...The first experiment I found was a researcher named Amy Kraft. She conducted an experiment where two groups of twenty people listened to a thirty minute recording of number sequences. After listening, the participants were asked to remember the sequence. The group that chewed gum had a higher accuracy rate and faster reaction time that the non gum chewers. Those chewing gum also maintained focus longer. The study is in the Journal of Psychology- and contradicts a 2012 study that found gum chewing decreased short-term memory performance. The researchers also said that gum increases the flow of oxygen to regions of the brain responsible for attention. More oxygen can keep people alert and improve their reflexes. Researchers also show that...
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...Ordinary people can do terrible things when told to by somebody in authority. Discuss. This essay will discuss obedience in authority, considering why people can do terrible things when instructed to by someone of a higher standing. It will first discuss social psychological explanations into obedience, outlining and evaluating agency theory and legitimate authority. It will then go onto evaluate the contrasting research of Milgram and Hofling’s studies into obedience, also looking at other similar studies. The third section will discuss and analyse the ethical issues into social psychological research referring to the specific issues contained in the studies of the previously mentioned psychologists. A conclusion will sum up the entirety...
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...2/11/2016 School name: Seedling IB World SchoolSession: 2015-16 | Piyush Tejwani | TOK Essay | “In gaining knowledge, each area of knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing.” Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge. | 11 FEB, 2016 IB Theory of Knowledge “In gaining knowledge, each area of knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing.” Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge. Knowledge is the basis of living in our generation, knowledge can be anything like if we know what type of combination in clothes we should wear, or what type of food we should eat and even if you know how to propose a girl or a boy then that can be known as knowledge too. But where the focus goes on is the place where the knowledge comes from, it can be taken as an important question while pointing at the ways of knowing. Ways of knowing are the origins from which we gain knowledge such as TV, newspaper, radio, books, internet, family, etc. These were some examples of ways of knowing with which we can relate our daily life. But as far as I studied the main points for ways of knowing are: * Emotion * Faith * Imagination * Intuition * Language * Memory * Reason * Sense perception Now we must know what the areas of knowledge in Theory of knowledge are. Actually it is the division of knowledge into different areas: * Mathematics...
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...How can the way in which we organise our thinking by using mental images, concepts and schemas help us improve our memory? There are many methods that can be used to improve our memory; in this essay we will look at the principles of mental images, concepts and schemas and how organising our thoughts can help improve our memory and our memory recall. In order to fully understand these principles, it is necessary to look at each method in turn, discuss the supporting evidence and evaluate how each can work in our favour. To gain a full insight; we need to also understand their restrictions and how each one can be subjective to the individual using it. The first way of improving memory is by using mental images, this can be used as a means to organise our thoughts by us creating iconic images in our heads (big, bold and colourful work best) and when amalgamated with semantic thought, these images provide an effective method of fixing the memory and providing better recall. This technique is often utilised when learning a new language and has been proven to be a successful way to remember basic vocabulary. An example defined by Spoors et al. 2011): imagery showing a bell being used as a bin can be used as a learning aid for the French word “poubelle” meaning “bin” as the illustration breaks down the unknown word into English counterparts which are then imagined as tangible objects – in this case a person lifting the lid off the bell shaped bin and exclaiming “pooh” at the...
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...Eyewitness Memory in Accuracy on Recall of 2nd Year Students of Daughters of Mary Immaculate School (DMI) Beginning from the conception until our present condition, we possess a certain characteristics which can only be found in ourselves. It is a unique way to see that everyone can speak in different way and act in different manner. We perceive different things in accordance with what our sensation sense. We can see, hear, smell, taste, and feel a stimulus and tend to bring that information in the brain for our own interpretation. After reaching it to the brain, the person produces reactions whether it is acceptable or not on particular setting. If it is unanimously acceptable to all, it doesn’t mean that we all have the same way of thinking or in a state of group mind. Every individual can still showcase another different facial expression after they come up to a decision. This is why individual differences are obviously seen to all individual. One of the basic parts of the body that can be the medium for accepting information towards our environment are eyes. It plays a vital role in encoding all perceived stimuli to our brain. From the part of the retina which is rods and cones, the information is relay to the ganglion cells and transmitted to the optic nerve until it reached to the occipital lobe. This is one part of the brain that responsible for the process of visual information. Stimulus that reached to the brain can either be remembered or not. Memory has the ability...
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...you know it, they guide the way you learn. They also change the way you retain information and perceive experiences internally ("Overview of Learning Styles," n.d). Individuals have pathways that are specific to them, when information enters those pathways the information is retaining in short-term memory. Repeated exposure and use, promote retention in long-term memory. ("What Makes Perceptual Styles a Different Way of Learning." n.d) According to VARK questionnaire, I am a multimodal learner, who learns with two or more ways of learning, in my case I learn with (ARK) aural, means by listening, reading/writing, and kinesthetic, means using my other senses like manipulating and experimenting. Even though I learn, in so many different ways, my preferred style is to read and write and I use the other strategies as the additional support for my enhanced learning experience, which sounds very true because I like to read books and do some research before I attend class. I take notes in points, record the lecture on the recorder so I can hear it again. In addition, I learn by discussing with people about my topics and assignment to get better understanding of it. I also learn with experiments like trying out a recipe to be able to remember and make changes accordingly. Having a detailed insight of my own learning styles and strategies that I have built upon since my childhood is a helpful tool in using my time and energy effectively. In comparing my preferred learning strategies and...
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...The effects of pictures and words on short-term memory recall. Abstract The aim of this research is to observe if there is a difference between the numbers of pictures and words recalled by the participants. Considering the findings of the results the participants are able to remember more objects accompanied with the pictures rather than if the objects accompanied as words. This research used 20 participants aged 16 years and above and the participants were divided into group A and group B. A list of 30 objects consists of fifteen words and fifteen pictures were given to the participants to review for two minutes and another two minutes were given to write down as many as they could remember. The mean, median and model numbers recalled pointed that the subjects were extremely good at remembering the pictures if objects accompanied with the pictures compare to if objects accompanied as words. The result used in analysing the difference between two sets of data has proved that there is a difference between subjects’ ability to remember more pictures compare to the amount words. For this reason, the hypothesis was accepted which can be concluded that there is a difference between pictures and numbers of words recalled by the participants. Introduction The major study of memory within psychology is known as cognitive psychology. Generally, the cognitive approach believes that information received from the senses (touch, taste, smell, sight) is developed by the brain...
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...In this essay I will be assessing the different psychological perspective to study. In order to do this will be looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the Behaviourist Perspective, Psychodynamic approach and the Cognitive Perspective Firstly the Behaviourist Perspective has a number of strengths including the fact that it can successfully be applied to classical and operant conditioning to its theories. Systematic desensitisation is based on classical conditioning to treat phobias. Another strength is that it uses scientific methods of research. This is particularly strength because the experiments are objective, measureable and observable. On the other hand this perspective comes with its weaknesses, including the approach focuses heavily on the nurture side of the nature/nurture debate. It suggests that all behaviour is learned but cognitive and biological elements have been proved to affect behaviour. The Behaviourist perspective also arises some ethical issues such as using animals in their experiments. This is because animals cannot give consent to take part and wasn’t able to withdraw. The psychodynamic approach strengths is that they focused on the effects of childhood experiences have on the developing personality. This is strength because Freud was the first psychologist to realise the importance of childhood. This led other psychologist including Piaget to develop theories on childhood. Another strength is that it takes nature and nurture into account. This...
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...ill around my birthday and was hospitalized on her birthday and died later that year. In this essay I will write about all the other significant events starting on January 14th, that happened on those same dates many, many years ago which include births, experiments, developments and discoveries. Starting the new year off, on January 14th 1847 Johannes, Orth was the founder of the Wurzburg School, which stressed difficult to understand, “imageless” nature of thought and conscious process. The basic thesis of the Wurzburg school consists in the postulation of the existence of special states of consciousness—“thoughts”—which cannot be reduced to the sensory content (Great Soviet encyclopedia, ed. A. M. Prokhorov (1979). Johannes Orth and his studies at the Wurzburg School were the initial starting point on the conscious process because Florence Rockwood Kluckholn born on January 14th 1905; believed that specific patterns of behavior can be that influenced by culture. Orth’s belief was that the thought of a conscious process; which is the relationship between the mind and the world within which it interacts intertwine with Florence idea in how someone’s behavior is influenced by culture. In 1982 and 1983 there were breaking developments on the Psychology scene; in 1982 Richard M. Schifrin started the publication the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory...
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...homeworkmarket.com/content/need-urgent-5173933-2 http://www.homeworkmarket.com/content/need-urgent-5173933-2 Essay 1 A group of researchers conducted an experiment to determine which vaccine is more effective for preventing getting the flu. They tested two different types of vaccines: a shot and a nasal spray. To test the effectiveness, 1000 participants were randomly selected with 500 people getting the shot and 500 the nasal spray. Of the 500 people were treated with the shot, 80 developed the flu and 420 did not. Of the people who were treated with the nasal spray, 120 people developed the flu and 380 did not. The level of significance was set at .05. The proportion of people who were treated with the shot who developed the flu = .16, and the proportion of the people who were treated with the nasal spray was .24. The calculated p value = .0008. For this essay, describe the statistical approaches (e.g., identify the hypotheses and research methods) used in this excerpt from a research study. Interpret the statistical results and examine the limitations of the statistical methods. Finally, evaluate the research study as a whole and apply what you have learned about hypothesis testing and inferential statistics by discussing how you might conduct a follow-up study. Your essay must address the following points: • Describe the research question for this experiment. o What were the null and alternative hypotheses? o Were the results of this test statistically significant? ...
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...Examine the reasons why some sociologists choose to use experiments when conducting research. Study the reason why sociologist prefer to use experimental methods when carrying out a research There are many different types of experiments that can be conducted by sociologist, in order to help with the research that they are planning to carry out or just to help further prove their hypothesis. There are three main experimental methods that sociologists may choose to carry out their research/study. These three experimental methods are: Natural, field and Comparative. Each of these experiments has their own advantages and disadvantages. These positive and negative factors can analysed by practical, ethical and theoretical limitations and strengths that can be considered. This essay will be looking at each of these in detail. But, firstly what is an experiment? An experiment is a way of investigation a cause and effect relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. The first type of experiment that sociologist may choose to use in their research is, laboratory experiment. Laboratory experiments are conducted in a control setting, (this means that IV (The independent variable) and DV (dependent variable) can be controlled and manipulated by the researcher). Participant are given instruction to carry out certain tasks, in a normally manner. From this, the researchers are able to observe behaviour and be able to see cause and affect relationship between variables...
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...Examine the reasons why some sociologists choose to use experiments when conducting research. Study the reason why sociologist prefer to use experimental methods when carrying out a research There are many different types of experiments that can be conducted by sociologist, in order to help with the research that they are planning to carry out or just to help further prove their hypothesis. There are three main experimental methods that sociologists may choose to carry out their research/study. These three experimental methods are: Natural, field and Comparative. Each of these experiments has their own advantages and disadvantages. These positive and negative factors can analysed by practical, ethical and theoretical limitations and strengths that can be considered. This essay will be looking at each of these in detail. But, firstly what is an experiment? An experiment is a way of investigation a cause and effect relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. The first type of experiment that sociologist may choose to use in their research is, laboratory experiment. Laboratory experiments are conducted in a control setting, (this means that IV (The independent variable) and DV (dependent variable) can be controlled and manipulated by the researcher). Participant are given instruction to carry out certain tasks, in a normally manner. From this, the researchers are able to observe behaviour and be able to see cause and affect relationship between variables...
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...The Use of Classical Conditioning in Advertising IT Carlow Consumer Insights Y3 12/10/2012 April Brophy Introduction Classical conditioning in advertising has been used by firms who sell products to get consumers to purchase from them instead of their competition. (CALVIN BIERLEY, 1985) This essay will briefly explain what classical conditioning is. It will examine the problems with experiments on classical conditioning in advertising and briefly look at two experiments which try to overcome these problems in testing classical conditioning in advertising. The first experiment will look at the effects of background features in advertising by Gerald J.Gorn. The second experiment will investigate whether consumer attitudes towards a product can be conditioned and it will examine weather classically conditioned attitudes can be stronger with larger numbers of trials. The essay will then look at what advertisers need to remember when using classical conditioning and then give examples of companies that use classical conditioning in their advertising campaigns. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov by accident while he was researching the digestive system of dogs where he presented food to the dog. Pavlov noticed that the dog would start to salivate when he just walked into the room even without food in his hand. Pavlov’s main belief was that learning occurred through association. The dog associated Pavlov with the food and would then salivate. It occurs...
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...between Milgrams (1963) obedience study and Burgers (2009) replication. This essay will look at an important key psychological experiment carried out by the renowned social psychologist Stanley Milgram which was carried out in the early 1960’s (Banyard 2012) to determine how far ordinary people would go to inflict pain to a fellow human based on instruction from an authority figure, and that of the replication of the experiment which was carried out by Burger in 2009 (Byford 2014) to determine if the same level of obedience was still applicable in the 21st Century, as was observed in the original study some 40 years earlier. The essay will look at some of the key similarities and differences between the two studies. For the purpose of this essay only the base studies will be discussed. Milgram’s motivation to study this trait in human behaviour came from the atrocities that took place during WW2, and the trial of Adolph Eichmann who in his defence said he was ‘simply following orders’ (Banyard 2012) to carry out the mass murders. Milgram asked himself ‘how can ordinary people who are courteous and descent in everyday life act callously, inhumanely without limitations of conscience?’ Milgram on Milgram (part 1): Obedience experiments (The Open University, 2014) Milgram devised his obedience study. He developed a laboratory based experiment to determine how far a participant in the experiment would go inflicting electric shocks to another person when instructed to do so by...
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...Memory is the ability in which the mind can store and remember information in the brain. This essay will be discussing and reporting research in which memory errors have occurred. The types of memory errors being discussed in the essay will include the effect of schema on false memories, misinformation and false memories in general. It will also be discussing how memories can be planted into a person’s mind of something that actually never happened. Papers that will be used to demonstrate the use of false memories will come from; Loftus and Pickrell (1995), Strange, Sutherland and Garry (2007), and Zargonza and Mitchell (1996). The first study to support false memories comes from Loftus and Pickrell (1995), whose aim was to discover if false...
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