...Saving Women, Saving Babies A Joint GOB-UN Maternal and Neonatal Health Initiative Newsletter: Issue No. 03 August 2012 community. I am glad to learn that this year no mother died while giving birth in this village.” The clinic is one of 145 community clinics established in Moulvibazar district to provide proper healthcare to poor rural people, especially expecting mothers and children in the district. Ban visited expectant women at the clinic and planted a tree on its premises. Then he went to a nearby house where a group of mothers apprised the UNSG of the services that they are getting through the community clinics regarding safe delivery and safe motherhood. Joint Government of Bangladesh – United Nations (GOB-UN) Maternal & Neonatal Health Initiative attracts UN Secretary General (UNSG) UN Secretary General Mr. Ban Ki Moon praised government’s steps as he visited a village in Moulvibazar, where he comments that rural healthcare in Bangladesh is on the right track to meet the MDG targets of reducing mortality and morbidity of women and children. The UN chief flew to the village from Dhaka on a helicopter along with UNFPA Executive Director, Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin, Senior Secretary of Government of the Bangladesh Mr. Humayun Kabir, UNFPA Country Representative, Mr. Arthur Erken, and other high government officials, and dignitaries. He along with his wife came to Mobarakpur community clinic, while the Chief Whip of the National Parliament Mr. Abdus Shaheed M.P. received...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Introduction Health is a right of every human being. Healthy people are a pre-requisite to national development. The department of health uses the life span approach to design programs and assist in the delivery of health services to specific age groups. It views health care of individuals within the context of the family. The term family is defines as the basic unit of the community. All members of the family are empowered to maintain their health status. The health of the family is considered as a whole and not individually. (Cuevas, 2009) In the Philippines, three million pregnancies occur every year, half are unintended, one third of which end in abortions. An estimated eleven mothers die of pregnancy related causes everyday, most of these deaths could have been avoided in a properly functioning health care delivery system. Among the leading direct causes of maternal deaths in the country are: post partum hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, abortion related complications and obstructed labor. Beyond the glaring data of mortality lies a huge toll of ill health and disability due to pregnancy related complications and infant and child deaths and deepening poverty in families where a mother has died. It is estimated that for every maternal death there is at least twenty to thirty other women who suffer from serious complications, some of which are life long. Maternal health conditions are the leading causes of burden of disease among women...
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...Global Health Implementing effective global health programs is a difficult task as there are complex issues involved. These issues arise from the distinctive barriers that exist in poor communities as well as from the fundamental complexity of the health care field. Despite efforts made to improve the global health, there are some barriers faced majorly in developing countries which can be grouped into two broad categories: infrastructural barriers and patients behavior. According to Dr. Manchanda’s book titled “the upstream doctors”, effective care for most illness requires understanding the social conditions of one’s patients, and this is true because patients are faced with various limitations that deter them from accessing good medical services. Fear, finance, cultural belief, distance to Health Centre or Hospitals, lack of awareness about treatment availability and benefits, and poor health outcome after treatment, are some of the major contributory factors that deter patients from accessing good medical services, thus, causing a decline in health status globally. Poverty is also a contributory factor especially in developing countries. This can be explained in patient’s inability to purchase drugs or hesitancy to seek proper medical attention due to lack of funds. These barriers can be tackled using the holistic response that includes both social and cultural approach. The means to achieve success is to involve local health care professionals, experienced health workers...
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...the Maternal Health Workgroup C|IE MiM – S2 Technology & Innovation Management Dr. Israr Qureshi Contents Introduction: 3 Maternal Health and ICT Usage in India 5 Maternal Health Initiatives with Mobile Components 5 Commonalities and Improvements of Current ICT Solutions 6 How to Leverage ICTs in Accomplishing the MDG 9 Proposed Feasible ICT-Based Solution 10 Conclusion 15 References 18 Introduction: Since the United Nations Millennium Declaration in September 2000, the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of improving maternal health has unfortunately not made the progress it set out to (The United Nations, 2015, a). Many information & communications technology (ICT) improvements towards this initiative have been made since 2000, however there is still a large amount of maternal mortality before, during, and after pregnancy around the world. The maternal health MDG was divided into 2 targets. The first target was to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75% between 1990 and 2015, however only 43% has been achieved so far (The United Nations, 2015:40-43). This maternal mortality statistic also reflects the eight million babies that die every year between the prenatal stage and the first week of life. Moreover, there is a large yearly amount of children left motherless that are statistically more prone to die during the first years after their mother has died (Unicef.org, 2015). The second target was to reach universal access to reproductive health by 2015...
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...Child Mortality, Maternal Health, and HIV/AIDS or other diseases The rate of decline in under-five mortality is still grossly insufficient to reach the MDG goal by 2015, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. It is alarming that among 67 countries with high child mortality rates (40 per 1000 or more), only 10 countries are on track to meet Millennium Development Goals number four. Most of these children died from some diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, meningitis, HIV/AIDS, tetanus, and measles. Even though most of these diseases could easily be prevented, some of the factors inhibit to the underdeveloped countries inadequate achievement of child health MDGs such as weak health system and poor condition as determinants of health (poor sanitation, limited nutritional food and low household education). World Health Organizations had effort for helping country to reach the target by doing various actions such as, setting prevention, and treatment guidelines. In addition, it also provides technical support, free, wide access of health care. Republic of South Africa is a country where 51 of 1000 child die in 2011 and home for 5.6 million people living with HIV/AIDS in 2012. In order to reduce child mortality rate and create good health Republic of South Africa proposes a comprehensive set of initiatives such as the Negotiated Service Delivery Agreement (NSDA) 2010–2024, the Strategic Plan for Maternal, Newborn, Child and Women’s Health, and the Campaign...
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...Amartea Sen’s theory of welfare and its application to Kenya’s attainment of millennium development goals Amartea Sen is an Indian economists credited for the development of welfare theory in economics. He established various guidelines to act as a benchmark for the realization of better welfare in the society, which he termed as the main aim of development in the country. He believed that freedom rather than the functioning’s themselves, is the primary goal of development in any country. Through this, Sen is able to make the conclusion that the person’s standards of living should not only focus on the goods, its characteristics or the utility it provides but the capability of the person. In his case, the capability refers to the freedom the person has in terms of choice of functioning. He attaches a lot of weight on the range of choice the person rather than the choice of the best, which is the mainstay of welfare economics. According to Sen, there are four notions about goods, the notion of a good, characteristic of a good, functioning of a person and the utility of a good. For instance, Utilitarian’s view goods as having the value to the extent of satisfying human needs and wants. Enlightenment theorists view goods as only having value if they come from legitimate means. Egalitarians value goods to have an essential value; hence, distribution is paramount to them. The functioning of the person focuses mainly on the user and not the resources. In Sen’s view, the capabilities...
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...SMALL BUSINESS PROJECT-BOMA. (Helping Women Graduate from Extreme Poverty) BACKGROUND, LOCATION AND TARGET BENEFICIARIES. The BOMA Project is a U.S. nonprofit and registered Kenyan NGO with a proven track record, measurable results and a transformative approach to alleviating poverty and building resiliency in the arid lands of rural Africa. Rural Entrepreneur Access Project (REAP) replaces aid with sustainable income and helps women to “graduate” from extreme poverty by giving them the tools they need to start small businesses in their communities. With this new and diversified source of income, they can feed their families, pay for school fees and medical care, accumulate savings for long-term stability, survive drought and adapt to a changing climate. The BOMA Project has been named one of 17 “Lighthouse Activities” worldwide by the United Nation’s Momentum for Change initiative. The winners will be honored at a November 20 ceremony in Warsaw, Poland during the UN’s annual climate-change conference. These activities are beacons of hope, which is according to executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. They highlight some of the most practical, scalable and replicable examples of what people, businesses, governments and industries are doing to tackle climate change. Climate change is creating longer droughts every year in Northern Kenya and is endangering a culture that has long depended on raising livestock for survival. BOMA’s work, to develop...
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...Award 2010 (19 September 2010, New York) 1 | MDGs and Bangladesh In September 2000, world leaders endorsed the Millennium Declaration, a commitment to work together to build a safer, more prosperous and equitable world. The Declaration was translated into a roadmap setting out eight time-bound and measurable goals to be reached by 2015, known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): They include goals and targets on poverty, hunger, maternal and child mortality, disease, inadequate shelter, gender inequality, environmental degradation and the Global Partnership for Development. The proud Minister for Health and Family Welfare of Bangladesh Professor Dr AFM Ruhal Haque, MP with the UN MDG Award Crest in hand following the ceremony. New York, 19 September 2010 List of countries which received UN MDG Awards in 2010 Country Progress made for MDGs Bangladesh MDG4 Nepal MDG5 Cambodia MDG6 Sierra Leone MDG6 Liberia MDG3 Rwanda MDG4 & 5 Nepal has received a Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Award for significantly improving maternal health. Nepal was selected for the award from among 49...
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...according to DOH "The ENC Protocol is a step-by-step guide for health workers and medical practitioners issued by the Department of Health for implementation under Administrative Order 2009-0025. What are these step-by-step interventions? Immediate drying Using a clean, dry cloth, thoroughly dry the baby, wiping the face, eyes, head, front and back, arms and legs. Uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact Aside from the warmth and immediate bonding between mother and child, it has been found that early skin-to-skin contact contributes to a host of medical benefits such as the overall success of breastfeeding/colostrum feeding, stimulation of the mucosa—associated lymphoid tissue system, and colonization with maternal skin flora that can protect the newborn from sepsis and other infectious disease and hypoglycemia. Proper cord clamping and cutting Waiting for up three minutes or until the pulsations stop is found to reduce to chances of anemia in full term and pre-term babies. Evidence also shows that delaying cord clamping has no significant impact on the mother. Non-separation of the newborn from the mother for early breastfeeding initiation and rooming-in The earlier the baby breastfeeds, the lesser the risk of death. Keeping the baby latched on to the mother will not only benefit the baby (see skin-to-skin contact) but will also prevent doing unnecessary procedures like putting the newborn on a cold surface for examination (thereby exposing the baby...
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...disabling injuries (Such as Obstetric fistula). Maternal death and disability rates mirror the huge discrepancies that exist between the haves and the have-nots both within and between countries. Safe Motherhood begins before conception with proper nutrition and a healthy life style and continues with appropriate prenatal care, the prevention of complications when possible, and the early and effective treatment of complications. The ideal result is a pregnancy at term, without unnecessary interventions, the delivery of a healthy infant, and a healthy post partum period in a positive environment that supports the physical and emotional needs of the woman, infant and family. Working for the survival of mothers is a human rights imperative. It also has enormous socio-economic ramifications-and is a crucial international priority. Both the international conference on Population and Development and Millennium Development Goals call for a 75 percent reduction in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015. This three prolonged strategy is key to the accomplishment of the goal: -All women have access to contraception to avoid unintended pregnancies. -All pregnant women have access to skilled care at the time of birth. -All those with complications have timely access to quality emergency obstetric care. In countries such as China, Cuba, Egypt, Honduras, Jamaica, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Tunisia, significantly declines in maternal mortality have occurred as more women have...
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...REVIEW M. LUCK ABSTRACT Objective: To review the findings of safe motherhood intervention studies conducted in African settings. Data sources: Published literature regarding interventions designed to reduce maternal mortality in African settings. Study selection: Studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa to assess the effects of interventions designed to reduce maternal mortality. Data extraction: Search of Medline database for the years 1988 to 1998 with additional manual search of references cited in Medline-referenced studies. Data synthesis: Few of the 34 intervention studies identified used a double-blind, randomized controlled trial design (4/34), or outcome measures directly related to maternal mortality or maternal health (7/34). Six of the studies produced reasonably convincing evidence of a positive effect on maternal health outcomes. Of these, three showed that changes in delivery practices brought about improved maternal outcomes, two found that a combined intervention consisting of upgrading of emergency obstetric services and community education increased the number of major obstetric complications treated, and one showed that a range of improvements in hospital equipment and management reduced facility-based maternal mortality ratios. No study sought to reduce maternal mortality associated with unsafe termination of pregnancy. Conclusions: More than a decade after the launching of the Safe Motherhood Initiative, there exists little evidence regarding which interventions...
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...Critical Review of Theory-Maternal Role Attainment Theory Review Mercer’s (1984) Maternal Role Attainment (MRA) theory was built upon Rubin’s (1967) earlier work on attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attainment is defined as “a process in which the mother achieves competence in the role and integrates the mothering behaviors into her established role set, so that she is comfortable in her identity as a mother” (Mercer, 1984, p. 198). Mercer has extensively studied the process of MRA with a focus on mothers of normal newborns. Purpose of Article According to Miles, Holditch-Davis, Burchinal, and Brunssen, (2011), one of the purposes of their study was to identify the most important maternal and infant behaviors in measuring the components of MRA in mothers of medically fragile infants. Another purpose was to examine the impact of specific maternal and infant qualities on the components of MRA over the first year of life (Miles et al., 2011). Finally the authors hoped to “contribute to nursing science about MRA with this rare population of infants” (Miles et al., 2011, p. 21) as there has been little research regarding the process of MRA in mothers of medically fragile infants. Critical Elements of the Theory The authors assumed that maternal identity would be delayed because of difficulty in taking on parental roles with infants requiring high levels of care (Miles et al., 2011). They also surmised that maternal presence would decresase as the infants became...
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...| | |making it. | | |Problems may arise during or after birth that can threaten the life of both mother and child. The worst| | |result of this is maternal mortality. Mortality statistics paint a bleak picture about maternal and | | |child health globally. Each year, more than 500,000 women worldwide die from complications related to | | |pregnancy. Yet, most of these deaths that tend to occur among low and middle-income countries are | | |preventable. Unfortunately, cost-effective health care that could save the lives of millions of mothers| | |is not always available to those who need it most (Yin, 2006). | | |Even developed countries are not spared from this situation. The maternal mortality rate in...
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...development of children- in particular the impact of separation between caregivers and children. This was to have a profound effect and major influence on his future work. In 1949, the World Health Organization accredited Bowlby to write a report on the mental health of homeless children in postwar Europe. Following the publication of his report, Bowlby persisted in the development of his attachment theory. In 1969 he published his first book on attachment theory: Attachment and Loss Volume 1. (1) Bowlby devoted much of his research on the theory of attachment, describing it as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" (Bowlby, 1969, p.194). (2) His theory ‘emphasised the importance of the bond established between infants and their primary carer-usually their mother’ (Scott etal). Once the bond is first established, an attachment is made between the infant and their mother. Bowbly believed that the need to form this primary attachment was innate and crucial in the first months of life (critical period) as it would have a prolonged effect on a person’s future mental and developmental state. If a child is separated from their mother in which, Bowlby described as ‘maternal deprivation’, he believed that the...
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...achieve MDG1 (Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty). The main issue is facing the achievement of this particular MDG is the economic strength of certain countries, in addition the climate and geographical features of each country need to be taken into consideration. It is clear some countries will meet the standard needed by 2015 whilst othe§ rs will be left behind. The 2009 global depression costed sub-Saharan Africa’s people £12.8 billion, which as a result makes its MDG hard to achieve. The world bank is said to increase its support to agriculture to between $6 billion, and $8 billion a year over the next three years, up from $4.1 billion annually before 2008. Millennium Development Goals also consist of that related to health e.g health issues, maternal health, HIV/Aid, child maternity etc. These three MDG’s have already been achieved by Thailand; however other countries appear to be struggling. In Uganda 50% of the reported illnesses in 2006 were Malaria, down from 56% in 1999, but still way of the target set. One of the reasons for the continuous high counts of diseases is due to the lack on insecticide treated nets, it is a simple way of tackling the problem. This could suggest that this problem could be fought in a simple way and would not require extensive amounts of economic strength or...
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