...A Generalized Logarithm for Exponential-Linear Equations Dan Kalman Dan Kalman (kalman@email.cas.american.edu) joined the mathematics faculty at American University in 1993, following an eight year stint in the aerospace industry and earlier teaching positions in Wisconsin and South Dakota. He has won three MAA writing awards, is an Associate Editor of Mathematics Magazine, and served a term as Associate Executive Director of the MAA. His interests include matrix algebra, curriculum development, and interactive computer environments for exploring mathematics, especially using Mathwright software. How do you solve the equation 1.6x = 5054.4 − 122.35x? (1) We will refer to equations of this type, with an exponential expression on one side and a linear one on the other, as exponential-linear equations. Numerical approaches such as Newton’s method or bisection quickly lead to accurate approximate solutions of exponential-linear equations. But in terms of the elementary functions of calculus and college algebra, there is no analytic solution. One approach to remedying this situation is to introduce a special function designed to solve exponential-linear equations. Quadratic equations, by way of analogy, are √ solvable in terms of the special function x, which in turn is simply the inverse of a very special and simple quadratic function. Similarly, exponential equations are solvable in terms of the natural logarithm log, and that too is the inverse of...
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...the functions we have studied have been polynomial or rational functions, with a few others involving roots of polynomial or rational functions. Functions that can be expressed in terms of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and the taking of roots of variables and constants are called algebraic functions. In exponential & logarithmic functions we introduce and investigate the properties of exponential functions and Logarithmic functions. These functions are not algebraic; they belong to the class of transcendental functions. Exponential and logarithmic functions are used to model a variety of realworld phenomena: growth of populations of people, animals, and bacteria; radioactive decay; epidemics; absorption of light as it passes through air, water, or glass; magnitudes of sounds and earthquakes. We consider applications in these areas plus many more in the sections very important. As a part of our BBA course, we are required to submit a term paper for every subject each semester. As our Advance Business Mathematics faculty Associate Professor Lt. Col. Md. Showkat Ali has asked us to submit a term paper on a topic upon our will. So, we have decided to choose “Exponential & Logarithmic Functions”. to graph exponential functions to evaluate functions with base e to learn the use of compound interest formulas to learn the changing from logarithmic to exponential form to learn the changing from exponential to...
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... | | |SOUTHWEST COLLEGE | | |Department of Mathematics | COURSE SYLLABUS MATH 1314: College Algebra INSTRUCTOR: Fatemeh Salehibakhsh E-MAIL: f.salehibakhsh@hccs.edu Office Hours T- TR 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm F 11:00 am – 1:00 pm By Appointment Only Location H. C. C. West Loop Campus Course Description Topics include quadratics, polynomial, rational, logarithmic and exponential functions, system of equations, matrices and determinants. A departmental final examination will be given in this course. Prerequisites Must be placed into college-level mathematics or completion of MATH 0312. Course Goal This course is designed as a review of advanced topics in algebra for science and engineering students who plan to take the calculus sequence in preparation for their various degree programs. It is also intended for non-technical students who need college mathematics credits to fulfill requirements for graduation and prerequisites for other courses. It is generally transferable to other disciplines as math credit for non-science majors. |Student Learning Outcomes ...
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...Syllabus Cambridge International A Level Further Mathematics Syllabus code 9231 For examination in June and November 2013 Contents Cambridge A Level Further Mathematics Syllabus code 9231 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Why choose Cambridge? Why choose Cambridge International A Level Further Mathematics? Cambridge Advanced International Certificate of Education (AICE) How can I find out more? 2. Assessment at a glance .................................................................. 5 3. Syllabus aims and objectives ........................................................... 7 4. Curriculum content .......................................................................... 8 4.1 Paper 1 4.2 Paper 2 5. Mathematical notation................................................................... 17 6. Resource list .................................................................................. 22 7 Additional information.................................................................... 26 . 7 .1 7 .2 7 .3 7 .4 7 .5 7 .6 Guided learning hours Recommended prior learning Progression Component codes Grading and reporting Resources Cambridge A Level Further Mathematics 9231. Examination in June and November 2013. © UCLES 2010 1. Introduction 1.1 Why choose Cambridge? University of Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) is the world’s largest provider of international...
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...1. REVIEW OF BASIC MATHEMATICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION Perhaps twenty years ago the only mathematics a business student was expected to know was a little basic arithmetic. However with the advent and widespread use of computers, it has become possible to process huge quantities of data and to use sophisticated mathematical techniques to solve complex business problems with relative ease. Consequently, it has become expedient to formulate many business problems mathematically and hence business students in our current age are required to attain at least a basic understanding of the various mathematical techniques that are available. The mathematics that is presented in this section is by no means sophisticated. It is meant to serve only as a reminder of basic definitions and techniques learned in secondary school. However because of its very basic nature it is essential that the work presented here be completely mastered if you are to fully understand the work of later sections and later years. Your primary aim for this section is therefore quite simple, to master each of the topics listed in the contents covering the area of number systems, algebra and equation solving. Your guide to a sufficient understanding of these subjects is also simple. If you can correctly solve the problems at the end of each section then you can be fairly confident you have mastered the necessary techniques required for later work. You should attempt all the problems presented unless you...
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...Cheat Sheet Index laws (1)Exponents: An exponent is a number that shows how many time to use a particular number for a multiplication. For example 8^of what equals 2002. Know and apply index laws to numerical expressions What are the Index Laws The index laws are a heap of laws that are used when using calculations of indices and exponents, this helps with reducing the calculating process of potential equations that will be raised when dealing with large numbers in mathematics. Rule Example Rule Example Adding Indices when your multiply When two numbers that are the same and are been multiplied together are raised to the power a simple principle can be used to shorten the time used when achieving the problem. X^a x X^b=X^(a+b) Example:...
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...%LJ 2 QRWDWLRQ Big O notation (with a capital letter O, not a zero), also called Landau's symbol, is a symbolism used in complexity theory, computer science, and mathematics to describe the asymptotic behavior of functions. Basically, it tells you how fast a function grows or declines. Landau's symbol comes from the name of the German number theoretician Edmund Landau who invented the notation. The letter O is used because the rate of growth of a function is also called its order. For example, when analyzing some algorithm, one might find that the time (or the number of steps) it takes to complete a problem of size n is given by T(n) = 4 n2 - 2 n + 2. If we ignore constants (which makes sense because those depend on the particular hardware the program is run on) and slower growing terms, we could say "T(n) grows at the order of n2" and write:T(n) = O(n2). In mathematics, it is often important to get a handle on the error term of an approximation. For instance, people will write ex = 1 + x + x2 / 2 + O(x3) for x -> 0 to express the fact that the error is smaller in absolute value than some constant times x3 if x is close enough to 0. For the formal definition, suppose f(x) and g(x) are two functions defined on some subset of the real numbers. We write f(x) = O(g(x)) (or f(x) = O(g(x)) for x -> C such that |f(x)| to be more precise) if and only if there exist constants N and C |g(x)| for all x>N. Intuitively, this means that f does not grow faster...
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...questionbase.50megs.com A-Level Revision Notes SMP 16-19 Mathematics – Revision Notes Unit 3 – Functions Algebra Of Functions 1. Functions can be combined whereby fg(x) = f(g(x)) = g(x) followed by f(x). 2. The set of values for which a function is defined is the domain (i.e. x values), and the set of values that the function can return is the range (i.e. y values). 3. Many-to-one functions have more than one value in the domain giving one value in the range. It is impossible to have many-to-one functions. 4. The inverse of a function is denoted by f –1(x), and is only a function if f(x) is one-to-one. 5. The graphs of a function and its inverse function have reflection symmetry in the line y = x. 6. Parameters are values in a function that can vary, but for any given function mapping x onto y they will act as constants (e.g. a, b, and c in y = ax2 + bx + c). -p 7. The image of y = f(x) under a translation of is y = f ( x + p ) + q . q 8. The image of y = f(x) after reflection in the y-axis is y = f(–x). 9. The image of y = f(x) after reflection in the x-axis is y = –f(x). 10. If f(–x) = f(x) then f is an even function (i.e. is symmetric about the y-axis). 11. If f(–x) = –f(x) then f is an odd function (i.e. has rotational symmetry about the origin). Circular Functions 1. The sine and cosine functions are periodic – they repeat themselves after a period. − c 2. y = sin( x + c )° + d is obtained by a translation of . d 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. y = a sin...
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...College of Natural Sciences Course Design Guide MTH/208 Version 5 College Mathematics I Copyright Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft®, Windows®, and Windows NT® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix® editorial standards and practices. Course Description This course begins a demonstration and examination of various concepts of algebra. It assists in building skills for performing specific mathematical operations and problem solving. These concepts and skills serve as a foundation for subsequent quantitative business coursework. Applications to real-world problems are emphasized throughout the course. This course is the first half of the college mathematics sequence, which is completed in MTH 209: College Mathematics II. Course Topics & Objectives Week One: Fundamentals of Expressions • Identify real and variable elements. • Classify real numbers. • Solve problems containing...
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...Alex Montes Veronica Dominguez College Algebra 1414 March 25, 2008 Rene Descartes René Descartes was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy" and the "Father of Modern Mathematics."But famous for his saying, "Cogito ergo sum - I think, therefore I am," which is used in Philosphy. His influence in mathematics is also apparent, the Cartesian coordinate system that is used in plane geometry and algebra being named for him, and he was one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution. As the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system, Descartes founded analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the invention of calculus and analysis. One of Descartes most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian geometry, the algebraic system taught in schools today. He also created exponential notation, indicated by numbers written in what is now referred to as superscript (x²). Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France. When he was one year old, his mother Jeanne Brochard died of tuberculosis. His father Joachim was a judge in the High Court of Justice. At the age of eleven, he entered the Jesuit College Royal Henry-Le-Grand at La Fleche. After graduation, he studied at the University of Poitiers, earning a Baccalaureat and License in law in 1616, in accordance with his father's wishes that he should become a lawyer. Descartes never...
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...4.1 Formal Requirements 4.2 Assessment Details 4.3 Tutorial Participation 4.4 Online Quizzes 4.5 In-tutorial Tests 4.6 Final Exam Format 4.7 Quality Assurance 5 6 7 COURSE EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT COURSE RESOURCES COURSE SCHEDULE 7.1 Lecture Schedule 7.2 Tutorial Schedule 1 STAFF CONTACT DETAILS Lecturer-in-charge: Dr Arpita Chatterjee Room: ASB 430C Phone: No: 9385 4314 Email: arpita.chatterjee@unsw.edu.au Consultation Times: Tuesday 2 – 5 pm Lecturer: Dr April Cai Room 432, ASB Building Ph 9385 3367 Email: april.cai@unsw.edu.au Consultation Times: Tuesday 9am – 12 noon List of tutors will be posted on Website. 1.1 Communications with staff Consultations are an opportunity for you to ask questions. You may need to ask about the material introduced in lectures, the problems you have attempted or questions that were not fully answered in tutorials. You should feel free to...
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...ngles when one is a dilation of the other? 10 Comparing definitions of similarity based on dilations and relationships between 6.3 Similar Triangles corresponding sides and angles and Other Figures What statements can I prove about similar polygons? What other criteria can I use to determine if triangles are similar? 17 Examining proportional relationships of segments when two transversals intersect 6.4 Cut By a sets of parallel lines Transversal What proportionality statements can I make when a triangle is intersected by a line parallel to one of its sides? 23 Applying theorems about lines, angles and proportional relationships based on 6.5 Measured similar triangles Reasoning How can I use theorems about shapes, angles and parallel lines to find missing values in a diagram? How can I prove that an observed pattern always holds? 28 Applying understanding of similar and congruent triangles to find midpoint or any 6.6 Yard Work in point on a line segment that partitions the segment in a given ratio Segments How can I find the point that partitions a segment by a particular ratio? 33 Using similar triangles to prove the Pythagorean theorem and theorems about 6.7 Pythagoras by geometric means in right triangles Proportions How can I use similar...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In this particular area of research, I wish to study transformation which plays an important role in pure and applied mathematics. This class of transformation is an integral transformation called the Laplace transform. It is very effective in the study of initial value problem involving linear differential equation with constant coefficient. Laplace transform was first introduced by a French mathematician called Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace about 1780’s. This method associated with the isolation of the original problem that is function ƒ(t) of a real variable and some function ƒ(s) of a complex variable so that the ordinary differential equation for the function ƒ(t) is transformed into an algebraic equation for ƒ(s) which in most cases can readily be solved. The solution of the original differential equation can be arrived at by obtaining the inverse transformation. The transformation and its inverse can be derived by consulting already prepared table of transform. This method is particularly useful in the solution of differential equation and has more application in various fields of technology e.g. electrical network, mechanical vibrations, structural problems, control systems. Meanwhile in this research work, I shall look into the Laplace transform, the properties of the Laplace transform and the use of this technique in solving delay differential equation will be looked into. 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...
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...park@tcu.edu 10:00 – 10:50 am MTRF and by appointment Office Hours: Course Web Page: http://faculty.tcu.edu/epark/calc1.html Final Exam: Required Text: 11:30 am – 2:00 pm Tuesday, December 11 Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, 5th edition, by Larson and Edwards Additional Resources: A graphing calculator of some sort may be helpful. I recommend a TI calculator because that is what I will be using in class. However, students possessing calculators such as the TI-89 or TI-92 that have symbolic calculus capabilities will have restricted use of such calculators on homework and exams. Course Description: Differential and integral calculus of elementary functions, including exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. Applications. Note: credit will not be given for both MATH 10283 and MATH 10524. Purpose of Course: This course currently meets all or part of the following requirements for a degree: UCR math requirement Requirement within the Mathematics B.A. and B.S majors Requirement or elective for other majors Prerequisites: MATH 10054 with a grade of C or better, or AP Calculus AB or BC score of 3 or better, or SAT Subject Test (SAT II), Mathematics Level 1 (1C) with a score of 560 or better, or SAT Subject Test (SATII), Mathematics Level 2 (IIC) with a score of 520 or better, or a passing grade on the Calculus Placement Test. Course Objectives: By the end of this course, students will: • understand the idea of a mathematical limit and be able to compute...
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...science and technology such as communications, optics, quantum mechanics, aeronautics, image processing to name a few. Even though the physical nature of signals might be completely different in various disciplines, all waveforms follow one fundamental principle; they can be represented by functions of one or more independent variables. This paper would focus on the concept of Fourier Transform, the technique through which signals can be deconstructed and represented as sum of various elementary signals. It briefly describes Linear Time Invariant systems and their response to superimposed signals. Fourier transform has many applications in physics and Engineering. This paper would also cover some of Fourier Transform applications in telecommunication and its impact on society. Introduction Some of the basic signals that exist in the world and are useful in various technology fields are continuous and discrete time signals. These signals depend on a single independent variable. Generally the independent variable is considered to be time (though it is not universally true).We will focus our discussion on the signals which are considered to be a function of a single independent variable. With the use of transformation techniques, a signal can be deconstructed. The continuous and discrete signals can be...
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