...Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Nature and purposes The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a reference work consulted by psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians in clinical practice, social workers , medical and nursing students, pastoral counselors, and other professionals in health care and social service fields. The book's title is often shortened to DSM , or an abbreviation that also indicates edition, such as DSM-IV-TR, which indicates fourth edition, text revision of the manual, published in 2000. The DSM-IV-TR provides a classification of mental disorders, criteria sets to guide the process of differentialdiagnosis , and numerical codes for each disorder to facilitate medical record keeping. The stated purpose of the DSM is threefold: to provide "a helpful guide to clinical practice"; "to facilitate research and improve communication among clinicians and researchers"; and to serve as "an educational tool for teaching psychopathology." The multi-axial system The third edition of DSM , or DSM-III , which was published in 1980, introduced a system of five axes or dimensions for assessing all aspects of a patient's mental and emotional health. The multi-axial system is designed to provide a more comprehensive picture of complex or concurrent mental disorders. According to the DSM-IVTR, the system is also intended to "promote the application of the biopsychosocial model in clinical, educational and...
Words: 3417 - Pages: 14
...Abnormal Psychology Test #2 Study Guide with Answers TRUE/FALSE 1. Most people with mental disorders behave in a highly irrational or dangerous manner. ANS: F 2. People who are strange, weird, or bizarre have a mental disorder. ANS: F 3. People with mental disorders are strange, unusual, and noticeably different than other people. ANS: F 4. 5. There can be no universal definition of abnormality. ANS: T 6. Ideas about what are normal and abnormal vary over time and across cultures. ANS: T 7. Abnormal behaviors and feelings are often exaggerations of normal states. ANS: T 8. Normal behaviors can be categorized as distinctly different from abnormal behaviors. ANS: F 9. Every human being experiences at least mild versions of the feelings and behaviors that are found in mental disorders. ANS: T 10. Most mental disorders have both psychological and biological causes. ANS: T 11. If a disorder can be treated with medication, that disorder must be caused by a physical problem. ANS: F 12. Every emotional and behavior has both a psychological and a biological aspect. ANS: T 13. Cognitive therapy is based on the belief that problematic emotions and behaviors can be changed by modifying problematic thoughts. ANS: T 14. A classification system is only useful when its categories consistently and accurately fit the phenomena being classified. ANS: T 15. A classification system is only useful...
Words: 2092 - Pages: 9
...Axis I Clinical Disorders Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Axis II Personality Disorders Mental Retardation Axis m General Medical Conditions Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning Appendix 4.5 Page 1 of 3 Brief explanation of a 5 Axis Diagnosis from Mental-Health-Matters website. For further information on mental health disorders, refer to the DSM-IV or find many good resources available free from the National Institute of Mental Health website at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/. The diagnosis that is made is standardized according the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). With this manual, there is a 5 Axis system of diagnosis that is used. The five axes are as follows: Axis I: Clinical Disorders This includes: • Disorders usually diagnosed in infancy, childhood or adolescence (Autism, ADHD, Etc.) • Delerium, dementia and other cognitive disorders (Dementias, Alzheimer's Disease, etc.) • Mental disorders due to a general medical condition • Substance-related disorders (such as alcohol or drugs) • Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders • Mood disorders (Depression, Bipolar) • Anxiety disorders • Somatoform disorders (Conversion Disorder, Hypochondriasis, etc.) • Factitious disorders • Dissociative disorders (Dissociative Identity Disorder, etc.) • Sexual and gender identity disorders • Eating disorders...
Words: 578 - Pages: 3
...Tina is twenty-three years old, and she is separated from her husband of five years, which means she was married at the age of nineteen. Secondly, two companies employ her, so she is at work most of the time including weekends. The last four weeks and in the last two days, Tina has not shown up for work. Previously, Tina was an energetic, active healthy female who exercised three days a week at the gym, and now spends most of her time in her apartment. Tina has been losing weight, due to poor eating habits, therefore causing her movements to be slow and sluggish. Major Depressive Disorder in the DSM IV is determined by depressive episodes that last at least 2 weeks at which time a depressed mood is present or there is a loss of interest and or pleasure in the day-to-day activities, which Tina displays. According to the American Medical Association (AMA), depression is a type of mental disorder that disturbs a person’s mood. Seventeen million people are affected by depression each year in the United States. Depression leads to feeling sad and depressed for weeks or months at a time, accompanied by feelings of hopelessness, lack of energy, and taking little or no pleasure in things that gave you joy in the past. Depression involves how you feel, think, and behave. It can lead to a variety of physical and emotional problems. Depression may make one feel as if life is not worth living, and they may have trouble, doing normal day-to-day activities. In addition, depression is...
Words: 1211 - Pages: 5
...manual of mental disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association. Its purpose is to enable those in the health sector to communicate using a common diagnostic language. Its predecessor, the Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane was published in 1917, which had the main aim of gathering statistics about mental disorders across mental hospitals. During WWII the U.S. Army developed a much broader classification system in order to treat outpatient servicemen and veterans. At this time the World Health Organisation was constructing the sixth version of ICD (International Statistical Classification of diseases) which was the first edition to include a section devoted to mental disorders. ICD-6 was largely influenced by the work of the U.S Army (and the Veterans Administration). In 1952 the APA committee on Nomenclature and Statistics developed a variant of the ICD-6 that was published in 1952 which was the first edition of the DSM. As research and studies have developed understanding of mental disorders newer versions of the DSM have added an increased number and updated list of mental disorders, and improved clarity and specificity through the development of a multi-axial diagnostic system. The DSM currently has 5 axes. The 5 different axes relate to different aspects of the disorder. A patient is diagnosed by navigating the axes to categorise the patient using the symptoms they are experiencing. Axis 1 looks at clinical disorders which may...
Words: 1949 - Pages: 8
...OMB Approved No. 2900-0779 Respondent Burden: 30 minutes MENTAL DISORDERS (OTHER THAN PTSD AND EATING DISORDERS) DISABILITY BENEFITS QUESTIONNAIRE IMPORTANT - THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (VA) WILL NOT PAY OR REIMBURSE ANY EXPENSES OR COST INCURRED IN THE PROCESS OF COMPLETING AND/OR SUBMITTING THIS FORM. PLEASE READ THE PRIVACY ACT AND RESPONDENT BURDEN INFORMATION BEFORE COMPLETING FORM. NAME OF PATIENT/VETERAN PATIENT/VETERAN'S SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER PSYCHIATRIST/PSYCHOLOGIST/EXAMINER - Your patient is applying to the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for disability benefits. VA will consider the information you provide on this questionnaire as part of their evaluation in processing the veteran's claim. Please note that this questionnaire is for disability evaluation, not for treatment purposes. NOTE: If the veteran experiences a mental health emergency during the interview, please terminate the interview and obtain help, using local resources as appropriate. You may also contact the Veterans Crisis Line at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). Stay on the Crisis Line until help can link the veteran to emergency care. NOTE: In order to conduct an INITIAL examination for mental disorders, the examiner must meet one of the following criteria: a board-certified or board-eligible psychiatrist; a licensed doctorate-level psychologist; a doctorate-level mental health provider under the close supervision of a board-certified or board-eligible psychiatrist or licensed doctorate-level...
Words: 1970 - Pages: 8
...Borderline personality disorder is a disordered behavior pattern that develops by early adulthood, and is characterized by multiple types of psychological instability and impulsiveness, often involves intense and frequent mood changes, fear of abandonment, and a risk of suicide according to Merriam-Webster.com. In Oldham’s article “Personality Disorders” he states that in many important ways, we are what we do. It is easier to determine the “what” of our personality rather than the “why”. We all have unique personalities and no two people are the same, for instance like our fingerprints. Individuals’ temperament is a key component of a person’s developing personality, along with the shaping and molding influences of family, caretakers, and environmental experiences. Personality disorders are diagnosed by a classical system of descriptive psychopathology within a framework adopted by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and published in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (). The DSM has had many revisions with the latest revision being published in 2000. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV-TR) is used to diagnose psychiatric illness. The DSM-IV TR has a multiaxial approach that includes five dimensions. Axis I: Clinical Syndromes, Axis II: Personality and Mental Retardation, Axis III: Medical Conditions, Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems, and Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning...
Words: 732 - Pages: 3
...need to be asked her are some examples. What was Clara’s life like before the adoption and does she remember anything from that time? Also how is Mr. and Mrs. Lawson’s relationship and how do they act in front of Clara? What does her preschool teacher say about her behavior? Has there been anything that has happened recently that might be significant to Clara’s behavior? The answer to these questions will give insight into the possible problems. The other assessment tools that would be helpful besides a clinical interview would be a projective kit for Early Childhood (P.K.E.C.) which is a projective play test for children ages six months to four years old (Roman, Dublineau, & Saboia, 2011) . This test will help assess the child’s mental and thought process. Another test that would be beneficial is the Perception-Of-Relation test or (PORT). This test is a human drawing test that is designed to provide information related to the closeness the child feels or is seeking from the parents (Bricklin, 1990). These tests would provide good information about the child and how she thinks and feels about...
Words: 717 - Pages: 3
...the collection of information for this project. A research of this caliber demands that sources of information are peer reviewed current and of scholarly sources. Therefore it was with this in mind that the information was collected using internet medical portals, journal article and appropriate text books with a wide variety of information on the topic of choice. The patient’s docket was also used because it is a primary source of information about the management of the condition. Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired communication with loss of contact with reality and deterioration from previous level of functioning at work, social relations and self care. The Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, coined the term, "schizophrenia" in 1911. This word comes from the Greek roots schizo (split) and phrene (mind) to describe the fragmented thinking of people with the disorder. His term was not meant to convey the idea of split or multiple personality, a common misunderstanding by the public at large. Since Bleuler's time, the...
Words: 3236 - Pages: 13
...lack of interest in sexual relations with her partner Amy. The purpose of this paper is to assess the sexual issues of this couple, analyze the dynamics of their relationship, develop a Multi-axial diagnostic impression and develop a counseling plan. In Section I, the paper will assess sexual issues involved in the selected case study. The integration of the sexual disorder with the sexual response cycle will be discussed. The paper will analyze and compare the sexual response cycle and the concept of sexual normality as applied to the case study. In Section II, the paper will assess the couple’s sexuality and discuss how sexual orientation issues can influence the sexual dysfunction and the overall dynamics of relationship. In Section III, a Multi-axial diagnostic impression will be developed to classify the sexual dysfunction and specify sexual problems associated with the sexual response cycle. A treatment plan will be created with measurable goals. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Section I: Assessment of Sexual Issues 4 Section II: The Dynamics of the Relationship 6 Section III: Diagnostic Impressions 9 DSM-IV Applied 10 Counseling Plan 11 Conclusion 13 References 14 Assessment of...
Words: 4186 - Pages: 17
...Chapter 13- Psychological Disorders I. Introduction a. Social Stigma b. Definitions: Treating someone with a disability unfairly because of their disability. c. Definitions: i. Psychopathology- scientific study of origin, symptoms, and the development of psychological disorders ii. Abnormal behavior- interchangeable with psychopathology 1. Atypical 2. Disturbing an/or stressful 3. Maladaptive 4. Unjustifiable 5. Harmful to self or others 6. Irresponsible iii. Insanity- Legal term that is not included in psychology II. Classification d. Current: DSM-IV-TR (Done by APA (American Psychiatric Association) e. Previous: iv. Neurotic v. Psychotic f. Multi-Axial Assessment vi. Axis 1 Basic Psychological or Clinical Disorders vii. Axis-2 Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation viii. Axis-3 General Medical Conditions ix. Axis-4 Psychosocial Factors x. Axis-5 Global Assessment of Functioning (1-100) g. Prevalence- xi. National Comorbidity Study-1994 III. Perspectives: Causes and Treatment h. Biological xii. Medical Model xiii. Electroconvulsive therapy i. Bio psychosocial xiv. Diathesis Stress Model j. Psychodynamic k. Learning l. Cognitive m. Humanistic IV. Schizophrenia ...
Words: 342 - Pages: 2
...Chunxiao Bao Psychology101 03/10/2016 Homework #3 * How has mental illness been defined in the past? Contrast these explanations for how abnormal behavior and thinking is defined today. (3 points) 1)Ancient peoples have assumed that some among them who were behaving oddly were possessed by evil spirits. Hippocrates was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process. During the Renaissance, belief in demonic possession (in which the possessed person was seen as a victim) gave way to a belief in witchcraft, and mentally ill persons were most likely called witches and put to death. 2) One way to define normal and abnormal is to use a statistical definition. Another way of defining abnormality is to see it as some- thing that goes against the norms or standards of the society in which the individual lives. Abnormal behavior that includes at least two of these five criteria is perhaps best classified by the term psychological disorder, which is defined as any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or harms their ability to function in daily life. 1. Is the behavior unusual, such as experiencing severe panic when faced with a stranger or being severely depressed in the absence of any stressful life situations? 2. Does the behavior go against social norms? (And keep in mind that social norms change over time—e.g., homosexuality was once considered a psychological...
Words: 1187 - Pages: 5
...appeared for no apparent reason. I would also ask if a specific incident happened at school or if there was an area of concern that the teacher had mentioned that may be causing the lack of desire to attend. I would inquire about the biological parents and if there was any information available about their psychological or physical health or that of any other biological relatives that may be beneficial, including the age Clara was when she was adopted. Upon concluding the initial interview I would look into performing further testing such as a clinical observation so that I could observe Clara in an environment that was more natural to her in the hopes I could gain a better view of her behaviors (Comer, 2011). I would further conduct a mental status exam to help determine Clara’s awareness, orientation, attention span, and memory, thought process, mood, and appearance (Comer, 2011). I would also have Clara do a Kinetic Family Drawing as it is geared more towards children in a clinical environment. Lastly, I would ask Clara’s parents to agree to some neurological testing to rule out any brain abnormalities that may affect behavior (Comer, 2011). Before treatment options can be explored for Clara, some factors I would consider would be the physical and...
Words: 558 - Pages: 3
...Clinical Journal Grading Form/Template Brigitte Baucom Submit Date: April 5, 2012 Clinical Journal # 1 Facility: Rusk SH I. Psychiatric Diagnosis & Definition, DSM-IV-TR Axis 1-5 & Medications – 15 pts. Bipolar II disorder: Hypomanic episode(s) alternating with major depression. Psychosis is not present in bipolar II. The hypomania of bipolar II tends to be euphoric and the depression tends to put people at particular risk for suicide Axis I – Bipolar II Disorder (definition above) Axis II – Personality Disorder, Somatoform disorder - Many physical complaints affecting many organs, some dependent personality disorder traits Axis III – General Medical Conditions – ICD-9 1. Lumbago: Pain in the muscles and joints of the lower back 2. Obesity: BMI above 30 3. Other Chronic Pain: pt. complains of back pain and other somatic pain 4. Throught 9 there was no indication in the file which leads me to believe that 4-9 are related to number 3 above Axis IV – Psychosocial and environmental problems, pt. is unable to function in environment, i.e. occupational problems, educational problems, economic problems and interpersonal difficulties with family members and a variety of problems in other life areas. Axis V – GAF Scale Score of 30: Behavior is considerably influenced by delusions or hallucinations OR serious impairment in communication or judgment OR inability to function in almost all areas. * Special precautions: Visual...
Words: 723 - Pages: 3
...appeared for no apparent reason. I would also ask if a specific incident happened at school or if there was an area of concern that the teacher had mentioned that may be causing the lack of desire to attend. I would inquire about the biological parents and if there was any information available about their psychological or physical health or that of any other biological relatives that may be beneficial, including the age Clara was when she was adopted. Upon concluding the initial interview I would look into performing further testing such as a clinical observation so that I could observe Clara in an environment that was more natural to her in the hopes I could gain a better view of her behaviors (Comer, 2011). I would further conduct a mental status exam to help determine Clara’s awareness, orientation, attention span, and memory, thought process, mood, and appearance (Comer, 2011). I would also have Clara do a Kinetic Family Drawing as it is geared more towards children in a clinical environment. Lastly, I would ask Clara’s parents to agree to some neurological testing to rule out any brain abnormalities that may affect behavior (Comer, 2011). Before treatment options can be explored for Clara, some factors I would consider would be the physical and...
Words: 558 - Pages: 3
