...March 5, 2013 The term “model” refers to a process of creating a representation of reality and working with this simplified representation in order to understand or control some part of the world (Barker, Powell 2004 pg. 11). A model can be used in varies ways such as business plains, forming a database, or building a structure. It can also be formed mentally, visually, and mathematically especially by data analysis. Data analysis is the process of raw data measured in order to determine the means based on that data. Although, data is relevant in producing a model, it is only used to provide general perspective of information, not to form a solution. By determining this objective, I will demonstrate the use of data analysis to form a model and the advantages and disadvantages that come with it. The techniques of a model are used constantly to understand the world and to predict the outcomes and actions. For example, a mental model come into play when one manager has to decide is hiring an older worker beneficial to the company. Another manager suggests that hiring older workers is a good idea because they bring valuable experience to the job. This mental model is the basis of decision making, one action forming an outcome (Barker, Powell 2004). The decision that is made, the advantage and disadvantage of hiring an older worker, is raw data measured to determine which one is correct. The use of data analysis is made to improve the mental model and help it determine the outcome...
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...support better than individual job design programs. Autonomous work groups, quality circles are popular examples of this perspective. Groups are often given resources and responsibilities for areas like safety and quality control and work as a team to identify and correct inefficiencies and work issues. Quantitative Management approach involves the use of mathematical modeling to find the best solutions to problems. This can be applied to a variety of workplace challenges, ranging from making decisions during product development to resolving employee conflicts. It is also known as operations research, and involves a more objective, structured approach to problems or solutions. Many industries can be suited to this management philosophy. One important component of the quantitative management approach is an ability to objectively collect information about a problem and possible solutions to develop appropriate, and useful, mathematical models. This may involve input from several personnel who can present solutions, problems, and issues that may complicate the discussion. The manager can plug all of these data into a mathematical model, which can...
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...Webquest Handout Task 1: 1. The research methods knowledge database is a database of generalized topics about performing social research. These vary from how to collect data, who to collect data from, where to collect the data, etc. a. What is the difference between qualitative data and quantitative data? How do you determine what type of data to collect? Can your topic be represented by solid numbers, or is it based on opinion? 2. Quantitative because the data given is concrete and generalizations like mean and mode can easily be identified. 3. Quantitative data is easily compiled into something meaningful because it is based on concrete data. On the other hand, qualitative data is presented in a raw form and needs to be categorized to be meaningful. Quantitative data is better at summarizing large amounts of data, like statistics, whereas qualitative data is better at telling the opinion of the participant, and is richer in details. 4. The three different types of ways to collect qualitative data are in-depth interviews, direct observation and written documents. Interviews can be conducted on an individual basis as well as a group interview and can be recorded in a multitude of ways. In an interview, the participant is being asked questions by the interviewer. This is where direct observation and interviews differ, because in the case of observation, the interviewer does not ask questions from the participant. Instead, the interviewer just stands...
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...“Rabbits and Wolves” Introduction I will be conducting a computer simulation called “Rabbits and Wolves”. In this experiment I will be interaction with a simple forest ecosystem model that will simply take into account three organisms: rabbits, wolves, and grass. As defined by “Environmental Science- 14th Edition”, an ecosystem is “a set of organisms within a defined area or volume that interact with one another and with their environment of nonliving matter and energy.” I will be using the computer simulation to alter the interactions of the organisms in the ecosystem to see what changes occur. Based on mathematical formulas and probability of certain events occurring, the model predicts the changes in the populations of the three organisms. I will be able to change different variables, such as the starting number of organisms, the reproduction rate, the food consumption rate, the growth rate, and more. I will be able to analyze the data I gain from this simulation to observe how changes in an ecosystem can alter the organisms that live in the ecosystem. Objectives 1. To view and interact with a simple scientific computer model. 2. To determine how simple changes in populations of one organism will effect populations of organisms in the same system. 3. To use a computer model to complete objective 2. Hypothesis I believe that allowing a greater number of rabbits in the beginning of the simulation will allow the rabbits to out-populate the wolves to a very large...
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...Research Question: Can job performance be predicted linearly by a combination of grip strength and arm strength? Dependent Variable: SIMS Independent Variables: GRIP, ARM The dependent variable SIMS is determined by independent variables GRIP and ARMThe most important independent variable in this relationship seems to be ARM because the data seems to be moved more by the change in ARM than in it does by the change in GRIP. | | SIMS (simulations) is the dependent variable in this experiment. A simulation is defined as a way to model random events, such that simulated outcomes closely match real-world outcomes. By observing simulated outcomes, researchers gain insight on the real world (Simulation of Random Events, 2014). The simulations in this case required that the participant exert force on a simulated wrench while assuming standing and a kneeling position. GRIP (grip strength) is one of the independent variables in this experiment. Grip strength is defined as the measurable ability to exert pressure with the hand, fingers, or both. It is measured by having a patient forcefully squeeze, grip, orpinch dynamometers; results are expressed in either pounds or kilograms of pressure. (Mosby's Medical Dictionary 8th Edition, 2009) ARM (arm strength) is the other independent variable in this experiment. Arm strength is easily defined as the strength of your arm. Strength is defined as creating muscular tension (Hargrove, 2011). In this experiment, GRIP and ARM...
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...decisions in management is a process of developing models reflecting the interrelations between relevant factors in a real situation. The model is reality presented in a simplified form. Modelling is a specific method and means of comprehension. It is applied in company management to study various activity alternatives using developed models. Every individual model comprises various components, variables, parameters, relations, limitations and criteria [1]. • Components correspond to the elements of the system under study. • Variables are used to describe the relations between individual components of the model. They can have more than a single value [2]. • Parameters characterize the influence that various variables have in the model. They are constant for every individual model, i.e. they have just a single value [2]. • Relations reflect the links, relations and interaction between various components, variables and parameters in the model [3]. • Limitations point out the variation limits and can be either placed in space and time, can be single-value or multi-value, one-sided or double-sided, global or local, etc [4]. • Criteria are means of evaluation, comparison and selection. They are objective and subjective, qualitative and quantitative [4]. The model reflects the nature, structure and functions of the original. It is its imaginary or real duplicate. Its resemblance to the original is used as a basis of building up the model and at the same time, a prerequisite for transferring...
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...Team New Zealand The New Zealand was more limited than other teams in terms of resources; such as, money, team size, and access to computer time. However, the team attempted to use this as an advantage by having a small team that regularly met to work out the best strategies. Advantages: Simulation is resource (time, money) efficient: The team could create a simulation of a new design every three hours. Money savings from not having to build a physical yacht. It costs $50,000 per prototype and because silicon graphics lend computer simulation time, simulations were not as expensive Avoid problems of scale-up because models are smaller size and prototypes may not reflect actual issues. Ability to understand trade-offs between differences in designs. Disadvantages: Sponsors want to see a physical prototype, which requires spending money to build the prototype. Simulation needs to be done after physical prototype has been built, so it is difficult to rely only on simulation. Simulation relies on the designer. If the design parameters are not accurate, there is no value added from outcome of the simulation. Approach American Team had the backing of Cray and Boeing for the extensive computer simulations, while Team New Zealand only had a small local company that provided some support late in the development program. Team New Zealand management was open to feedback and team consensus approach was used for the design. They also used Peterson’s experience and training...
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...FINAL OUTPUT FOR COLLEGE ALGEBRA MATHEMATICAL MODELING: The research paper requirement for the subject/course College Algebra (Math 110/Math 111) comes in the form of a research paper which aims to apply mathematical modelling. The research paper is a group assignment ( group of 3-5 students per group). The topic is to be chosen by the group.It is a three part document serving as a final output for Math 110 which has to be submitted during the final period and orally presented by the students in the classroom. Goal of the Final Output: As required in the course syllabus , the final output is for the students to acquire knowledge and apply the concepts learned in algebra to come up with a mathematical model in their chosen topic. PRELIM PERIOD: (Output: Project proposal) Students are grouped, each group with 3-5 members. The group will choose a topic that interests them. With the topic in mind, students are to think of a problem that is in the area of their interest. Write a Project Proposal: Write a paragraph about the chosen topic and what made the group choose the topic. (10-15 sentences). Indicate also the references used. 3. Identify the problem you want to investigate. Indicate the proposed sources of data to be used in the problem and how this data will be collected. 5. Use short bond papers, font: Times New Roman 12. Submit the project proposal before the prelim examination schedule to your teacher. This output is 10% of the students'...
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...Introduction Math investigations engage one’s mind to formulate conjectures from observed numerical phenomenon. Patterns are being observed and these patterns are then translated into mathematical expressions such as the equation. Thus this investigation would lead to mathematical models that need to be proven. However, the formulation of a mathematical model is not an easy task. It requires skills and experience to device such. Then, after the modeling, it requires testing the model by verifying extreme cases and later proves that this model is true to all cases. This investigation involved two cases: (1) relationship exists between the number of columns and the number of dots (oblong numbers) and (2) relationship exists between the number of rows and the number of dots (oblong numbers). As we go further with the investigation, we’d come up with a mathematical model that leads to answer the aforementioned cases. Moreover, we are looking for the possible extent if there are still existing mathematical facts involving these cases that are uncovered and waiting to be explored. Situation: OBLONG NUMBERS are numbers which can be represented in a rectangular array having one dimension one unit longer than the other. [pic] II. Statement of the Problem This mathematical investigation aimed to ascertain the relationships exist between the number of columns/rows and the number of dots (oblong numbers). Specifically it sought to answer the following questions: ...
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...Limitations of Using Quantitative Business Analysis: Quantitative methods presume to have an objective approach to studying research problems, where data is controlled and measured, to address the accumulation of facts, and to determine the causes of behavior. As a consequence, the results of quantitative research may be statistically significant but are often humanly insignificant. Some specific limitations associated with using quantitative methods to study research problems in the social sciences include: • Quantitative data is more efficient and able to test hypotheses, but may miss contextual detail; • Uses a static and rigid approach and so employs an inflexible process of discovery; • The development of standard questions by researchers can lead to "structural bias" and false representation, where the data actually reflects the view of the researcher instead of the participating subject; • Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes, and motivation; • Researcher may collect a much narrower and sometimes superficial dataset; • Results are limited as they provide numerical descriptions rather than detailed narrative and generally provide less elaborate accounts of human perception; • The research is often carried out in an unnatural, artificial environment so that a level of control can be applied to the exercise. This level of control might not normally be in place in the real world thus yielding "laboratory results" as opposed...
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... To model, to replicate, to copy , to duplicate the behavior appearance or properties . Simulation Something which simulate a system or environment in order to predict actual behavior . OR The process of simulating . Sentences of Simulation : 1. This exercise is the simulation of actual battle condition. 2. The most reliable simulation predicts that Hurricane will turn north . 3. Despite extensive simulation in the design phase, the aircraft fail to behave as expected. Definition: A simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of affairs or process. The act of simulation something generally entales representing certain key characteristics or behaviors of a selected physical or abstract system. simulation refers to any analytical method to imitate a real life system, specially when other analysis or too mathematically complex or too difficult to reproduce. “simulation is a numerical technique for conducting experiments that involve certain types of mathematical & logical relationship, necessary to describe the behavior & structure of a complex real world system over extended period of time”. Simulation is a statistical experiment, hence its output must be interpreted by appropriate statistical tests. It is a most widely used management science technique for a imitation of reality. Simulation model : 1. Deterministic model In this model input...
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...desire to believe that we are “real”? Even more troubling, if we are living in a computer simulation, is it possible that the simulation might be shut off at any moment? In this paper, I plan to do two things. First, I hope to consider what conclusions we might draw from Bostrom’s argument, and what implications this might have for how we affect our lives. Second, I plan to discuss a possible objection to Bostrom’s argument, and how this might affect our personal probability for the possibility that we are living in a computer simulation. Bostrom begins his argument by making a few assumptions necessary to the probabilistic claims he makes. The first is substrate-independence. This is simply the claim that if we were able to model the mind with enough detail, then we would be able to create artificial minds capable of thought in the same way that we are. He goes further to assume that, if we were able to simulate the entire world in sufficient detail, and feed this world into the artificial minds we have created in the form of sensory inputs, the artificial minds would be incapable of determining that they were in a simulation, unless they were given explicit knowledge of it by the creators of the simulation. Bostrom then goes...
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... A Skeptic's Guide to Computer Models by John D. Sterman This article was written by Dr. John D. Sterman, Director of the MIT System Dynamics Group and Professor of Management Science at the Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; email: jsterman@mit.edu. Copyright © John D. Sterman, 1988, 1991. All rights reserved. This paper is reprinted from Sterman, J. D. (1991). A Skeptic's Guide to Computer Models. In Barney, G. O. et al. (eds.), Managing a Nation: The Microcomputer Software Catalog. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 209-229. An earlier version of this paper also appeared in Foresight and National Decisions: The Horseman and the Bureaucrat (Grant 1988). A S KEPTIC'S GUIDE TO COMPUTER MODELS 2 The Inevitability of Using Models........................................................................3 Mental and Computer Models..............................................................................2 The Importance of Purpose..................................................................................3 Two Kinds of Models: Optimization Versus Simulation and Econometrics.......4 Optimization.............................................................................................4 Limitations of Optimization..........................................................5 When To Use Optimization....................
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...Lecture 1 Here the goal is to familiarize you with the basic terminology of infectious disease epidemiology relevant for the spread of infectious diseases including the basic reproduction number (R0), herd immunity, index patient, endemic disease, epidemic disease, and pandemic. An important concept in infectious disease transmission is the so-called transmission chain. A transmission chain is a sequence of transmission events from the origin to the secondary case. In this figure, one can see a transmission tree of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 2003 in Singapore where we can note the secondary cases generated by each infected case that was reported. We can see that only a few cases were able to generate most of the secondary transmission events. This is an HIV transmission network that clearly shows the structure of transmission events. We can see here that each infected HIV person generates from 1 to 27 secondary cases. We can also see that most of these infected cases generate only a few secondary cases while a few of them generate many secondary transmission events. A central quantity in infectious disease epidemiology is the so-called basic reproduction number, R0. This is defined as the average number of secondary cases generated by an infectious individual in a susceptible population. In this figure we can see that each infected person generates exactly two secondary cases for illustration purposes. Here R0=2 and the arrows denote the direction of...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION Children exhibit differences from one another in terms of their physical attributes (e.g., some are shorter, some are stronger) and learning abilities (e.g., some learn quickly and are able to remember and use what they have learned in new situations; others need repeated practice and have difficulty maintaining and generalizing new knowledge and skills). The differences among most children are relatively small, enabling these children to benefit from the general education program. The physical attributes and/or learning abilities of some children, however—those called exceptional children—differ from the norm (either below or above) to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education and related services to fully benefit from education. The term exceptional children according to Heward, W. L. (2006 ) includes children who experience difficulties in learning as well as those whose performance is so superior that modifications in curriculum and instruction are necessary to help them fulfill their potential. Thus, exceptional children is an inclusive term that refers to children with learning and/or behavior problems, children with physical disabilities or sensory impairments, and children who are intellectually gifted or have a special talent. Although the terms impairment, disability, and handicap are sometimes used interchangeably, they are not synonymous. Impairment refers to the loss or reduced function of a particular body...
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