...Coverage of SME definition are Commonly Associated With : - SMI (Manufacturing Industry) - SMI + Services (Selected) - All Sectors Except Agriculture - All Sectors Include Agriculture 2. Variable to Measure SME - No of employee (Industry) - Assets (Fixed Asset, Asset other than lands building) - Sales 3. The Role of SME in Economic Development - Contributor to Value added (Growth) : About 57% of GDP - Provider of Employment : Contribute to 99.5% of total employment - Potential Contributor to Export : Share about 16-21% of total export - Flexibility and Resilience to Shocks : continue to survive during the crisis, micro and small enterprises more resilience, but medium enterprises are not fully recovered from the crisis up to 2003 •SME Cluster Development in Indonesia - Cluster development approach has been adopted since 1970’s * Small industry zone * Export processing zone * Agglomeration of SME activities - At present exist about 9800 units of Small Industry Cluster : * 78% Low technology group * Productivity / worker : • Low technology IDR 970 Thousand (100) • Medium technology IDR 2 Million (212) • High technology IDR 8.24 Million (849) Government Policies on Informatization Providing free access on public information through E-Government; Promoting business information system and B2B cooperation through E-Business. Regulations on Informatization Presidential Instruction No.6/2001 concerning Development and Utilization of ICT in Indonesia;...
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...GREENER INDIA A report on promoting cycling in the country PEDALLING TOWARDS A Study supported by All India Cycle Manufacturers’ Association (AICMA) Pedalling Towards A A report on promoting cycling in the country GREENER INDIA All India Cycle Manufacturers’ Association (AICMA) Study supported by the The Energy and Resources Institute © The Energy and Resources Institute 2014 All rights reserved Published 2014 For more information Akshima T Ghate TERI Darbari Seth Block IHC Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi – 110 003 India Tel. 24682100 or 24682111 E-mail akshima@teri.res.in Fax 2468 2144 or 24682145 Web www.teriin.org India +91•Delhi (0)11 Contents Project Team ...................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................................vii Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................... ix Preface ............................................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................
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...Thailand is performing well in its international trade, as seen from a remarkable increase in exports recorded in 2010 and a healthy outlook for 2011. According to the Director-General of the Department of Export Promotion, Mrs. Nuntawan Sakuntanag, Thai exports in 2010 are likely to expand by 24-25 percent, or 189-190 billion US dollars. For 2011, the Ministry of Commerce has set a target of export growth at 10 percent, or 207.9-209.6 billion dollars in value. The target growth is based on the value of 30 baht per US dollar and a crude oil price of 76-77 dollars per barrel. The Ministry of Commerce will work closely with the private sector in pushing Thai exports this year. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) will receive greater attention in terms of capacity-building, market development, cluster network development, and financial support and risk management. More emphasis will be placed on penetrating foreign markets that have high potential, such as ASEAN, China, India, and Russia. In addition, the Ministry of Commerce will attach great importance to developing and promoting value creation through creativity, innovation, branding, and environmentally friendly production. Although Thai exports in 2011 are expected to increase steadily, there are several key risk factors. For instance, the appreciation of the baht, higher production costs because of higher oil prices, and an increase in interest rates would have an impact on Thailand’s international trade. ...
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...Business Sustainability Alternate measure for Economic Performance Jayant Kumar Preface An indicator is something that helps one to understand inclusive position, the path and how far one is from the point they want to be. A good indicator gives the alert about the problem before it gets too bad and helps to recognize things to do in-order to fix it. Indicators of sustainable community point to areas where the links between the economy, environment and society are weak. It allows one to identify the problematic area and helps the ways to fix restore it. GDP and profit currently dominate society’s discussions of economic performance. They shape the way people think about the economy and business, affecting their behavior and the actual outcomes of economic activity. So what is economic success? Going beyond GDP and profit will explore what we mean by economic success, the role that GDP and profit play in this, and the potential for broader measures of economic success to help us balance our economic priorities, our social goals, and the constraints imposed on us by the natural environment we live in. 1 Current measure of Performance Right measurement is a powerful instrument for social progress; wrong or imprecise measurement a source of hazard and even havoc. Two main measure of economic success are currently are GDP at the national level and profit at the Organizational level. GDP is the value added measure that is broader than Profit. GDP and profit are contested...
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...the replacement of imports with domestic production. Many Latin American Countries adopted this policy in a bid to achieve self-sufficiency by reducing its dependence on foreign imports. By using this policy, the Government will either nationalise or heavily subsidise certain industries and even employ protectionist measures on infant industries. Heavy taxes will be placed on imports and exports to discourage local merchants from exporting and in turn, reducing the amount of goods for their local customers. There are many disadvantages in promoting import substitution strategies that will ultimately lead to lower growth rates and possible future recession for the country. Firstly, local industries will become more inefficient over time. Local industries that have long enjoyed the heavy subsidies and protectionist measures from the government will have no incentive to improve themselves. As they only cater to the domestic market, if demand remains constant, an increase in production will only drive down prices. Hence, these industries will not push for increased production, resulting in continued inefficiency. Furthermore, with the high taxes imposed on exports, local companies will not sell their goods overseas. By only selling to the domestic market, they do not enjoy economies of scale. Certain industries need to sell to a large market in order to be profitable, and a domestic market will be too small. A lone automotive maker in Peru would enjoy natural monopoly, but even...
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...14 Monopoly………………….………………………………...…...… 15 Perfect Competition……………………………....………………… 16 Oligopoly……..………………………………….…………………. 16 Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 17 Question 2 (b) ……………….……………………………………….. 18 Introduction …………….……….………………………………….. 18 Perfect competition …………………….………………………..…. 14 Monopolistic competition….………………………………...…...… 15 Long run ………….……………………………....………………… 16 Oligopoly……..………………………………….…………………. 20 Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 24 INTRODUCTION The local pineapple, cv Victoria, is the second horticultural produce after Anthurium, with the highest export volume. Indeed, since the early 80’s, the Mauritian pineapple has been permanently on the European market in spite of drought or cyclones. The export volume has increased from 10 t in mid 80’s to more than 600 t presently and the local variety, Victoria already earns a good name on the European market. Moreover, Baby pineapple is on high demand in niche markets. The technology for its production is already available. Pineapple is very tolerant to cyclone, can be grown under rain fed conditions, is not a seasonal crop and rational planning of planting and harvesting through judicious use of floral induction, ensures consistent income throughout the year....
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...when economic growth surpassed all historical records, and it will be explained in two aspects below, countries and residents. From the countries’ aspect, it will be examined by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), export rates and industrial growth rates. Firstly, Western Europe’s GDP and per person GDP. GDP is an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production. GDP increased represent all residents would benefit from their country’s increased economic production. Between 1950 and 1973, the GDP of Western Europe (include 29 countries) increased at an annualized rate of 4.81 per cent, against a secular growth rate (between 1973 and 1998) of 2.11 per cent, it rose more than twice as rapidly as over any comparable period before or since. The real per person GDP of Western Europe also increased at an annualized rate of 4.08 per cent, against the secular growth rate of 1.78 percent, outperforming all other world regions except Asian. Secondly, Western Europe’s export rates. When a country’s export are high, the buyers of these exports need its currency to pay for those exports, the country’s income may increase. After 1948, the volume of exports of Western Europe rose about twice, with exports rising by between 8 per cent and 9 per cent per annum...
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...insulation of buildings Solar water heating development Spreading the use of low energy consumption lamps Introducing energy performance in street lighting Promoting energy efficiency in the industrial sector Promoting Liquefied Petroleum Gas fuel Promoting Natural Gas fuel Introduction of key technologies for solar air conditioning III- Development of Industrial Capacity Photovoltaic solar energy Solar thermal energy Wind energy IV- Research and Development V- Legal Framework and Incentives Legal framework Incentives and fiscal measures Regulatory measures VI- Glossary CONTENT 4 Renewable Energies: a priority in Algeria Algeria has created a green momentum by launching an ambitious program to develop renewable energies (REn) and promote energy efficiency. This program leans on a strategy focussed on developing and expanding the use of inexhaustible resources, such as solar energy in order to diversify energy sources and prepares Algeria of tomorrow. Through combining initiatives and the acquisition of knowledge, Algeria is engaged in a new age of sustainable energy use. The program consists of installing up to 22 000 MW of power generating capacity from renewable sources between 2011 and 2030, of which 12 000 MW will be intended to meet the domestic electricity demand and 10 000 MW destined for export. This last option depends on the availability of a demand that is ensured on the long term by reliable partners as well as on attractive external funding. In...
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...exploratory contacts in November 2007, joint workshops in 2009 and a joint feasibility study in 2010, the negotiations were officially opened in January 2011. The agreement was then negotiated in nine rounds of negotiations and various intersessional meetings from April 2011 to May 2013. The FTA will improve mutual market access for goods and services, enhance legal security for the protection of intellectual property and bilateral economic exchange in general, contribute to sustainable development and deepen bilateral cooperation. For the vast majority of bilateral trade, the FTA will dismantle tariffs fully or partially, sometimes subject to transition periods. In the area of technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, sector-specific cooperation agreements are aimed at reducing non-tariff barriers to trade. For trade in services, more precisely defined rules compared to the GATS of the WTO will apply, e.g. for approval processes, as well as improved market access commitments for various services. Regarding intellectual property, the level of protection in selected areas will be improved compared to the multilateral standards of the WTO and include provisions on enforcement. The FTA provides for coherent implementation, orientated towards the basic principles of international relations and the goal of sustainable development. To this end, the preamble stipulates basic principles of the UNO and of public...
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...capital firms that specialize in building high risk financial portfolios. With venture capital, the venture capital firm gives funding to the startup company in exchange to the returns in the future. IMPORTANCE OF VENTURE CAPITAL FINANCING The following are the importance of venture capital financing. 1. Promoting Entrepreneurs: Just as a scientist brings out his laboratory findings to reality and makes it commercially successful, similarly, an entrepreneur converts his technical know-how...
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...started between domestic and foreign industries, which ask governments for measures that could protect local industries, without discouraging the country’s trade relations. The term ‘Protectionism’ was thus introduced in the language of global trade and economy (Rowley, 2002). Protectionism is an economic policy applied in the trading system, to restrict the quantity of imported items, and to flourish country’s exports. The objective of this is policy is to maintain the competition between foreign and the domestic industries. In most of the countries, free trade is not followed and various tariffs and duty charges are applied on the import goods. These taxes allow the government to generate a fair bit of revenue, without utilizing their resources. Moreover, it also helps in the sustainability of the domestic industries. The prices of the imported goods are kept higher by adding these taxes so that the local customers, looking for cheaper options, have to buy the domestic items. In parallel to this, the protectionism policy allows domestic industries to raise the prices of their products, without raising the quality of their products (Ethier & Fischer, 1987, pp.1-2). Another aspect of protectionism is the allegation of quota in the trading system. Many countries use quota in trade, as an exchange of goods policy. This enforces countries to import some items from the same country, where they wish to export their goods. For an example, countries rich in technology, often lack in...
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...JANUARY 25, 2016 PREPARED FOR DR. MUSLIMA ZAHAN FACULTY MEMBER , NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY EXPORT PROMOTION BUREAU (EPB) BANGLADESH. Every countries has an organization like Trade Promotion Organization (TPOs) to promote and increase export and trade with other countries. Export sector of the country is one of the main source of Bangladesh’s hard earn foreign currency, by export earnings, we met 69% of our import bill. Contribution of export to GDP is 18%, and keeping that in mind The Export Promotion Bureau (web:epb.gov.bd) of Bangladesh & National Standard Body (NSB) like Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution (BSTI) could work better for promoting export trade of the country. About Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) of Bangladesh: A National Export Promotion Agency under with Ministry of Commerce and it’s being reorganized by the promulgation of a Presidential Ordinance in 1977 as a semi-autonomous body. It administered by a Board of Management (BOM). Comprising members from both public & private sector. Honorable Minister for Commerce is the ex-officio chairman; and Vice-Chairman is the Chief Executive Officer of the Export Promotion Bureau. EPB is mainly responsible for: Adoption of appropriate policy and program measures for active promotion of exports; Co-ordination of export development activities at various levels; Co-ordination and monitoring of national export performance and progress; Carrying out of promotional activities in product and supply development;...
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...India’s trade with Africa in recent years. The share of the sub-Saharan region in Africa’s total trade has grown from 45 per cent in 1995 to 71 per cent in 1999. During 2000-2001, India’s total trade with Sub-Saharan Africa was US $ 3.3 billion. Out of this, India’s exports accounted for US $ 1.8 billion and imports were US $ 1.5 billion. In the first phase of the "FOCUS: AFRICA" Programme, the target countries identified are: Nigeria, South Africa, Mauritius, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Ghana. These seven countries accounted for nearly 70 per cent of India’s total trade with the Sub-Saharan African Region during 2000-2001. Similarly, certain target commodities for export focus have also been identified. These are: • Cotton yarn, fabrics and other textile items; • Drugs & pharmaceuticals; • Machinery & instruments; • Transport equipment; and • Telecom and information technology In order to accelerate India’s exports to the Sub-Saharan African Region, the existing institutional mechanism such as Joint Trade Committees and Joint Business councils with the countries of this region will be strengthened. Further, various trade promotion measures to be undertaken by the Export Promotion Councils and Trade Promotion Organisations such as ITPO and the apex chambers such as FIEO,...
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...Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) Introduction The negotiations on Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) are expected to lead Bangladesh to substantial increase in ReadyMade Garments (RMG) export in world market. The NAMA negotiations are aimed to reduce or eliminate tariffs, including tariff peaks, high tariffs, tariff escalation and nontariff barriers for non-agricultural goods, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries. Non-agricultural products include industrial goods, manufactured goods, textiles, fuels and mining products, footwear, jewellery, forestry products, fish and fisheries, and chemicals. Collectively, they represent almost 90% of world merchandise exports. WTO has decided to take Special and Differential treatment for developing and least developed Members like Bangladesh, including through less than full reciprocity in the reduction measures to assist LDCs to participate effectively in the negotiations. NAMA negotiations are likely to have important positive implications for the LDCs like Bangladesh in the form of increased export. As the structure of Bangladesh export is heavily titled towards labor-intensive sectors as apparels and textiles, increase in export will likely to have consequent positive implications on new job creations in RMG sector. In Bangladesh nearly 3 million workers are with RMG sector of which 80% is female workers. The research will attempt to analyze the possibility...
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...BURUNDI COFFEE EXPORT COMPANY By Benjamin TURIKUBWAYO Business plan April 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY What is the product ? Burundi coffee is unknown at international market. This is not because coffee growers cannot produce a good quality; it is simply because the coffee produced is not processed to meet the market standards. Burundi coffee company will work with coffee growers to produce specialty coffee by using high quality standards in the processing of the coffee cherry then market it to roasters in the US and Europe. What is the market size? Statistics from the International coffee organization show that there is a decrease in the coffee export in the year 2010 compared to year 2009. “World coffee exports amounted to 7.1 million bags in February 2010, compared with 8.7 million in February 2009. Exports in the first 5 months of coffee year 2009/10 (Oct/09 to Feb/10) have decreased by nearly 11% to 35.6 million bags compared to 40 million bags in the same period in the last coffee year. In the twelve months ending February 2010, exports of Arabica totaled 59.4 million bags compared to 63.8 million bags last year; whereas Robusta exports amounted to 33.2 million bags compared to 34.4 million bags"1. This shows that there is a big demand on the market even thought the prices have been affected by the global economic downturn. BCEC will work with a Switzerland company (SCHLUTER sa) specialized in coffee export to Europe and USA market. BCEC expected production capacity...
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