...PUPILS’ PERCEPTION OF CABLE TELEVISION PROGRAMMES AS DETERMINANT OF READING HABITS AND ATTITUDES IN UNIVERSITY STAFF SCHOOLS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA BY FLORENCE ADEOLA, OMOBA A proposal in the Department of ABADINA MEDIA RESOURCE CENTRE submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION * Background to the study * Statement of the problem * Objective of the study * Research questions and research hypothesis * Significance of the study * Scope of the study * Operational definition of terms REVIEW OF LITERATURE * Theoretical frame work * Empirical orientation * Reading habit * Reading attitude * Television * School libraries RESEARCH METHODOLOGY * Research design * Population and sampling technique * Research instrument * Validation and reliability of instruments * Data collection procedure * Data analysis REFERENCES APPENDIXES CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION John Walson, an appliance storeowner in a small town of Mahanoy, had difficulty selling television sets to local residents because reception in the area was poor. The problem seemed to be the location of the town in a valley and nearly 90 air miles from the Philadelphia television transmitters. Naturally, signals could not pass through mountains and clear reception was virtually impossible except on the ridges outside of town. It...
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...A study on perception of soft drinks and fast foods advertisements and its impact on youth lifestyle and eating habits Today it is a matter of great pride to see that India as a nation stands with a population of 1,166,079,217 (July 2009) and out of which two-third of the population lies below 35 years of age. India is considered as one of the youngest nation in the world. According to various national and international organisations the age group of youth generally lies between 15-35 years. This vulnerable group is being highly influenced by the advertising industry whose focus has shifted from family and elderly to youth and kids. With the increased employment of youngsters due to the entry of BPO’s, KPO’s, MNC’s in the Indian sub-continent, marketers have got a new set of potential buyers in the form of young and restless . This segment comprises of those who are more open to adapt new products, ideas and follow trends set up by advertising world. Advertising today carries the blame of manipulating and duping audience. The moment you open your idiot box for multifaceted reasons you can see a clutter of advertisements, a commercial of 7 up ends up with a girl kissing a boy, ads of all juices making claims that all of them are preservative free, dangerous stunts being performed in ads of Thumps up and Mountain dew, open and free broadcast of inner wears at prime time encouraging the opposite sex to assault. All advertisement of several branded deo’s end in seductive mode. Ads...
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...Childhood obesity Childhood obesity is a condition where children have excess body fats and weigh more than the recommended weight in accordance to their height. Obesity and overweight are usually measured using body mass index (BMI) which is calculated using the height and weight of a person. According to Centre for disease control and prevention (Childhood obesity facts) obesity is a result of caloric imbalance that is consumption more calories than the calories body expends. The causes of childhood obesity are lifestyle habits and behaviors, genetic s or family history, environmental factors, metabolism and in some cases medical conditions. The most contributing factor in childhood obesity is lifestyle behaviors such as lack of physical exercise, unhealthy eating habits and or combination of those. In present day lifestyle habits are characterized by consumption of junk foods that have high calories from fats and sugars and low proteins, vitamins and minerals. Also children are now physically in active because of watching TVs, social media and playing computer games. The result of such life style is that more calories are consumed and fewer calories are used by the body leading to obesity. There is numerous health risks associated with childhood obesity. While some health risks are immediate others are long-term. The immediate health risks affect the child while still in childhood while the long term comorbidities will affect the child later in adulthood (lakshmsn,...
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...The product selected for the critical analysis is Hydra sports drink Advertising has become an essential part of the corporate world and small business alike. Companies dedicate a considerable amount of their financial resources to their advertising budget. Media placement usually counts for the majority of the advertising budget. Analysing the advantages and disadvantages of media options: The advantages of television as an advertising medium include: Dynamic environment: Television has a strong impact created by the combination of sight and sound, and provides the opportunity to demonstrate the features and benefits of a product and service and how it can be used. The use of special effects can create excitement and grab the attention of the target audience. Reach: Television advertising can reach a large percentage of the population on either a national or regional level. Call to action: Television provides a ‘call to action’, compelling the viewer to do something. For example, ‘Ring in the next five minutes’, or ‘Go to our website’. Influence: Television has become an integral part of our culture. The majority of Australians use television as the primary source for news and entertainment. Cut through: Television is able to engage a viewer when they are not actively seeking information. Television viewers will passively process commercial messages while waiting for their television program to resume. By comparison, magazine and/or newspaper readers just turn the...
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...Political and Social Science http://ann.sagepub.com/ Capital, Consumption, Communication, and Citizenship: The Social Positioning of Taste and Civic Culture in the United States Lewis Friedland, Dhavan V. Shah, Nam-Jin Lee, Mark A. Rademacher, Lucy Atkinson and Thomas Hove The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2007 611: 31 DOI: 10.1177/0002716206298694 The online version of this article can be found at: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/611/1/31 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: American Academy of Political and Social Science Additional services and information for The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science can be found at: Email Alerts: http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://ann.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/611/1/31.refs.html >> Version of Record - Apr 30, 2007 What is This? Downloaded from ann.sagepub.com at NATIONAL UNIV SINGAPORE on October 14, 2011 Capital, Consumption, Communication, and Citizenship: The Social Positioning of Taste and Civic Culture in the United States By LEWIS FRIEDLAND, DHAVAN V. SHAH, NAM-JIN LEE, MARK A. RADEMACHER, LUCY ATKINSON, and THOMAS HOVE In this article, the authors analyze the field of cultural consumption in the United States. Using the 2000 DDB Lifestyle Study, they examine...
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...MGMT2200 PROJECT PROPOSAL Students undertaking tertiary education in this day and age are often seen exhaustingly conducting the futile exercise of dividing and budgeting their scarce funds across a variety of spending platforms in order to support and satisfy their university needs and wants. In this project, we attempt to analyse specific spending behaviours of the young university student demographic and define the reasoning behind specific consumption patterns, supported by the findings of primary and secondary research. The primary research conducted by our group will primarily focus on behavioural factors that influence different aspects of students’ consumption, and will predominately be in the form of questionnaires and surveys from a large sample. The primary research steps our group undertakes to will be two-fold: 1. Identify what the target audience is purchasing and the proportion of income spent on particular categories. Clear defined categories will be provided, with examples given Eg. Food, recreation, entertainment, going out, other etc. 2. Examine reasons why money is proportioned in this way, explanations as to what leads students to spend on particular categories, rather than others. Eg. Those who spend more on food have less to eat at home, those spending a lot on clothes/music/magazines/etc. why? Do students have a tendency to save? For what reason? In surveys, open-ended questions may be asked eg. “Your money is proportioned so that 60% is spent...
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...of Mass Media on Adolescents Kelsey Wyatt Western Governors University Abstract This Paper contents reviews of several studies conducted on the effects of mass media on children and adolescents. Most of the research suggests that over exposure and unsupervised use of mass media outlets can alter the psychological development of children, as well as create anxieties in adolescents. All of the researched reviewed examines the effects of all media other than book content. Research has shown that consuming too much mass media at a young age can alter the social and psychological structure of adolescents. Mass media can even desensitize youth to unhealthy behavior and effect their education. One of the more noticeable changes in the 21st century has been the growing media consumption, availability and influence. A major consequence of this growing influence is the negative effect it can have on a children’s well-being. Parents no longer have to worry about the influence of “bad” friends but the “virtual” bad influence readily at the fingertips of their children. According to the U.S. census over 80% of adolescents own at least one form of media technology (Comer 2008). The use of this technology is increasing every year with text messages and social networking being an easy access to both youths and adults. A survey was conducted in 2010 by the Kaiser Family Foundation on daily media usage. The survey found that children 8 to 18 logged an average of 6 hour media usage per...
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...learning, they may come to model the behaviour themselves. Children will identify with their parents and their preferences and the satisfaction they receive and through this vicarious learning, they may come to model the behaviour themselves. Children will identify with their parents closely and research by Brown et al found a consistent correlation between eating habits of parents and their children around snack food intake, motivation to eat and dissatisfaction around their body. Parents also tend to shape children’s eating habits through their own as they control the purchase of foods eaten within the home. If parents purchase food based on their own preferences this will invariably affect children eating habits. Social learning may also occur through the media with book and television highlighting different attitude which people observe and learn from. This may occur through celebrities people may identify with who may highlight particular food diets and the benefits gained such as losing weight for example. People may also learn about healthy eating this way and appropriate foods to eat. Macintyre et al found the media did influence peoples food preferences however this may then be limited by a person’s own personal circumstances such as income, family, culture or even age. Cultural factors such as ethnicity may also affect eating behaviour. For example Khan et al found that white women were more prone to have body dissatisfaction and disorders such as bulimia nervosa than...
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...Likes: 1 Eating habits have changed drastically and rapidly over the years. Today, the number of overweight or obese children and adults in the population has increased while the numbers of lifestyle-related deaths have also increased. As Webb and Whitney (2008) argue, consumers today value convenience so highly that they are willing to spend over half of their food budget on meals that require little or no preparation. They regularly eat out, bring home ready-to-eat meals, or have food delivered. This trend is mainly influenced by the media which promotes such behaviors through commercials and popular programs and movies. The media is a major source of information and misinformation on nutritional sources. The media through advertising promotes unhealthy foods rich in sugars, fat, salt as the ideal food choices. According to Fettling, members of the public are regularly bombarded by messages about food in all forms of media: television, the internet, radio, newspapers, and magazines. Many of these messages revolve around food manufacturers marketing their products in the hope that the public will buy them. The manufacturers use very clever techniques such as jingles and claims about a food's special properties. Manufacturers spend a lot of money on advertising because it is a very effective influence on the food choices of viewers (Fettling 2005, 36). The effect of this advertising is very damaging on children and teenagers. This is firstly because children to...
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...the efficiency of a country’s economy. GDP is broken in to two categories, nominal and real. Nominal GDP is not adjusted for inflation and real GDP is adjusted for inflation. The real GDP declined by 1%. The economy was actually estimated to grow by .01% in this period but instead declined for the first time in three years. This decline could signal the start of a recession, which is defined as negative growth in two consecutive quarters. The last recession to hit America was in December 2009 and lasted approximately 18 months. The article also states that consumers of countries which experience negative growth in two consecutive years will change their spending habits. Consumers follow the media, if the media defines the country as being in a state of recession; the consumer will adjust their spending habits further more hurting the economy. A declining GDP can have significantly negative effects on the unemployment rate and consumer price index or CPI. If this decline continues America could be facing another recession in 2014. II. Relation to Economic Concepts The article ties in to many economic concepts. First, it describes Real GDP and how it is used to measure the status of America’s economy. The article also mentions the effects of unemployment on the economy. The unemployment rate should be around 4-6%. There is a connection between declining GDP and rising unemployment. This connection can be described by Okun’s Law, which states that for every 1%...
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...(Hawkins, 2010). The culture of the Chinese has a strong tradition of consuming tea, as it is still the number one beverage in China which the Chinese have enjoyed tea for millennia (Hawkins, 2010). The first topic that will be discussed is to determine and discuss barriers facing Starbucks as they try to teach people to change their consumption habits from tea and instant coffee. Recommendations will also be made to help Starbucks successfully encourage greater coffee consumption. Next an advertising campaign will be constructed that would not only encourage greater coffee consumption in general, but also increase the demand for Starbucks; while identifying key themes, i.e. copy, points, and visuals. I will then develop a marketing strategy for taking Starbucks into smaller Chinese cities and communities; while outlining the barriers and determining if they have a chance to be successful. Lastly, a demographic will be outlined with the cultural and media factors that make India more attractive for Starbucks than it was 10 years ago. Determine and discuss the barriers facing Starbucks as they try to teach people to change their consumption habits from tea and instant coffee. Though China represents great opportunities because of its big population and impending growth, coffee is never of Chinese traditions. Starbucks faces a big obstacle: Most of China's 1.3 billion people (Hawkins, 2010) don't care for the chain's signature product. Coffee is so unpopular in China's tea-drinking...
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...Eating habits have changed drastically and rapidly over the years. Today, the number of overweight or obese children and adults in the population has increased while the numbers of lifestyle-related deaths have also increased. As Webb and Whitney (2008) argue, consumers today value convenience so highly that they are willing to spend over half of their food budget on meals that require little or no preparation. They regularly eat out, bring home ready-to-eat meals, or have food delivered. This trend is mainly influenced by the media which promotes such behaviors through commercials and popular programs and movies. The media is a major source of information and misinformation on nutritional sources. The media through advertising promotes unhealthy foods rich in sugars, fat, salt as the ideal food choices. According to Fettling, members of the public are regularly bombarded by messages about food in all forms of media: television, the internet, radio, newspapers, and magazines. Many of these messages revolve around food manufacturers marketing their products in the hope that the public will buy them. The manufacturers use very clever techniques such as jingles and claims about a food’s special properties. Manufacturers spend a lot of money on advertising because it is a very effective influence on the food choices of viewers (Fettling 2005, 36). The effect of this advertising is very damaging on children and teenagers. This is firstly because children to do not understand...
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...Bad habits include various aspects that vary from tobacco consumption to mental violence. According to the World Health Organization (2002), “A survey a few years ago found that nearly 80% of American advertising executives from top agencies believed cigarette advertising does make smoking more appealing or socially acceptable to children” (p. 1). Children start by seeing smoking as a socially accepted habit in the short run, which evolves over time into cigarette smoking addiction. Tobacco advertisers want to ensure long-term and loyal customers in order to increase their revenue; accordingly, they pursue young children using different techniques for tobacco consumption since they lack knowledge, awareness, and maturity to develop rational thoughts and actions. Tobacco advertisers use a method called classical conditioning, in which they lead children to relate a specific object such as a character to feelings and emotions in their advertisements. For example, Liu (as cited in Hull, 2004) argues that the Marlboro Man that appears in a tobacco commercial can influence young boys...
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...all sectors of the health department. The government should prioritize these sectors, for example: FDA, disease control, and many more. Concerns have been raised concerning smoking, drinking and eating habits as they are the main causes of death in the world today. Diseases related to unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking, poor diet, and GMO’s are rampant in developed countries. While, trying to unearth the truth about unhealthy habits, the ideal posed in this paper has most health professionals and government officers have been struggling to answer. It is morally correct to have the government regulate personal choices on the above raised problems. As mentioned early, mortality rate caused by unhealthy habits is staggering. The leading causes of these deaths obesity and diseases like diabetes, coronary heart failure, and respiratory diseases caused mainly by unhealthy diet, smoking, and drinking (DA and DHHS, 20). Governments are reluctant to regulate personal choices on what one can eat, drink, and smoke. However, there is massive campaign to ensure that people know the health risk related with these habits. Also, it will be illegal if any food brands don’t have the nutritional facts on their products. Food is part and parcel of our daily life, but unhealthy eating habit lead to some hazardous diseases. Therefore, it’s advisable that everybody should know what he/she is eating. For example, junk food with high amount of sugar, salt, and cholesterol are dangerous to our...
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...changes in consumption pattern. At first we will explain the changes of men’s consumption patterns, in a second time we will talk about the changes of consumption habits in women, in a third part we will see how these changes influenced retailers, and finally we will conclude. With the modernization, and the development of new technologies, we can see a change in men’s consumption behaviors. Indeed the gender stereotypes have faded; cosmetics are no longer reserved to women, the choice of the car is no longer reserved to men…With the growth of challengers, the increase of e-commerce, retailers couldn’t sell their goods like in the past with one product for everyone without take into account Culture, gender, age... and they have to developed new strategies like retail market segments, business intelligent tools to respond to these changes. Nowadays “more and more men are in the market for grooming and personal care products”. “Men’s grooming represents a $35 billion global industry in America” (source: FIT NYC). Indeed the attitudes and mindset of the American male have evolved. “Today three out of four men agree that men and women don’t need to conform to traditional roles and behaviors anymore” (source: FIT NYC). Nowadays women work as much as men, the household is become neutral and it’s become common to share responsibilities. “Men take more grocery shopping tasks” This change of the gender stereotype is not the only factor that made this change of men consumption. Indeed...
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