH 9) (pH 7) (pH 4) (pH 1) Increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration Decreasing order of pH
Q29. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to test tube A, while acetic acid (CH3COOH) is added to test tube B. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why?
Ans. In test tube(A( fizzing occur more vigorously than test tube (B(. Hydrogen acid (HCl) is a strong acid whereas acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid. This is because H+ (aq) ion is more in (A( than (B( due to which fizzing occur more vigorously in test tube (A(.

Q30. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns in to curd? Explain your answer.
Ans. When milk turns to curd its pH decreases from 6 to lower side due to the formation of lactic acid during this process.
Q31. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk: (a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline? (b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Ans. (a) The Ph of the fresh milk changes from pH = 6 to slightly alkaline, because sodium hydrogen carbonate is basic in nature and helps to preserve the fresh milk for longer time. (b) Alkaline milk takes longer time to set as curd. or Intially lactic acid formed is used up to neutralize the base and when more lactic acid is formed, the milk sets as curd.
Q32. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain why?
Ans. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container; this is because in presence of moisture Plaster of Paris sets to a hard mass due to formation of gypsum. CaSO4. [pic] H2O + [pic]H2O ( CaSO4. 2H2O Plaster of Paris Gypsum (hard mass)
Q33. What is a neutralization reaction? Give two examples.
Ans. The reaction between an acid and a base to give a salt and water is known as a neutralization reaction. Explain : (i) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( NaCl(aq) + H2O[pic] Acid Base Salt Water (ii) HNO3 (aq) + NaOH(aq) ( NaNO3 (aq) + H2O[pic] Acid Base Salt Water
Q34. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Ans. (i) Uses of washing soda: (1) It is used in the glass, soap and paper industries. (2) In the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax. (3) As a cleaning agent for domestic purpose. (4) For removing permanent hardness of water. (ii) Uses of baking soda. (1) For making baking powder, which is a mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate and a mild edible acid such as tartaric acid. (2) It is an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralizes excess acid in the stomach and provides relief. (3) It is used in soda – acid fire extinguishers.

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Assessing the Effectiveness of Microfinance Loans from Nbc in Reduction of Poverty in Kinondoni District

...Assessing the Effectiveness of Microfinance Loans from NBC in Reduction of Poverty in Kinondoni District – Dar es Salaam. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ACB - Akiba Commercial Bank CGAP - Consultative Group to Assist the poor CRDB - Cooperative and Development Bank FFI - Formal Financial Institution FINCA - Foundation for International Community Assiatance GDP - Gross Domestic Product NBC - National Bank of Commerce NGO - Non Governmental Organisation NMB - National Microfinance Bank NMFP - National Microfinance policy PFSs - Private Financial Sectors PRIDE - Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprise SACCOS - Saving and Credit Cooperative Society SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Science URT - United Republic of Tanzania ABSTRACT The Ojective of the research was to assess the eeffectiveness/contribution of PFSs in reduction of poverty in Kinondoni District Dar es Salaam Tanzania. The research was conducted at NBC branches. The Branches to which the Reseacrh was conducted were Kinondoni Branch, Ubungo Branch, Mlimani City Branch, UDSM Branch and Tegeta Branche. Data were collected through interview and research questionnaires and were analyzed by using quantitative approach. The research study revealed that Tanzania...

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