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Meet the Brics

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1. Map the likely evolution of BRICs. What indicators might companies monitor to guide their investments and actions?

BRICs란 2003년 미국의 증권회사인 골드먼삭스그룹 보고서에서 처음 등장한 용어로, 브라질(Brazil) · 러시아(Russia) · 인도(India) · 중국(China) 4국의 영문 머리 글자를 딴 것이다. 이들 나라는 1990년대 말부터 빠른 성장을 보이며 신흥경제국으로 주목받기 시작하였는데, 현재의 경제 성장 속도와 앞으로의 발전 가능성을 미루어 보았을 때 4개국의 성장 가능성이 가장 크다는 뜻에서 하나의 경제권으로 묶여진 개념이다.

BRICs 4개국은 공통적으로 거대한 영토와 인구, 풍부한 지하자원 등 경제대국으로 성장할 수 있는 요인을 갖추고 있다. 4개국을 합치면 세계 인구의 40%가 훨씬 넘는 27억 명(중국 13억, 인도 11억, 브라질 1억 7000만, 러시아 1억 5000만)이나 된다. 따라서 막대한 내수시장이 형성될 수 있고, 노동력 역시 막강하다. 더불어, 지난 2000년 이후 이들 국가는 정치, 사회의 안정을 바탕으로 지속적으로 고성장세를 유지하고 있기 때문에, 골드먼삭스를 비롯한 국제전문기관에서는 BRICs 국가들이 미래에 세계 최대의 경제대국이 될 것이라 예상하고 있다.

이처럼 BRICs 국가들은 현재 가장 매력적인 시장으로써 경영자들의 이목을 끌고 있다. 하지만 그렇다고 해서 이 국가들에 무작정 진출해서는 안 될 일이다. 즉, 경영자들은 진출 이전, 이 국가들에 대한 여러 가지 요소들을 잘 파악해야 한다.

먼저 그들이 살펴봐야 할 것에는, GNI, GDP, Purchasing Power Parity, 부채, 소득분배, 인플레이션 등의 경제적 요소들이 있다. BRICs 국가들이 엄청난 경제 성장률을 보이고 있음에도 불구하고, 여전히 이 나라들에는 극빈곤층과 빈곤층이 대다수이며, 1인당 소득도 아직은 미국, 일본 등의 나라에 한참 뒤쳐진다. 따라서 단지 경제 성장률만 봐서는 안 되며, 여러 가지 다양한 요소들을 모두 고려한 후 진출을 결정해야 할 것이다. 더불어 그들은 정치, 문화, 사회적 요소들도 살펴보아야 한다. 사실, 이 나라들 중 대부분의 나라들은 최근에 와서야 민주주의를 채택한 나라들이며, 아직까지도 국가 내엔 사회주의와 공산주의 시스템이 남아있다. 게다가, 여전히 사회 기반 시설도 부족하며, 치안 문제도 존재한다. 즉, 여전히 이 국가들에는 정치적, 사회적 문제가 내재되어 있고, 이 문제들이 언제 기업에 영향을 미칠지 모르므로 경영자들은 이러한 위험들도 모두 고려하여야 한다.

2. What are the implications of the emergence of the BRICs for careers and companies in your country?

1993년부터 2007년까지 중국은 해마다 평균 10.5%의 성장률을 기록했다. 세계 GDP에서 중국의 상품수출이 차지하는 비율은 1990년대 중반 16%에서, 2008년 27%로 뛰어올랐다. 중국 제조업이 성장하면서, 러시아와 브라질 등 원자재가 풍부한 나라들도 덩달아 호황을 맞았다. 이처럼 BRICs는 앞서 말했듯이 거대한 영토와 인구, 풍부한 천연자원을 가지고 있는 것에 더불어 엄청난 경제 성장률도 보인 나라들이다.

그러나 이에 반해 우리나라는 영토도 작고 인구도 적으며, 자원도 없다. 때문에, 우리나라의 삼성, 포스코, 현대·기아차 등의 여러 기업들이 이 나라들에 진출하여 우리나라에서 얻을 수 없는 이점들을 누리고 있다. 특히, 현대·기아차의 경우 올해 9월까지 BRICs 시장에서 전년 같은 기간 대비 7.1% 증가한 203만 4568대의 자동차를 판매하여 역대 최다 판매량을 기록하면서, 다른 어떤 기업들보다도 큰 효과를 누리고 있다.

기획재정부에 따르면 한국의 총 교역에서 BRICs 국가가 차지하는 비중은 지난 2001년 15.0%에서 2010년 31.2%로 두 배 이상 증가했다. 그리고 현재 2014년 기준, BRICs 국가가 한국 수출에서 차지하는 비중은 31.8%다.

이처럼 넓은 영토와 그에 비례하는 많은 자원 · 인구 수, 더불어 저렴한 인건비와 생산비 때문에 많은 기업들이 BRICs를 기회의 땅으로 보고 있으며, 이 나라들과 교역하거나, 나아가 이 나라들에 진출까지 하고 있다. 하지만 이 때문에 우리나라 노동시장은 매우 큰 스트레스를 받고 있다. 국내 기업이 이들 나라에 진출함에 따라 우리나라 일자리 수는 점차 감소하고 있고, 실업률도 같이 상승하고 있기 때문이다.

이처럼 BRICs의 등장과 발전은 우리나라에 긍정적인 영향을 주기도 하지만 부정적인 영향도 준다. 그렇지만 이 부정적인 영향 때문에 BRICs 국가로의 진출을 막을 수는 없으므로, 기업들은 교역과 진출에 앞서 그 환경들을 잘 고려해야 하며, 전략 또한 잘 짜야 할 것이다.

3. Do you think recency bias has led to overestimating the potential of the BRICs? How would you, as a manager for a company assessing these markets, try to control this bias?

BRICs 국가들이 성장을 보였고 잠재력을 가지고 있는 것은 사실이지만 여전히 불확실성은 존재한다. 현재까지의 추세가 계속해서 이어질 것이란 보장이 없기 때문이다. 그들의 고도 성장률도 언젠가는 주춤할 것이고, 언제 터질지 모르는 돌발변수도 곧 나타날 것이다. 사실 BRICs 국가들의 경제에선 이미 여러 가지 문제가 보여지고 있다. 브라질의 경우, 권력교체가 이뤄지면서 시장경제 체제를 받아들일 것이 기대되었지만, 지우마 호세프 대통령이 연임을 하게 됨에 따라 경제상황이 악화되고 있다. 금융시장은 주가가 연중 최저치로 하락하고, 국채금리와 환율은 크게 치솟는 등 요동치고 있다. 더불어 올해 헤알화 가치는 9년 만에 최저 수준으로 떨어졌다. 중국의 경우, 고도성장이 끝나는 징후를 극명하게 드러내고 있다. 올 3분기 경제성장률은 2009년 1분기(6.6%) 후 가장 낮은 7.3%에 그쳤으며, 국가채무는 급증세다. 2008년까지만 해도 3785억달러였던 국가부채는 매년 1000억달러 이상 증가해 2012년엔 7540억달러를 기록했다. 중국발 경제충격이 가시권에 들어온 것이다. 러시아 역시 경제성장률은 2012년 3.44% 이후 지난해엔 1.32%로 떨어졌고 올해는 0.24%로 추락할 것으로 예상된다.

이처럼 BRICs 국가들은 가능성도 높지만 잠재적인 위험도 매우 높다. 더불어 현재 저렴한 노동비와 생산비도 언젠가는 시들해질 것이다. 따라서, 내가 경영자라면 이 모든 위험들을 모두 파악하고 분석한 후 이들 국가에 진출할 것이다. 단지 현재까지 보여진 성장률과 가능성에 안주하여 진출할 것이 아니라, 부채, 빈부격차, 세계 경제 상황, 정치적 위험 등의 다방면에서 보이는 위험성을 분석하여 예기치 못했던 돌발 변수에도 대처할 수 있도록 할 것이다.

4. How might managers interpret the potential for their product in a market that is, in absolute economic terms, large but, on a per capita basis, characterized by a majority of poor to very poor consumers?

BRICs 국가들은 현재까지 엄청난 경제 성장률을 자랑했다. 때문에 이러한 성과와 잠재력을 바탕으로 골드먼삭스를 비롯한 국제기관들에서는, BRICs 국가들의 국내총생산(GDP)이 2025년, 미국, 일본, 독일, 프랑스, 영국, 이탈리아 등 현재 최고의 경제력을 자랑하는 나라들의 경제규모의 50%에 이를 것이라 전망하였다. 그러나, 이러한 엄청난 성장률에도 불구하고 이들 나라는 불평등한 소득분배, 극심한 빈부격차, 낮은 1인당 소득에 직면하고 있다. 클로징 케이스에 따르면, 2025년까지 미국과 같은 현재의 부자 나라에선 10억 이상의 사람들이 35,000달러의 1인당 소득을 가지지만, BRICs 국가들에선 단지 30억 중 2~4퍼센트의 사람들만이 이 수치와 같은 1인당 소득을 가질 것이라 한다. 더불어, 2050년에는 미국의 1인당 국민소득은 80,000달러 정도가 될 것으로 예상되지만, 중국은 단지 31,000달러를 조금 넘을 것이고, 브라질은 26,600달러, 인도는 17,400달러쯤으로만 예상되고 있다. 즉, 결과적으로 1인당 국민소득(GNI)을 측정해 보면 BRICs는 더 이상 부유한 나라로 여겨지지 않는다.

때문에 경영자들은 이러한 요소들도 그냥 넘겨서는 안 된다. 경영자들은 그 나라들의 경제 성장률 뿐만 아니라 1인당 소득, 소득분배, 빈부격차 등도 역시나 고려하여야 한다. 만약 그들의 극심한 빈부격차와 빈곤층들의 문제가 계속된다면 이 나라들의 경제력이 더욱 더 향상되는 데에는 한계가 있을 것이다.

5. In the event that the BRICs fail to meet projected performance, what would be some of the implications for international business?

사실, 이미 BRICs 국가들의 경제 성장률은 주춤하고 있으며, 이는 세계 경제 전체에 영향을 주고 있다. 지난 10년간 미국과 일본, 유럽연합 경기가 침체돼도 세계 경제가 굴러갈 수 있었던 것은 BRICs 국가들의 선전 덕분이었다. 그러나 최근 들어 BRICs의 성장률은 반토막이 되었고, 국내총생산(GDP) 증가 속도도 둔화되면서 세계 경제 역시 성장 동력을 잃을 위기에 놓이게 된 것이다.

BRICs 국가들은 각자 문제에 처해 있다. 러시아는 서양과의 금방이라도 터질 것 같은 긴장과 법치를 존중하는 정치적 · 법적 기반의 부재라는 문제가 있다. 또한, 소수 독재 정치 정부와 흔들리는 사회 기반은 성장 예측에 의문을 품게 한다. 브라질 역시 경제 잠재력은 수십 년 간 예측되어 왔지만, 소득 불평등, 생산성, 교육의 문제로 이 예측을 달성하는 데에는 고군분투 하고 있다. 인도는 경제적 압력, 정치적 변혁 외에도 사회 기반 시설 부족 문제와 수억 명의 극빈곤층 문제가 있으며, 중국은 경제적 지속 가능성, 시민의 권리, 정치적 문제 외에도 고령화의 가속화와 같은 문제도 지닌다.

이처럼 BRICs 국가들의 성과 예측 달성을 어렵게 하는 이 문제들은 국제 경영에도 영향을 줄 것이다. 따라서 이러한 문제를 지닌 국가들에 진출한 기업들은 실제로 큰 문제를 직면하게 되더라도 그 문제에 대처할 수 있도록 준비를 해놓아야 한다. 더불어 BRICs 국가들에만 집중하지 않아야 하며, 다른 동남아 국가들이나 중남미 국가들 등의 차후 BRICs를 대체할 국가를 찾는 데에도 신경을 써야 한다. 예를 들어, BRICs라는 용어를 처음으로 탄생시킨 짐 오닐은 이제는 민트에 주목해야 한다고 말했는데, 이 민트는 멕시코, 인도네시아, 나이지리아, 터키를 일컫는 용어이다. 그는 “민트 국가의 경제 규모는 아직 BRICs 국가에 비해 작은 편이지만 향후 잠재력을 감안하면 결코 무시할 수준은 아니다”라고 말하기도 했는데, 기업들은 이처럼 풍부한 인구, 경제성장에 유리한 인구구조, 교역에 유리한 지리적 이점, 풍부한 자원 등을 가진 이 나라들에도 주의를 기울여야 할 것이다.

6. Compare and contrast the merits of GNI per capita versus the idea of purchasing power parity, human development, and green economics as indicators of economic potential in Brazil, Russia, China, and India.

GNI는 한 나라의 국민이 일정 기간 생산 활동에 참여한 대가로 벌어들인 소득의 합계로서, 한 나라의 경제적 활동을 가장 광범위하게 측정하는 지표이다. GNI는 경제의 절대적인 성과를 측정할 때 사용되는데, 때로 경영자들이 GNI를 통해 국가들을 비교할 때 잘못된 판단을 하게 될 때가 있다. 예를 들어, 미국, 일본, 독일 등은 GNI로 순위를 매겼을 때 당연히 상위권을 차지하겠지만, 더 생산적이거나 더 성장률이 높지는 않다. 따라서 경영자들은 경제 성장률, 인구수, 구매력에 따라 GNI를 조정한 후, 활용하여야 한다.

구매력 평가는 똑같은 물건을 사는데 각 나라에서 얼마만큼의 돈이 드는지를 측정한 지표이며, 인간개발지수(HDI)는 ‘발전한 삶의 정도가 경제성과도 높일 것이다’라는 주장에서 실제구매력, 교육, 건강, 수명, 지식 등을 평가한 지표이다. 그리고, 녹색 경제란 현재의 선택이 장기 지속성에 끼칠 영향의 관점에서 경제성과를 측정한 지표로, 환경적 위험을 줄이면서 인간의 삶의 질을 높이고 소득 불평등을 극복하기를 주장한다. 이처럼 이들 세 가지 지표는 그 나라의 생활수준을 측정하는 주관적 지표들로, 앞서 말한 GNI와 함께 어떤 나라의 잠재력과 성과를 측정하는데 활용되는 지표들이다. 따라서, 경영자들은 이 모든 지표들을 활용하고, 종합적으로 판단하여야 하며, 이 지표들은 BRICs 국가들을 분석하는 데에 큰 도움이 될 것이다.

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