...with ear diseases among men: a retrospective study Kiran Gaur1,3*, Neeraj Kasliwal2 and Rajeev Gupta2 Abstract Background: Health related behaviour specially smoking and tobacco in any form are major determinants of health and lead to health inequities. Tobacco leads to various health problems including ear, nose and throat diseases. Objective: To determine the influence of smoking or tobacco use on ear diseases we performed a retrospective study among men. Method: Of 11454 subjects of different age-groups there were 4143 men aged 20-60 years who were evaluated for demographic variables, smoking/tobacco use and middle and internal ear diseases. Descriptive statistics and age adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Among the 4143 men, 1739 (42.0%) were smokers or used tobacco. In smokers/tobacco users compared to non-users the age adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for chronic suppurative otitis media were 1.13 (CI 0.96-1.34), acute otitis media 1.16 (CI 0.82-1.64), suppurative otitis media 1.21 (CI 0.79-1.84), otosclerosis 0.97 (CI 0.52-1.33) (p > 0.05) and for overall middle ear diseases was 1.15 (CI 0.99-1.33, p = 0.05). For internal ear diseases the age adjusted odds ratios were for sensorineural hearing loss 1.12 (CI 0.92-1.58), 0.12 (CI 0.42-0.93) for vertigo and tinnitus and overall internal ear diseases were 0.97 (CI 0.77-1.22, p = 0.81). Among men 40-60 years there was a significantly greater risk for both middle ear (OR 1...
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...This tube makes a communication between the naso-pharynx and the tympanic cavity. In adults, its length is about 36mm forming an angle of 45 degree. On the other surface of eustachian tube, small cilia like structures are present that are responsible for the drainage of mucous secretions from the middle ear to the pharynx. The main aim or function of eustachian tube is to ventilate the middle ear and equalizes the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane (drum). Three muscles are attached to the eustachian tube. These are Tensor veli palatini, Levator veli palatini and...
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...studied ear problems among Army personnel who were exposed to multiple traumas during eight years of war in Iran. Hearing loss, tinnitus, ear discharge, vertigo, tympanic membrane perforation, audiologic findings and the type of trauma were considered. Bone Conduction threshold over 15dB was considered as hearing loss. In the sample population, 21.5% complained of audiologic problems. 94.6% had hearing loss, 83.6% tinnitus without hearing loss, but there was a hearing loss on the audiologic findings. 80% of hearing loss was bilateral, 10.9% only on the right and 9.1% only on the left side. 89% of hearing loss was sensorineural (88% in high frequency). 6.4% of them had tympanic membrane perforation and none had complained of vertigo 32. AUDIOMETRY Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) is the commonest test performed to assess...
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...has recently adopted a number of Clinical Management plans and Patient Group Directives (PGD) increasing the scope of practice. One such PGD (Appendix i) allows for the utilisation of antibiotics, namely Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin, for the treatment of Otitis Media (OM). This essay will look at the evidence supporting the use of these antibiotics, their efficacy and if early use prevents OM from developing in to Mastoiditis. Its primary aim is to enhance a PP’s knowledge and support education working towards clinical autonomy. Description Otitis Media literally means inflammation of the middle ear (Merriam-Webster 2011) and is predominantly caused by an effusion with in the middle ear caused by Eustachian tube dysfunction (Dhillon and East, 1994, pp 7). This dysfunction is caused by a relative obstruction of the Eustachian tube that creates a negative air pressure within the middle ear. Over time interstitial fluid is drawn in from the surrounding tissue resulting in the effusion (Natal 2011). Eustachian tube dysfunction often follows an upper respiratory tract infection and whilst the effusion is not always infectious it is can be...
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...SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TUI University Montest Bumpers Module 5 Case Assignment Anatomy and Physiology Professor Karmardi Mills December 17, 2012 What happens with a patient who develops a cataract? How does cataract formation represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? What happens in sensorineural hearing loss? How does sensorineural hearing loss represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM For years now researchers believed that cataracts are developed because the proteins in the eye change as people age. The changes in these proteins cause the lens to become cloudy. Smoking, poor nutrition, eye injury, exposure to excessive sunlight, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, also may be factors that put people at higher risk of developing cataracts. Cataracts develop slowly. Some of the first signs people experience is a difficulty in reading the newspaper, or they experience blurry vision. Over a period of time the eyes become more sensitive to light, and seeing at night becomes especially difficult. A common symptom is that people with cataracts often say they feel they have a film over their eyes, as if they are looking through a piece of gauze. The condition actually may benefit some people who always had trouble seeing things that are near to them, such as the words in a book. The cloudiness of a cataract changes how light is focused and temporarily results in better vision...
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...Studies has identified that pacifier use associated with a reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome ("Sudden Infant Death Syndrome"). De-Kun Li, a reproductive epidemiologist, conducted a study containing 185 mothers of SIDs babies and 312 mothers of control infants between 1997 and 2000. Li states that “a pacifier is a simple, easy to use and already widely used tool that can reduce SIDs (Biello),” simplifying it down to the fact that the bulky handle of the pacifier prevent the ability of the baby’s face to get bury in the bedding. However, Li and his colleagues at Kaiser Permanente Northern California emphasize that the results do not provide evidence that pacifiers prevent SIDS by themselves. Parents can simply reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome by placing the baby on their back while napping and provide support on either...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction In earlier civilizations, trepanization (drilling holes in the skull) was performed because of the belief that this would release demons that had entered into the skull and had to be released, if headache relief was to result. In the seventeenth century, it was suggested by Willis that the head pain of 'megrim' or migraine resulted from the swelling of blood vessels within the head. Interestingly, this explanation of blood vessel swelling is close to the belief today that such swelling is involved in migraine headaches (Edmeads, 1997). At the turn of the twentieth century, Sir William Osler proposed that headaches were due to 'muscular rheumatism' of the head. This was probably the first suggestion that muscle abnormalities might be involved. During the 1940s, Wolff carried out a series of experiments that showed that involuntary contraction of scalp and neck muscles could result in headache development. Other causes have been suggested; these were more serious than muscle dysfunction and would evidently require other medical interventions (Solomon, 1993). In the worldwide view, headache can be such a big health problem as evidenced by the establishment of the World Headache Alliance in 1997. The organization exists to alleviate the burden of headache worldwide, in particular, by sharing information among headache organizations and by increasing the awareness and understanding of headache as a public health concern with profound social and economic...
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...Bell's palsy is a form of facial paralysis resulting from a dysfunction of the cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) causing an inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. Often the eye in the affected side cannot be closed. The eye must be protected from drying up, or the cornea may be permanently damaged, resulting in impaired vision. In some cases denture wearers experience some discomfort. The common presentation of this condition is a rapid onset of partial or complete paralysis that often occurs overnight. In rare cases, it can occur on both sides resulting in total facial paralysis. Bell’s palsy is defined as a one-sided facial nerve paralysis of unknown cause. Several other conditions can also cause facial paralysis, e.g., brain tumor, stroke, myasthenia gravis, and Lyme disease; however, if no specific cause can be identified, the condition is known as Bell's palsy. It is thought that an inflammatory condition leads to swelling of the facial nerve. The nerve travels through the skull in a narrow bone canal beneath the ear. Nerve swelling and compression in the narrow bone canal are thought to lead to nerve inhibition or damage. Usually it gets better on its own with most people achieving normal or near-normal function. Corticosteroids have been found to improve outcomes, when used early, while anti-viral drugs have not.[3][4] Many show signs of improvement as early as 10 days after the onset, even without treatment. Bell's palsy is the most common acute...
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...cognitive behavioral therapy to the fictional client’s case. I will conceptualize the fictional client’s case by applying the corresponding techniques and terms to meeting the specific needs of the clients. I will conclude the paper with specific therapeutic goals for the fictional client and assess the limitations to the incorporation of multiculturalism within the therapeutic approach. Fictional Client My fictional client is named Amber Fleming. Amber is a 20-year-old junior in college. Amber has an eating disorder in which she...
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...Review of Tinnitus Andrew Folz Rockhurst University Abstract Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the human ear when no actual sound is present. Tinnitus usually interpreted as a ringing sound that varies in frequency and loudness. There are many causes of tinnitus along with symptoms that are caused by tinnitus. Millions of people, primarily men, are affected with chronic tinnitus that usually leads to hearing loss. This literary review of Tinnitus will cover a current, basic knowledge of tinnitus, possible causes of tinnitus, conditions that may cause tinnitus, experiments involving mice to discover new findings in tinnitus research, and possible treatments that are currently being studied. Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the human ear when no actual sound is present. Though often unrecognized, tinnitus affects millions of people worldwide. Tinnitus is one of the most common physical symptoms. It affects 10-15% of the population at some point in their lives (Holmes and Padgham, 2009). Derived from the Latin word, “tinnire,” which means to ring, tinnitus is commonly experienced as high-pitched noise with mechanical, electrical, or musical qualities. The underlying pathophysiology of tinnitus is unclear. It seems unlikely there is a single underlying cause, but tinnitus may accompany almost any auditory dysfunction. Damage to the middle ear, cochlea, audiovestibular nerve, and cerebral pathways between the cochlear nucleus and primary auditory cortex may...
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...1.2 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMATERIALS There is a necessity for replacing bone substance which has been lost due to traumatic or nontraumatic events. The lost bone can be replaced by endogenous or exogenous bone tissues, which is connected with several problems. The use of endogenous bone substance involves additional surgery; moreover the endogenous bone is available only in limited quantities. In case of exogeneous bone implants, the major disadvantage is that they may be rejected by human body, disease may be transmitted together with the implant, and also the clinical performance of exogenous bone is considerably inferior to fresh endogenous graft material. For these reasons there is growing need for fabrication of artificial hard tissue replacement implants. Research into novel materials for biomedical applications is ever increasing as the medical community look to improve the way in which disorders and trauma are treated. Issues with current materials and the additional trauma associated with the use of bone grafts has pushed research towards new materials to aid the required repair and/or the regeneration of bone after fracture or the removal of bony defects or cancerous bone. Many new materials have been developed in an attempt to address these concerns but there are still some issues surrounding the appropriateness of their mechanical properties, the ability of degradable materials to retain their properties once implanted and the ability to form the material in situ...
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...http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/5/1451.full This evidence based article is a filtered source and appropriate resource for nursing practice. It establishes comprehensive clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage acute otitis media (AOM), as well as when and how to treat signs and symptoms. It provides a review of multiple research studies and offers recommendations for practice. Its main finding is that watchful waiting is preferable to prescription of antibiotics in treatment of children with uncomplicated AOM. Block, S. (1997). Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 16(4)449-56. This is a unfiltered source. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because it gives in depth overview of pathology on pathogens that are associated with AOM and the medications used in treatment. On the other hand, it does not address watchful waiting as a mode of treatment; instead it recommends other antibiotics to combat penicillin-resistant organisms. This article is an evidence summary. Kelley, P., Friedman, N., Johnson, C. (2007). Ear, nose and throat. In W. Hay, M. Levin, J. Sondheimer, & R. Deterding (Eds.), Current pediatric diafnosis and treatment. (18th ed., pp. 459-92). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. This is unfiltered general information source. This resource is may be not appropriate for clinician use due to being a broad information source on different...
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...Should Children’s Ear Infections Be Treated With Antibiotics? University of Washington, Tacoma THLEAD 350: Joane Moceri Should Children’s Ear Infections Be Treated With Antibiotics? There has been controversy about whether to treat children’s ear infections with antibiotics or just do an initial observation. Therefore, the issue to be analyzed in this paper is: Should children’s ear infections be treated with antibiotics? Terms & Definitions The purpose of this paper is to evaluate primary research articles by using methods of critical thinking and asking the right questions. This paper will discuss the treatment options for acute otitis media (ear infection) in children with either initial observation/watchful waiting (observing the child first before deciding to prescribe medications) or antibiotic treatment (form of medication usually prescribed to rid the body of infection). There are ten questions that I will be using from the book “Asking the Right Questions (ARQ)” by Browne and Keeley (2010), in order to do a critical analyses of six articles. For each question I will first present views from authors who are against the use of antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media (AOM). Then I will present views from authors who would rather treat acute otitis media with antibiotics. The first and main ARQ question that will be brought up and answered throughout this paper is, “What are the issues and the conclusions?” (Brown & Keeley, 2010, p. 10). There are two...
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...SCHOOL OF AUDIO ENGINEERING Diploma in Audio Engineering RA 101: INTRODUCTION TO STUDIO STUDIES RA 101.1: INTRODUCTION TO AUDIO RT 101.1 INTRODCUTION TO AUDIO Identifying the Characteristics of Sound Sound and music are parts of our everyday sensory experience. Just as humans have eyes for the detection of light and color, so we are equipped with ears for the detection of sound. We seldom take the time to ponder the characteristics and behaviors of sound and the mechanisms by which sounds are produced, propagated, and detected. The basis for the understanding of sound, music and hearing is the physics of waves. Sound is a wave which is created by vibrating objects and propagated through a medium from one location to another. In this subject, we will investigate the nature, properties and behaviors of sound waves and apply basic wave principles towards an understanding of music. The Elements of Communication Communication: transfer of information from a source or stimulus through a medium to a reception point. The medium through which the information travels can be air, water, space or solid objects. Information that is carried through all natural media takes the form of waves - repeating patterns that oscillate back and forth. E.g. light, sound, electricity radio and TV waves. Stimulus: A medium must be stimulated in order for waves of information to be generated in it. A stimulus produces energy, which radiates outwards from the source in all directions. The sun...
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...Case Study Aydann is a six year old female, who was born in Ft Lauderdale Florida on July 28th, 2004. Aydann has a sister who is 18 years old and is a senior in high school. She lives with her family in a middle class neighborhood in central Florida. Aydann’s mother is of Hispanic decent and her father is of European decent. Spanish is spoken regularly in Aydann’s home by her mother, sister and grandmother, who live one block away, but Aydann has not begun speaking Spanish. Both of Aydann’s parents attended college and have degrees, and work in a professional setting. Aydann’s parents have been married for almost 18 years. The parents reported no complications during pregnancy or delivery. By the age of one Aydann became a picky eater and eventually had to be given supplements to help her gain weight and continue to grow. Although Aydann began babbling at a normal age, she didn’t begin truly speaking, using more than one word when interacting, until she was two. By the time Aydann was two and a half she was back on track language wise with other children her age. She did have another setback in her language progression when she was 5 years old. Do to frequent ear infections she was having trouble pronouncing some sounds. Aydann received tubes in her ears not long after starting kindergarten and was able to receive the help she needed to correct the speech problems she had due to the ear infections. Besides having tubes put in her ears at 5 years old, Aydann has...
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