...Distributed Memory Management: Design Issues and Future Trends Ehab S. Al-Shaer College of Computer Science Northeastern University Boston, MA 02115 March 19, 1993 ABSTRACT In recent times the shared memory paradigm has received considerable attention in the realm of distributed systems. Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) is the abstraction for supporting the notion of shared memory in a physically non-shared (distributed) architecture. Issues to be addressed in the design and implementation of DSM include maintaining the consistency of the shared data across the network without incurring high overhead and integrating the DSM mechanisms with the local memory management. The consistency model provided by a given DSM implementation attempts to balance performance and ease of programming: while DSM provides the abstraction of shared memory, it is not true shared memory - both from the point of view of the semantics and the cost of shared memory access. The focus of this paper is to identify the issues involved in the design of DSM systems, briefly highlight the mechanisms in use by some current DSM implementations and propose some new DSM models for future distributed systems. I INTRODUCTION As computers become cheaper, there is increasing interest in using multiple CPUs to speed up individual applications. There are basically two design approaches to achieve this goal of high performance at low cost: multiprocessors and multicomputers. Multiprocessors contain...
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...Thesis Statement Example 1 In this example of thesis statement, the emphasis of the study is to find a correlation, either positive or negative, between Mozart’s music and short term memory. This is an example of a research paper with data observation and analysis. The observations were recorded by running ANOVA and Post Hoc tests to compute values for the variables. The goal was to find a positive correlation between the two variables. For that a hypothesis was tested that was proven to be negative. Alternatively, this proved the scientific validation of the null hypothesis i.e. “positive correlation exists between short term memory and listening to Mozart’s music.” The actual thesis statement is both precise and straight to the point yet some explanation has been given to elaborate the details of the study. Thesis Subject: The Effect of Mozart’s Music on Short Term Memory Sample Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is created from the essential question i.e. “is there any presence of a positive cause and effect relationship on the memory status of the students who listen to Mozart’s music, as it is propagated in the theory of Mozart’s effect”. The hypothesis tested for this study is, “Listening to Mozart’s music has no effect on human memory”. Thesis Statement Example 2 This is an example of a research essay thesis statement. While writing a thesis statement for a research essay you have to strictly take a for or against approach and then justify your argument. For...
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...* The nature of perception (272) * Information processing * perception * exposure * attention * interpretation * memory * perceptual defense (273) * Exposure (273) * Selective exposure (273) * Ad avoidance (274) * Zipping * zapping * muting * Product placement (274) * Living in a DVR world (275) * Still frame ads * hybrid ads * interactive ads * dynamic ad placement * voluntary exposure (276) * informercials * involuntary * voluntary * permission based * mobile marketing * Attention (277) * Stimulus factors (278) * size (279) * slotting allowances * intensity * intrusiveness * repitition * attention reallocation (280) * attractive visuals * color and movement * position (281) * isolation (282) * format * contrast and expectations * adaptation level theory (283) * interestingness * information quantity (284) * information overload * individual factors (284) * motivation * product involvement * behavioral targeting * smart banners * ability * brand familiarity * situational factors (285) * clutter * program involvement * nonfocused attention * hemisphereic...
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...reactions can lead to undue distress and be manifested in psychological disorders such post-traumatic stress disorder as well as anxiety disorders. One source of unwanted emotional reactions is memories of stressful or traumatic events. Past research has found that highly emotional memories can be difficult to forget, and can be frequently brought into conscious awareness without volition. Traumatic memories may well be remembered due to unique organizational and structural features in memory. Whether such memories lack proper coherence and organization, or whether they are overly integrated into the life story, stressful memories appear to differ from everyday memories their structure and organizational features. As a result, once a stressful experience has ended, the experience can continue to affect an individual through his or her memory of the event. In spite of the ongoing controversy surrounding how the organizational aspects of stressful and traumatic events differ from those of non-traumatic memories; most researchers agree that emotion is a central aspect of traumatic events. Many factors influence which moments from our past are remembered best, and the affect experienced during an event is an important contributor. “Flashbulb memories” which are events of emotional significance are more likely to be recalled vividly than mundane experiences, and neurobiological research has confirmed...
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...effective. Most companies assemble a team when trying to develop a software program. This team can include people from departments such as “marketing, engineering, and manufacturing to get different perspective” (G. Anderson, D. Ferro, and R. Hilton 2013). Some teams even include psychology majors in order to get perspectives on human behavior and human memory. Developing a sound software program is very important in order for it to be successful. It has to be not only technically sound and reliable, but it also must be visually appealing to the consumer and work hand in hand with that person’s memory storage. A person has three types of memory, sensory storage, short term memory and long term memory. “Sensory storage works as a buffer to store all the sensory information coming in” (G. Anderson, D. Ferro, and R. Hilton 2013). Sensory storage has the ability to take in tons of information, however it is not stored very long. “However, if you pay any attention to the information, it’s moved into the higher memory functions. This is how you process movies, for example” (G. Anderson, D. Ferro, and R. Hilton 2013). Short term memory...
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...students from year book through name recall or photo recognition | It is weaker as you get older but also depending on the way of recall e.g. name or photo etc. | The study shows evidence of VLTMs in a real life setting. Recognition is better recall; so there may be a huge store of info. It’s not always easy to access but you may require help to get to it | * High ecological validity – field experiment * Hard to control all variables – less reliable * This type of info may be rehearsed. * Cannot generalise to all types of LTM | Jacobs1887 | Capacity of STM | Pps were given a string of letters to be repeated in same order | Average of 9 letters and 7 letters | Concluded that STM stores 5-9 items. This increased with age maybe due to memory capacity or chunking. | * Some digits may be easier to recall * Lacks ecological validity – not done in real life. And not meaningful info...
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...Memory experiment In my research experiment, I will be finding out which gender has the better short term memory recall. I have conducted a Literature Review so that I can review the past experiments on memory. Literature Review The first experiment that I read about was conducted by Liz B, and was conducted from 2004-5. Her hypothesis was that gender had an effect on short term recall. This made it non-directional, since she wasn't sure how gender effected memory, or if it was a positive or negative effect. The Independent Variable was the quiz sheets that were given out and the Dependant Variable was the number of words the students got correct. The results of the experiment was that girls received a better score than boys, however because the difference between the results was so small - with the girls' average at 43% correct and boys at 40% - that Liz felt gender had no effect on short term memory recall. The second experiment was conducted by Danah Henriksen. Henriksen's experiment was conducted to test the memory of an individual. Henriksen’s Independent Variable is the list of words that Henriksen asked the participant to remember, and the Dependant Variable is the short term memory of the participant. Henriksen felt that the participant that he conducted the experiment on was fifty-six year old male 'who seemed motivated to score well, possibly in the hope of combating a reputation for age-related memory loss'. This means that the results are unreliable...
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...philosophers and scientists with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their contribution. ______ Aristotle (______) 320 b.c. A. British philosopher, empiricist ______ Darwin (______) 360 b.c. B. Greek philosopher, nativist ______ Descartes (______) 1600 C. British biologist ______ Helmholz (______) 1700 D. German physiologist ______ Locke (______) 1830 E. French philosopher, nativist, and dualist ______ Plato (______) 1860 F. Greek philosopher, empiricist Pioneers of Psychology Match each of the pioneers of psychology with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their main contribution. ______ Calkins (______) 1879 A. Studied memory ______ Ebbinghaus (______) 1882 B. First psychotherapy ______ Freud (______) 1885 C. First lab in USA ______ Hall (______) 1888 D. Used introspection ______ James (______) 1890 E. First comprehensive textbook ______ Titchener (______) 1895 F. First psychology laboratory ______ Wundt (______) 1900 G. First woman president of APA Twentieth Century Psychology Match each of the key contributors with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their main contribution. ______ Chomsky (______) 1905 A. Studied learning in cats ______ Maslow (______) 1910 B. First woman...
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...of the article is “Brief Sleep After Learning Keeps Emotional Memories Alive for Years” which predicts a causal claim. I believe the researchers are making a causal claim because the title does not use verb phrases that are linked with association claims such as prefers, predict, or tied to. The title also does not use descriptive statistics to describe one variable, which would lead to a frequency claim. The title also infers the use two variables where one is a manipulated independent variable. 2. What hypothesis or hypotheses did the study attempt to test? The study attempted to test the effect of brief sleep or lack of sleep after learning new material and its’ affect on how well emotional memories are remembered. 3. What was/were the primary independent variable(s) of the study? The primary independent variable was the amount of sleep the participants received. 4. How was/were the independent variable(s) operationalized? The independent variable was operationalized in two levels where one level was a 3-hour interval of wakefulness and the other was a 3-hour interval of sleep after learning. Sleep was measured and monitored...
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...DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE STUDY HABITS Mayland Community College S.O.A.R. Program Revised April 2002 GET THE STUDY HABIT Did you ever stop to wonder what sets apart the really successful students from the average ones? Why do some students who appear to study all the time just get by, while others who don’t appear to put in as much time and effort do well? Is it all related to IQ and genetics or are some other factors involved? The truth is that success in school is not so much determined by sheer intelligence as knowing how to study. Studying is a skill. Being successful in school requires a high level of study skills. Students must first learn these skills, practice them and develop effective study habits in order to be successful. Very often the study habits and practices developed and used in high school do not work for students in college. Good study habits include many different skills: time management, selfdiscipline, concentration, memorization, organization, and effort. Desire to succeed is important, too. In this module you will discover your areas of strength and identify your weaknesses pertaining to studying. You will learn about your preferred learning channel, tips to organize your studies, and ways to help you remember what you study. The skills you will learn about in this module can be applied in other areas of your life as well: your job, your career, or any activity that requires thought, planning, information processing, and selfdiscipline. You’ll find...
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...DRINKING HAVE ON PROSPECTIVE MEMORY? SARAH HILL P4042678 Dr Janice Bartholomew Abstract This study aims to examine and investigate what effects alcohol binge drinking and non-binge drinking has on prospective memory. Introduction One of the most widely used drugs in the world is the alcohol. It has been shown to play a detrimental role within society and on an individuals health. According to the NHS, excessive alcohol use can increase the risk of having a heart attack and also cause health problems related to the liver, fertility and high blood pressure (NHS, 2014). Excessive alcohol use can also have an impact on mental health and abusing alcohol can cause psychological traits such as impulsiveness and low self-esteem (‘Understanding alcohol use disorders and their treatment’, n.d.). In 2002 as study was conducted to measure memory deficits of chronic alcohol use and the results make clear that chronic heavy alcohol users outline more impairments within prospective memory (Heffernan, 2002). Prospective memory (PM) is “the cognitive function we use for formulating plans and promises, for retaining them, and for re-collecting them subsequently either at the right time or on the occurrence of appropriate cues” (Graf, 2012, pp. 7-8). Memories such as realising that you need to take medicine before bedtime or remembering to pick up a birthday present for a loved one. It's important to fundamentally understand the context of what prospective memory is and its ubiquity demands...
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...CONTENT Exercise 1. 2 Exercise 2. 5 Exercise 3. 8 Exercise 4. 11 Exercise 5. 15 Exercise 6. 18 Exercise 7. 21 Exercise 8. 25 Exercise 9. 28 Exercise 10. 31 Exercise 11. 34 Exercise 12. 37 Exercise 13. 40 Exercise 14. 43 Exercise 15. 46 Exercise 16. 49 Exercise 17. 53 Exercise 18. 57 Exercise 19. 61 Exercise 20. 65 Exercise 21. 68 Exercise 22. 72 Exercise 23. 76 Exercise 24. 80 说明: 题目来源: Exercise 1-24:所有题目都来自官方真题 其中: Exercise 1-14:我们将OG和PP2中的题目编排为前14个Exercise, 每个Exercise都是按照GRE考试中阅读部分的出题习惯编排,即每个Exercise 10个题目,形式为(1长+2短+1逻辑 or 4短+1逻辑)。 Exercise 15-24:我们将近年来考试中出现的文章和老GRE中极为接近现行出题风格的文章编排为后10个Exercise,每个Exercise 13个题目左右,形式为(1长+1短+2逻辑)。 练习方法: 建议大家第一遍做能够限时练习,按照考试的要求每个Exercise的大致难度和应该用的时间都标在了前面。没做完6个exercise可以做一个回顾总结,将文章反复做一遍,总结单词,长难句,文章的出题规律,句子之间的关系。 答案显示方法: 如果你打印出来练习:参考答案见P 页 如果你在电脑上练习:windows 系统:Ctrl+Shift+8;Mac系统:Command+8 Exercise 1. 20min While most scholarship on women’s employment in the United States recognizes that the Second World War (1939–1945) dramatically changed the role of women in the workforce, these studies also acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women’s employment did not end with the war. Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years...
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...1 The Effect of Prediction on Depth of Encoding Student X name University of New South Wales 2 Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prediction on depth of encoding. Participants (N=136) were given sentence stems and instructed to think of a word to finish the sentence. The full sentence was then completed with either a predictive or a nonpredictive word, and a recognition test given to see how well each word was retained in memory. Out of the three hypotheses, the results supported stronger encoding of predictive words over non-predictive words or the prediction itself. It was suggested this could be due to predictive words forming a more elaborate memory trace, which then integrated better with existing mental categories. 3 The Effect of Prediction on Depth of Encoding When reading a sentence, the mind can form a prediction about which word should come next. Yet it is not clear how this prediction affects the encoding of the actual word that completes the sentence. A word that fulfils the prediction could be better encoded than one that violates it, simply because it forms a smoother fit, or because the mind was already prepared for it. Alternatively, the violation itself might create a stronger impact, leading to better encoding. A third possibility also exists: that the prediction overwrites the encoding of the actual word, regardless of its congruency. One of the most enduring theories of encoding is the levels of processing framework...
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...The article being analyzed in the following paper can be found under the title of “Unblocking memory through directed forgetting” by Rebecca H. Koppel and Benjamin C. Storm . This article relates to the topic of memory, more specifically, to aspects of memory acquisition and forgetting which will be mentioned in detail later. The purpose of the research done in this article was to observe how list-method directed forgetting affects memory blocking (Koppel and Storm, 2012). Something similar to this concept of memory blocking was covered in a class lecture and in the textbook, the idea of interference, where the recalling of new or old information can be hindered by the presence of other similar information (Hockenbury and Hockenbury, Bhadha,...
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...Sparsity: % of neurons fire in response to a stimulus How many objects a neuron respond: sparsity times total objects ANN: weight, more input more output : algorithm and representational Input times weight Not threshold to fire Turing test: computational Visual fields: left visual field: nasal left eye, temporal right eye, right hemisphere Right visual field: nasal right eye, temporal left eye Color blindness: missing cones; common: no L or M cone Cones not function at night One class of rods, see in the night Opponent processing: Red/green: (L-M): differences between those 2 cones/ if miss L, then can’t tell red from green Blue/yellow: (s-s+m/2) Explicit: conscious Episodic/semantic Implicit: skill memory LTP: stronger synaptic connection Long term: grow more receptors on post synapse anatomical Short term: amount of neurons Turing machine Single vs double dissociation Single: one manipulation Double: two manipulations Visual angle Grandmother cell a lot of cells respond for Halle Berry Do not respond only to Halle Berry Math: impossibly large number of neurons Only 100 images do not necessarily show that those cells only respond to one concept Size constancy: If no depth cue/ with out size constancy; then same visual angle same proximal size and same perceived size. s Alternative: different difficulties of those 2 tasks Mediate by separate part of brain regions Color constancy Binding: different...
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