...The classification of mental disorders is a fundamental component to the science and practice of psychopathology (Widiger & Sankis, 2000). Despite this centrality, evidence supporting the distinction between healthy functioning and mental disorders remains disjointed. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) defines a mental disorder in part as “… a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction...
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...Regarding the Borderline Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Although definitions of mental illness have changed over time, many problems still exist within the world of mental health. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, used to diagnose mental illnesses, is not perfect. Borderline Personality Disorder is one of many disorders addressed within this manual, and problems exist within the diagnosis of this disorder too. As it currently stands, the DSM diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder is not sufficient because of issues with under diagnosis, potential misclassification, stigma and gender bias. Before discussing if the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual...
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...Abstract : Mental retardation (MR) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, characterized by impairment of skills (cognitive, language, motor and social) manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to overall level of intelligence. Intellectual Disability is a more precise term (used in DSM-V). MR is an etiological factor for development of various co-morbidities, which account for substantial burden of the disease. However, the extent of this co-occurrence varies substantially between reports. Aim: To study the prevalence of psychiatric and medical comorbidity, among different degrees of Mental Retardation. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional, singlecentered study conducted at the out patient department of Psychiatry, Maharajah’s Institute Of Medical Sciences. Material & Methods : Sixty-three persons, who came for disability certification, were diagnosed with MR as per ICD-10 criteria, The Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale – IV and The Developmental Screening Test for IQ and Vineland Social Maturity Scale for SQ assessment were used. Psychiatric and medical co-morbidities were diagnosed, using clinical examination, laboratory investigation, the ICD-10 Diagnostic criteria and CHA-PAS SCALE. Statistical Analysis : The statistical analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 13.0 version. Frequency, percentages and chi square analysis were used to analyze the data. Result : Out of...
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...areas: 1. A critical analysis of the assessment and diagnostic process 2. A critical analysis of the management/ rehabilitation-medical, nursing and other management 3. Appropriate referencing Methodology A random method was used to select the patient for this study. The patient was chosen from a cohort of patients on a psychiatric ward. The aim was to critique the assessment, treatment and management of a patient medically diagnosed with Schizophrenia. Various sources of information were utilized in the collection of information for this project. A research of this caliber demands that sources of information are peer reviewed current and of scholarly sources. Therefore it was with this in mind that the information was collected using internet medical portals, journal article and appropriate text books with a wide variety of information on the topic of choice. The patient’s docket was also used because it is a primary source of information about the management of the condition. Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired communication with loss of contact with reality and deterioration from previous level of functioning at work, social relations and self care. The Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, coined the term, "schizophrenia" in 1911. This word comes from the Greek roots schizo (split) and phrene (mind) to describe the fragmented thinking of people with the disorder. His term was not meant to...
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...Analysis of Mental Illness v. Drug Abuse Offenses Sandra L. Manela CRJ308: Psychology of Criminal Behavior Currie Gauvreau January 16, 2012 Analysis of Mental Illness v. Drug Abuse Offenses Many have criminalized mental illness and, all too often, mental illness has been used in criminal courts as a legal defense. It may be that more criminals are looking for this defense to be their ticket to criminal activity thinking that a serious mental illness would trump conviction. This has given mental illness the stigma it has today. The forthcoming analysis will shed light on the findings of four psychiatrists from the state of Hawaii; the objective, method used, the results, and conclusion of a possible linkage of the effects that mental illness and drug abuse have concerning criminal offenses. The four psychiatrists are from the University of Hawaii. Dr. Junginger is affiliated with the Mental Health Clinical Center at the Department of Veterans Affairs in Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Claypoole and Dr. Crisanti are with the Department of Psychology at the University of Hawaii, Manoa, in Honolulu. Finally, Dr. Laygo is with ORC (Offender Re-entry Community) Macro in Atlanta. The mere presence of a mental illness does not guarantee that a defendant will be found incompetent to stand trial. Mental disorder classifications are published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and were compiled by committees appointed by the American...
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...Response Paper: The Usage of Utility Psychological Measurement for Mental Illness Diagnosis Winifred Gordon Southern New Hampshire University Abstract This week assignment we are asked to write a response paper discussing the utility of using psychological measures that are in relations to mental illness diagnosis. With so many changes that are ongoing, there is a movement in the psychology world for the use of psychological measures to further aid in diagnosing mental illnesses and to push for specific measures as part of the diagnostic criteria. In this week paper I will respond to both articles and give my response to my thoughts when it relates to the usage of utility psychological measurements in relations to mental illness. Response Paper: The Usage of Utility Psychological Measurement for Mental Illness Diagnosis “The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) marks the first significant revision of the publication since the DSM-IV in 1994. Changes to the DSM were largely informed by advancements in neuroscience, clinical and public health need, and identified problems with the classification system and criteria put forth” (Regier, Kuhl, and Kupfer, 2013). Because of the new movement in psychology, the requirements of utility usage in psychological measurements, can now help aid with diagnosing mental illness. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a form of dementia that causes a change in the brain resulting in the loss of memory, changes...
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...Abnormal Psychology LAQs 1. Discuss validity and reliability of diagnosis. Paragraph 1 (Introduction): ● Classification system is said to be reliable when it is possible for 4 different clinicians, using the same system, to arrive at same diagnosis for same individual ● Examples: DSM-4, CCMD, ICD-10 ● Though diagnosis systems use more standardized assessment techniques and more specific diagnostic criteria than in the past, classification system is far from perfect ● Classification system said to be valid when it is able to classify a real pattern of symptoms, which can lead to an effective treatment ● However, problem with this is that the classification system is descriptive and doesn’t identify any specific causes for disorders Paragraph 2 (Study 1): Sane or Insane-Rosenhan (1973) Aim: test reliability of psychiatric diagnosis Procedure: field experiment Part 1 ● 8 healthy people (5 men, 3 women) gained admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals ● Complained of hearing unclear, unfamiliar voices of same sex repeating words “thud” and “empty” ● Participants said they felt fine after admission to hospital (no more symptoms) Part 2 ● Rosenhan told staff at psychiatric hospital that pseudopatients will try to get admitted ● No pseudopatients were actually sent Results: Part 1 ● 7 diagnosed with schizophrenia ● Took average 19 days for discharge and were classified as “schizophrenia in...
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...Borderline Personality Disorder: DSMDiagnosing and Empirically-Based TreatmentKelli RodriguezCapella University1 Borderline Personality Disorder AbstractThe DSM-IV is widely used in the mental health field. Some of its many uses include providinga common language among professionals about psychopathology and delineating criteria for diagnosing individuals with mental disorders. This paper explores the purpose, history, andlimitations of the DSM diagnostic approach. A case study is provided and the DSM-IV-TR isused to diagnosis borderline personality disorder. The disorder is described and an empirically- based treatment plan is offered.2 Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder: DSM Diagnosing and Empirically-Based TreatmentThe APA (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is widelyused by mental health professionals. It provides a common language about psychopathologyamong clinicians, researchers, students, and other mental health professionals. Since its inceptioninto the field of mental health, it has made a huge impact on clinical practice, research, andeducation. Although it has advanced the field of mental health, there is still criticism of theDSM classification system. Despite its limitations, it continues to be considered an importantreference for mental health professionals. This paper will explore the DSM’s use within the fieldof psychopathology. Then it will be applied to a case study of a 15 year-old girl with...
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...Running head: AUTISM AND BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Autism and Behavior Therapy University of South Carolina Katina Clark Autism Autism is described by mental health professionals as a complex and life-long biological disorder of development that causes difficulties in communication skills, problems with social interactions, and repetitive or restrictive behaviors and interests. According to the Autism Society of America, autism is described as a “spectrum disorder”, a group of conditions with a range of similar features, rather than one condition. Children diagnosed with autism can exhibit widely different symptoms ranging from mild to severe and varying in intensity from symptom to symptom (Schoen, 2003). Autistic Disorder is outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and is classified as a pervasive developmental disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). A diagnosis of autism must meet certain criteria, which are specifically outlined in the DSM-IV. Although there has been no specific cause identified for autism (Schoen, 2003), there are current studies being done to research possibilities such as congenital brain damage, a genetic disorder or a relationship between autism and vaccines. Autism can be reliably diagnosed by or before age three. The Autism Society of America has developed an Autism Checklist, which can be used to determine if a child should be medically...
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...PL3236 - Abnormal Unit 3 Notes – Assessment and Diagnosis Term | Info | Intro | * Clinical Assessment - the process of gathering information about a person and his or her environment to make decisions about the nature, status, and treatment of psychological problems * Typically begins with a set of Referral Questions developed in response to a request for help * Determine the goals of the assessment and select appropriate psych tests or measures | Goals of Assessment | * What procedures and instruments to use – age, med condition, and symptoms influence tools – psychologist’s theoretical perspective also affects scope. * Integrate findings to develop preliminary answers – shares this – process sometimes has therapeutic effect – feedback | Screening | * Screening - an assessment process that attempts to identify psychological problems or predict the risk of future problems among people who are not referred for clinical assessment * All members of group are given a brief measure for which some identified cutoff score indicates the possibility of significant problems, e.g. Centre for Epidemiological Studies-D (CES-D) – possibility of depression. * General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) – broad-based – indicates if more thorough evaluation is needed. * AUDIT test – 10-item screen to identify substance abuse * To evaluate usefulness of screening, they must have: * Sensitivity – ability of the screener/instrument to identify a problem that actually exists...
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...THE RELIABILITY OF PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that recognizes and treats mental illness. This science follows a medical model that is considered successful in classifying abnormal behavior. Psychiatrists need medical training in order to diagnose and treat mental disorders following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. However, for more than two centuries, there has been an anti-psychiatry movement that questions the reliability and helpfulness of psychiatric treatments. Many psychiatrists such as Maurice Temerlin(1968) and David Rosenhan(1973) supported some of the objections and criticisms of the anti-psychiatry movement. Rosenhan questioned the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses and accused diagnostic labels of impairing medical judgement. David Rosenhan carried out the study “On Being Sane In Insane Places” through which he wanted to prove that psychiatric diagnoses are not reliable (Rosenhan, 1973). For the first part of the study, eight sane participants (pseudo-patients) pretended to have auditory hallucinations in order to be admitted to psychiatric hospitals in different states across the United States. Participants for the experiment included three psychologists, one psychiatrist, a graduate student, a housewife, a pediatrician, and a painter. The only false information given for admission was their name, job, and the claim of recent auditory hallucinations. All other details regarding their relationships...
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...Final Paper: Autism in Children: Conceptualizing the Complexities Genesis Cuesta The Chicago School of Professional Psychology December 13, 2012 Autism is a disorder that is becoming more and more common in our everyday society, despite a lack of everyday knowledge on this multifaceted disorder. Children are diagnosed with a range of autism disorders, fearing the consequences that come with it. In a short amount of time, the fields of medicine and psychology have advanced tremendously in their knowledge of this disorder and how it affects the development of children. In this paper, we will explore aspects of autism, from the different causes offered by researchers, common symptoms, and the latest treatments to combat this complex disorder. Overview Autism is not one disorder, but rather a group of developmental brain disorders, collectively referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) (2011) the term “spectrum” refers to the wide range of symptoms, skills, and levels of impairment, or disability that children with ASD can have. As indicated by Johnson and Myers, Leo Kanner, a psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins University first described autism in a small group of children in 1943 (as cited in Kanner, 1943). Kanner documented that they showed extreme aloofness and total indifference to other people. In 1944, Hans Asperger, an Austrian pediatrician published an...
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...Neuroscience has long fascinated Psychologists as they look for explanations into mental health issues, aspiring to understand the relationship between the human mind and behaviour. The purpose of this essay is to address the issues of misperceptions in the link between mental health problems and violence. It will be argued that various factors contribute to violent behaviour while noting the limitations in studies which contribute to mental health labelling. A summary of the categorisation in positive and negative psychological health will be reviewed, followed by examining any relationship between violent behaviour and emotional well-being. A discussion of the academic findings around this relationship will be explored while identifying and discussing the various external factors that contribute to the risk of committing violence. There are two main organisations that have produced clarifications of mental disorders which are used throughout Western culture, Chapter V of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) which was constructed by the World Health Organisation and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-S) constructed by the American Psychiatric Association; however concepts of mental disorder vary depending on culture and country. The World Health Organisation and National Surveys report there is no single agreement in the classification of mental illness and phrasing depends on the social, cultural, economic and legal context (Scheffler...
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...Antisocial personality disorder From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with Asociality, Antisocial behavior, Avoidant personality disorder, or Schizoid personality disorder. "ASPD" redirects here. For the sleep disorder, see Advanced sleep phase disorder. For the former trade union, see Amalgamated Society of Painters and Decorators. Antisocial personality disorder | Classification and external resources | ICD-10 | F60.2 | ICD-9 | 301.7 | MedlinePlus | 000921 | MeSH | D000987 | Personality disorders | Cluster A (odd) | * Paranoid * Schizoid * Schizotypal | Cluster B (dramatic) | * Antisocial * Borderline * Histrionic * Narcissistic | Cluster C (anxious) | * Avoidant * Dependent * Obsessive–compulsive | Not specified | * Depressive * Passive-aggressive * Sadistic * Self-defeating | * v * t * e | Antisocial (Dissocial) Personality Disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. There may be an impoverished moral sense or conscience and a history of crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive behavior. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) and the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems' (ICD)...
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...PYC4802/101/0/2015 Tutorial letter 101/0/2015 Psychopathology PYC4802 Year module Department of Psychology IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This tutorial letter contains important information about your module. CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Turorial material ....................................................................................................... 4 2. PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ......................................... 4 2.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Outcomes ................................................................................................................ 4 3. LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS ............................................................ 6 3.1 Lecturer(s) ............................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Department .............................................................................................................. 7 3.3 University ................................................................................................................. 7 4. MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES ....................................................................... 7 4.1 Prescribed book.....
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